DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA

Gül Denktaş Şakar; Ali Uzun

doi:10.18613/deudfd.942958

TR EN

TEDARİK ZİNCİRİNDE KURU DÖKME VE GENEL YÜK TERMİNALLERİ: ALİAĞA İÇİN BİR DELPHI ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Denizyolu taşımacılığı tedarik zinciri sistemi içerisindeki çeşitli yük hareketlerinin gerçekleşmesinde önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu bağlamda; limanlar, lojistik maliyetlerin ve hizmet etkililiğinin hayati önem taşıdığı tedarik zinciri yönetiminde katma değer sağlama faaliyetini de üstlenmeye başlamışlardır. Düşük birim maliyete ve yüksek taşıma fiyatı esnekliğine sahip olan dökme yükleri ve neredeyse her operasyonunda farklı planlama ve yönetim gerektiren genel yükleri elleçleyen terminaller zincirde önemli bir yer edinmektedir. Bu çalışmada, kuru dökme ve genel yük terminallerinin sağladığı katma değerli lojistik hizmetler ve faaliyetler ile tedarik zinciri içerisindeki rolünün saptanması amaçlanmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Aliağa Bölgesi’nde bulunan kuru dökme ve genel yük terminallerinin ve üreticilerin tedarik zinciri içerisindeki rolünü saptamak adına Delphi tekniği kullanılarak uzman görüşlerine başvurulmuştur. Çalışmanın bulguları, bu tür terminallerde hizmet etkililiğinin en az operasyonel etkinlik kadar önemli olduğunu göstermiştir ve hizmetin özelliklerinin daha tedarik zinciri yönlü olmak için geliştirilmesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır. Katma değerli hizmetlerin bu tür terminallerde, müşterilerin özellikle önem verdiği farklılaştırıcı bir unsur olduğu da vurgulanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Tedarik Zinciri Yönetimi, Liman, Kuru Dökme Yük Terminali, Genel Yük Terminali, Katma Değerli Lojistik Hizmetler.

DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA

Öz

Maritime transportation plays a vital role in the flow of various cargoes within a supply chain system. In this context, seaports have also started undertaking the provision of value-added services in the supply chain management, where logistics costs and service effectiveness are vital. Terminals that handle dry bulk cargoes which have low unit prices and high elasticity to transportation prices, and general cargoes that require different planning and management for almost each operation have significant roles in the chain as well. This study aims to determine and evaluate the role of dry bulk and general cargo terminals in the supply chain with the value-added logistic services by focusing on Aliağa Region. Delphi technique has been employed to shed light on the role of the dry bulk and general cargo terminals and manufacturers in the scope of supply-chain and logistics-based components. Findings indicate that service effectiveness is important as well as operational efficiency in such terminals and service characteristics should be improved to become more supply-chain oriented. Value-added services are considered as a differentiation factor where customers pay great attention.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Supply Chain Management, Seaports, Dry Bulk Cargo Terminal, General Cargo Terminal, Value-added Logistic Services.

Kaynakça

Alderton, P. (2008). Port Management and Operations. London: Informa.
Alghaffari S., Nguyen, H.O. & Chen, P.S.L. (2018). Critical factors in organisational effectiveness: the case of Saudi Arabian seaports. Journal of Sustainable Development of Transport and Logistics, 3(2), 49- 65.
Altuntaş Vural, C., Göçer, A. & Deveci, D.A. (2015). Türkiye konteyner limanlarında pazar yönlülük: itici güçler ve engeller. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. II. Liman Kongresi Özel Sayısı, 117-152.
Arof, A.M., Mdhanafiah, R. & Ooi, I.U.J. (2016). A Delphi Study on the Potential benefits and obstacles of interstate short sea shipping in Archipelagic Southeast Asia. International Journal of e-Navigation and Maritime Economy, 5, 97-110.
Atik, O. & Cerit, G. (2008). Government support for sustainability of marine salvage services: a case for Turkey. In: Proceedings of IAME 2008 Conference. Dalian, China.
Babu, S., Pratap, S., Lahoti, G., Fernandes, K.J., Tiwari, M.K., Mount, M., Xiong, Y. (2015). Minimizing delay of ships in bulk terminals by simultaneous ship scheduling, stockyard planning and train scheduling. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 17, 464-492.
Bal, K. & Esmer, S. (2015). Sıvı kimyasal yük terminallerinde operasyon süreçleri üzerine bir değerlendirme. In: 2. Ulusal Liman Kongresi. Izmir, Turkey.
Balcı, G., Cetin, İ.B. & Esmer, S. (2018). An evaluation of competition and selection criteria between dry bulk terminals in izmir. Journal of Transport Geography, 69, 294-304.
Barros, V.H., Costa, T.S., Oliviera, A.C.M., Lorena, L.A.N (2011). Model and heuristic for berth allocation in tidal bulk ports with stock level constraints. Computers& Industrial Engineering, 60 (4), 606-613.
Behdani, B., Wiegmans, B. & Roso, V. (2020). Port-hinterland transport and logistics: emerging trends and frontier research. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 22, 1-25.

