ILLICIT TRADE ON THE HIGH SEAS: METHODS, RISKS, AND LEGAL RESPONSES TO TBML IN MARITIME SECTOR

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 2, 298 - 333, 25.12.2025

Gökçe Sinem Erbuğa

https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.1767901

Öz

Global illicit activity like money laundering seriously jeopardizes the integrity of the financial system. Because of its operational dimension, dependency on documentation, weak customs regulations, and differing legal structures between jurisdictions, the maritime sector—which accounts for a significant amount of global trade—is especially prone to trade-based money laundering. By taking advantage of ports, free trade zones, and shipping lanes to pass off illicit proceeds as regular trade movements, illegally operating operations incorporate illegal funds into the international financial system. By examining previous research, legislative documents, and certain chosen case studies, this study explores trade-based money laundering in maritime sector. It draws attention to the threats involved, the fundamental weaknesses, and the part performed by international organizations in setting up preventive measures. Along with evaluating current supervision procedures, the study offers regulators recommendations for improving intergovernmental collaboration, bolstering surveillance capabilities, and aligning international norms. The study comes to the conclusion that in order to preserve the financial stability and ensure the durability of the global economy, it is imperative to deal with trade-based money laundering in maritime sector.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Trade-based Money Laundering , Maritime , Illicit Financial Flows , Misinvoicing , Financial Crime Prevention

AÇIK DENİZLERDE YASADIŞI TİCARET: YÖNTEMLER, RİSKLER VE DENİZCİLİK SEKTÖRÜNDE TBML'YE KARŞI YASAL TEPKİLER

Öz

Kara para aklama vb. küresel yasadışı faaliyetler, finansal sistemin bütünlüğünü ve finansal istikrarı ciddi bir şekilde tehlikeye atmaktadır. Küresel ticaretin en temel unsurlarından biri olan denizcilik sektörü, operasyonel yapısının genişliği, dokümantasyona olan bağımlılığı, gümrük denetim mekanizmalarının yetersizliği ve yargı alanları arasındaki farklı hukuki düzenlemeler nedeniyle ticarete dayalı kara para aklama faaliyetlerine (TBML) karşı hassas bir yapı sergilemektedir. Limanları, serbest ticaret bölgelerini ve nakliye yollarını kullanarak yasadışı gelirleri normal ticaret hareketi olarak gösteren yasadışı faaliyetler, yasadışı fonları uluslararası finansal sisteme dahil etmektedir. Bu çalışma, literatürde yer alan önceki araştırmaları, yasal belgeleri ve bazı vaka çalışmalarını inceleyerek denizcilik sektöründeki kara para aklama olgusunu incelemektedir. Çalışma, kara para aklama tehdidine olanak tanıyan temel zayıflıklara ve uluslararası kuruluşların önleyici tedbirlerin oluşturulmasında üstlendiği role dikkat çekmektedir. Çalışma, mevcut denetim prosedürlerini değerlendirmenin yanı sıra, hükümetler arası iş birliğini iyileştirme, denetim kabiliyetlerini güçlendirme ve uluslararası normları uyumlu hale getirme konusunda öneriler sunmaktadır. Finansal istikrarın korunması ve küresel ekonominin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için denizcilik sektöründe TBML ile mücadele edilmesinin zorunlu olduğu sonucuna varmaktadır.

Kaynakça

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