Bichou, K. & Gray, R. (2004). A Logistics and supply chain management approach to port performance measurement. Maritime Policy and Management, 31(1), 47-67.
Bichou, K. & Gray, R. (2005). A Critical review of conventional terminology for classifying seaports. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(1), 75-92.
Brett, V. and Roe, M. (2010). The potential for the clustering of the maritime transport sector in the Greater Dublin Region. Maritime Policy & Management, 37(1), 1-16.
Carbone, V. & De Martino, M. (2003). The changing role of ports in supply-chain management: an empirical analysis. Maritime Policy and Management, 30(4), 305-320.
Chairany, N. & Hidayatno, A. (2019). Coordination in port-centric logistics and contractual agreement: preliminary evidence of a literature review. In: 2019 the 6th International Conference on Frontiers of Industrial Engineering, London, United Kingdom.
Chen, Z. & Pak, M. (2017). A Delphi analysis on green performance evaluation indices for ports in China. Maritime Policy & Management, 44 (5), 537-550.
Creswell, J.W. (2005). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research. Upper– Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education.
Czinkota, M.R. and Ronkainen, I.A. (1997). International business and trade in the next decade: report from a delphi study. Journal of International Business Studies, 28 (4), 827–844.
Da Cruz, M.R.P., Ferreria, J.J., Azevedo, S.G. (2013). Key factors of seaport competitiveness based on the stakeholder perspective: an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) model. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 15(4), 416-443.
Dalkey, N. & Helmer, O. (1963). An experimental application of the delphi method to the use of experts. Management Science, 9(3), 458-467.
de Leòn, A.D., Lalla-Ruiz, E., Melián-Batista, B., Moreno-Vega, M. (2017). A machine learning-based system for berth scheduling at bulk terminals. Expert Systems with Applications, 87, 170-182.
De Martino, M. & Morvillo, A. (2008). Activities, resources and interorganizational relationships: key factors in port competitiveness. Maritime Policy and Management, 35(6), 571-589.
Denktaş Şakar, G. & Marlow, P. (2009). An organisational buying perspective for multimodal transport: a Delphi study for Turkey. In: Proceedings of IAME 2009 Conference, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Denktaş Şakar, G., Yıldırım, E. & Mansuroğlu, E. (2018). Value creation in project cargo logistics: a Delphi study. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 6(3), 255-274.
Deveci, D.A. & Cerit, A.G. (2007). Competition and conflict in distribution channels of combined transport services. In: 12. National Marketing Congress. Turkey, 18-20 October 2007.
Dinwoodie, J., Landamore, M., Rigot-Muller, P. (2014). Dry bulk shipping flows to 2050: delphi perceptions of early career specialists. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 88, 64-75.
DTGM (Deniz Ticareti Genel Müdürlüğü). (2020). Yük İstatistikleri, https://atlantis.udhb.gov.tr/istatistik/istatistik_yuk.aspx, Date Accessed: 20.03.2020.
Emiroğlu, Ç. & Çaylan, D. O. (2014). The importance of strategic leadership for port management: a Delphi research on top managers of Turkish private ports. Journal of Global Strategic Management, 8(2), 5-16.
Ernst, A.T., Oğuz, C., Singh, G., Tharkhani, G. (2017). Mathematical models for the berth allocation problem in dry bulk terminals. Journal of Scheduling, 20, 459-473.
Eroğlu, İ. & Bozyiğit, R. (2013). Aliağa limanı. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 28, 81-116.
Esmer, S. (2010). Konteyner Terminallerinde Lojistik Süreçlerin Optimizasyonu ve Bir Simülasyon Modeli. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Ssoyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
Esmer, S. & Karataş Çetin, Ç. (2016). Liman İşletme Yönetimi, in A.G. Cerit, A. Deveci, & S. Esmer (Eds), Denizcilik İşletmeleri Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
Fadda, E.A. (1996). Brazilian coastal shipping in 2010: qualitative scenarios through the application of the delphi and scenario writing methods. PhD Thesis, Cardiff University.
Fink, A., Kosecoff, J., Chassin, M.R. & Brook, R.H. (1984). Consensus methods characteristics and guidelines for use. American Journal of Public Health, 74(9).
Fontana, A. & Frey, J. (1994). Interviewing: The Art of Science, in N. Denzin, & Y. Lincoln (Eds.), Handbook of Qualitative Research. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publication, Inc.
Frankel, E., Cooper, J., Chang, Y.W., Tharakan, G. (1984). Bulk Shipping and Terminal Logistics. Washington: World Bank Publications.
Garcia-Alonso, L., Monios, J. & Vallejo-Pinto, J.Á. (2017). Port competition through hinterland accessibility: the case of Spain. Maritime Economics & Logistics, 21, 258–277.
Goodrich, N.M. (1982). A Profile of the Competent Nursing Administrator. UMI Research Press. Ann Arbor, Ml.
Gordon, T.J. (1994). The Delphi method. Futures Research Methodology, 2(3), 1-30.
Göçer, A., Altuntas Vural, C. & Deveci, D.A. (2019). Drivers and barriers against market orientation: a study of Turkish container ports. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 21 (2), 278-305.
Güneş, H. & Esmer, S. (2016). Liman merkezli lojistik: Ege Bölgesi için bir değerlendirme. Journal of ETA Maritime Science. 4(4), 303-316.
Haralambides, H.E. (2017). Globalization, public sector reform, and the role of ports in international supply chains. Maritime Economics and Logistic,19 (1), 1–51.
Hasson, F., Keeney, S. & McKenna, H. (2000). Research guidelines for the Delphi survey technique. Journal of Advance Nursing, 32(4), 1008-1015.
Hu, D. and Yao, Z. (2012). Stacker-reclaiming scheduling in a dry bulk terminal. International Journal of Computer Integrated Manufacturing, 25 (11), 1047-1058.
Hsu, C.C. and Sandford, B.A. (2007). The Delphi technique: making sense of consensus. Practical Assessment, Research, and Evaluation, 12(10), 1-8.
Islam, D.Z., Dinwoodie, J. & Roe, M. (2006). Promoting development through multimodal freight transport in Bangladesh. Transport Reviews, 26(5), 571-591.
Karataş Çetin, Ç. & Cerit, A.G. (2010) Organizational effectiveness at seaports: a systems approach. Maritime Policy & Management, 37 (3), 195-219.
Karataş Çetin, Ç. (2011). Limanlarda örgütsel değişim ve değer zinciri sistemlerinde etkililik analizi. Doktora Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İzmir.
Karataş Çetin, Ç. & Cerit, G. (2014). Organisational change in ports and analysis of effectiveness in value chain systems: a survey research. İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 15 (2), 83-115.
Kinnear, T.C. & Taylor, J.R. (1996). Marketing Research: An Applied Approach. New York, McGraw-Hill.
Lee, T., Yeo, G.& Thai, V.V. (2014). changing concentration ratios and geographical patterns of bulk ports: the case of the Korean West Coast, Asian Journal of Shipping and Logistics, 30 (2), 155-173.
Lodewijks, G., Schott, D.L. & Ottjes, J.A. (2007). Modern dry bulk terminal design. Bulk Solids Handling, 27(6), 364-376.
Loo, R. (2002). The Delphi method: a powerful tool for strategic management and policing. An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25(4), 762–769.
Ludwig, B. (1997). Predicting the future: have you considered using the delphi methodology. Journal of Extension, 35(5), 1-4.
Mangan, J., Lalwani, C. & Fynes, B. (2008). Port centric logistics. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 19(1), 29-41.
Min, H. & Jun, C.Y. (2014). Public-private partnerships for the development of port hinterlands and their ramifications for global supply chain management. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 16(3), 250-275.
Murphy, M.K., Black, N.A., Lamping, D.L., McKee, C.M., Sanderson, C.F.B., Askham, J. & Marteau, T. (1998). Consensus development methods, and their use in clinical guideline development. Health Technology Assessment, 2(3).
Notteboom, T. & Winkelmans, W. (2004). FR-WP1: Overall Market Dynamics and Their Influence on the Port Sector, in Factual Report on the European Port Sector. European Sea Ports Organisation, pp. 4-60. Brussels: ESPO.
Ojala, L., Kersten, W. & Lorentz, H. (2013). Transport and logistics developments in the Baltic Sea Region until 2025. Journal of East-West Business, 19 (1-2), 16-32.
Paixao, A.C. & Marlow, P.B. (2003). Fourth generation ports – a question of agility? International Journal of Physical Distribution and Logistics Management, 33(4), 355-376.
Panayides, Ph. M. (2006). Maritime logistics and global supply chains: towards a research agenda. Maritime Economics and Logistics, 8(2), 3-18.
Panayides, Ph. M. & Song, D.W. (2007). Development of a measurement instrument for port supply chain orientation. In: 2007 IAME Annual Conference. Athens, Greece.
Pettit, S.J. & Beresford, A.K.C. (2009). Port development: from gateways to logistics hubs. Maritime Policy and Management, 36(3), 253-267.
Polit D.F. and Hungler B.P. (1997) Essentials of Nursing Research: Methods, Appraisal and Utilisation. New York: Lippincott.
Robinson, R. (2002). Ports as elements in value-driven chain systems: the new paradigm. Maritime Policy and Management, 29(3), 241-255.
Rodrigue, J.P. (2020). The Geography of Transport Systems. New York: Routledge.
Rowe, G. & Wright, G. (1999). The Delphi technique as a forecasting tool: issues and analyses. International Journal of Forecasting, 15, 353-375.
Rushton, A., Oxley, J. & Croucher, P. (2000). The Handbook of Logistics and Distribution Management. London: Kogan Page.
Saldanha, J. & Gray, R. (2002) The Potential for British coastal shipping in a multimodal chain. Maritime Policy & Management, 29(1), 77-92.
Sayareh, J. & Ahouei, V.R. (2013). Failure mode and effect analysis for reducing the delays of cargo handling operations in marine bulk terminals. Journal of Maritime Research, 10 (2), 43-50.
Scapolo, F.& Miles, I. (2006). Eliciting experts knowledge: a comparison of two methods. Technological Forecasting and Social Change,73, 679–704.
Schott, D.L. & Lodewijks, G. (2007). Analysis of dry bulk terminals: chances for exploration. Particle and Particle Systems Characterization, 24, 375-380.
Skulmoski, G., Hartman, F. & Krahn, J. (2007). The Delphi method for graduate research. Journal of Information Technology Education: Research, 6 (1), 1-21.
Song, D-W., & Lee, P. (2009). Maritime logistics in the global supply chain. International Journal of Logistics: Research and Applications, 12(2), 83–84.
Song, D-W., & Panayides, Ph. M. (2008). Global Supply chain and port/terminal: integration and competitiveness. Maritime Policy and Management, 35(1), 73-87.
Song, D-W., & Panayides Ph. M. (2012). Maritime logistics: A Complete Guide to Effective Shipping and Port Management. UK: Kogan Page.
Stank, T.P., Keller, S.B. & Daugherty, P.J. (2001). Supply chain collaboration and logistical service performance. Journal of Business Logistics, 22(1), 29-48.
Tezcan, Ö. & Kuleyin, B. (2019). Academicians’ viewpoint on port managers’ prior competencies in terms of environmental sustainability performance of container port enterprises in Turkey. Journal of ETA Maritime Science, 7(4), 280-292.
Tuna, O. & Arabelen, G. (2016). Deniz Ulaştırma Lojistiği, in A. G. Cerit, A. Deveci, & S. Esmer (Eds), Denizcilik İşletmeleri Yönetimi. İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım Dağıtım A.Ş.
Turoff, M. (1970). The design of a policy Delphi. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 2(2), 149-171.
Türklim (Türkiye Liman İşletmecileri Derneği). (2018). Türk limancılık sektörü 2018 raporu. Port Operators Association of Turkey.
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development) (2004). Assessment of A Seaport Land Interface: An Analytical Framework. Report by the UNCTAD Secretariat.
UNESCAP & KMI (United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific and Korean Maritime Institute) (2005). Free trade zone and port hinterland development. New York: United Nations Publications.
Ünsal, O. & Oğuz, C. (2019). An exact algorithm for integrated planning of operations in dry bulk terminals. Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 126, 103:121.
Van Vianen, T., Ottjes J. & Lodewijks., G (2014). Simulation-based determination of the required stockyard size for dry bulk terminals. Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory, 42, 119-128.
Verhoeven, P. (2010). A review of port authority functions: towards a renaissance? Maritime Policy and Management, 37(3), 247-270.
Von der Gracht, H.A. (2012). Consensus measurement in Delphi studies. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 79, 1525-1536.
Williams, P.L. and Webb, C. (1994). The Delphi technique: a methodological discussion. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 19(1), 180-186.
Yang, D., Wang, K.Y., Xu, H., Zhang, Z. (2017). Path to a multilayered transshipment port system: how the Yangtze River bulk port system has evolved. Journal of Transport Geography, 64, 54-64.
Zhang, X. & Roe, M. (2019). Maritime Container Port Security. USA and European Perspectives. Switzerland: Springer AG.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Deniz Mühendisliği (Diğer)

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yazarlar

Gül Denktaş Şakar
0000-0002-1072-6150
Türkiye

Ali Uzun
0000-0001-8787-3223
Türkiye

Yayımlanma Tarihi

21 Haziran 2021

Gönderilme Tarihi

16 Ağustos 2020

Kabul Tarihi

21 Nisan 2021

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2021 Cilt: 13 Sayı: 1

DOI

https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.942958

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA54WW97FR

APA

Denktaş Şakar, G., & Uzun, A. (2021). DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 149-182. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.942958

AMA

1.Denktaş Şakar G, Uzun A. DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;13(1):149-182. doi:10.18613/deudfd.942958

Chicago

Denktaş Şakar, Gül, ve Ali Uzun. 2021. “DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 13 (1): 149-82. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.942958.

EndNote

Denktaş Şakar G, Uzun A (01 Haziran 2021) DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 13 1 149–182.

IEEE

[1]G. Denktaş Şakar ve A. Uzun, “DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy 1, ss. 149–182, Haz. 2021, doi: 10.18613/deudfd.942958.

ISNAD

Denktaş Şakar, Gül - Uzun, Ali. “DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi 13/1 (01 Haziran 2021): 149-182. https://doi.org/10.18613/deudfd.942958.

JAMA

1.Denktaş Şakar G, Uzun A. DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. 2021;13:149–182.

MLA

Denktaş Şakar, Gül, ve Ali Uzun. “DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 13, sy 1, Haziran 2021, ss. 149-82, doi:10.18613/deudfd.942958.

Vancouver

1.Gül Denktaş Şakar, Ali Uzun. DRY BULK AND GENERAL CARGO TERMINALS IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN: A DELPHI STUDY FOR ALIAGA. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Denizcilik Fakültesi Dergisi. 01 Haziran 2021;13(1):149-82. doi:10.18613/deudfd.942958