DENİZCİLİK PSİKOLOJİSİ: DENİZCİLERİN SALDIRGANLIK EĞİLİMLERİNİN DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 26 - 50, 30.06.2022

Mesut Can Köseoğlu Oktay Çetin Fatma Anı Yıldırım

Öz

Denizcilik sektöründeki büyük olaylar ve kazalar nedeniyle teknoloji ve
yönetmeliklerdeki hızlı gelişme, denizcileri artık her zamankinden daha fazla
zorlamaktadır. Denizcilik endüstrisindeki teknolojik, eğitimsel ve diğer önemli
değişiklikler denizde mesleki ve sosyal talepleri artırmış ve denizcileri psikososyal
açıdan zor durumda bırakmıştır. Bu çalışmada, Türk denizcilerinin ruhsal
durumunun ne kadar zorlu olduğunu ve denizcilik camiası üzerinde beklenen
etkilerini araştırmayı ve tespit etmeyi amaçladık. Gemide yaşam son derece stresli
olabilir ve bizimki gibi birçok çalışma, diğer istenmeyen zihinsel koşullarla
birlikte stres ve saldırganlık arasında bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. BussPerry Saldırganlık Anketi kullanılarak Türk denizcilerin saldırganlık düzeyleri
konusunda makul sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. İlk olarak Cronbach Alpha katsayıları
her ölçek için hesaplanmış, ardından doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmıştır.
Anketin sonuçları, cinsiyet, rütbe, üniversite ve çalışılan gemi tipi gruplarına göre
SPSS-26 programı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Fiziksel saldırganlık, sözlü
saldırganlık, öfke ve düşmanlık üzerine anket ölçekleri incelendiğinde, cinsiyete
bağlı olarak sözlü saldırganlıkta, rütbeye bağlı olarak öfkede anlamlı farklılıklar
bulunmuş ve eğitim kurumlarındaki farklılığın sözel saldırganlık ölçeğinde önemli
bir faktör olduğu görülmüştür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Denizcilik Psikolojisi, Buss-Perry Saldırganlık Ölçeği, İnsan Faktörü, Deniz İşletmeciliği.

MARITIME PSYCHOLOGY: A STUDY ON EVALUATION OF SEAFARERS AGGRESSION TENDENCIES

Öz

Rapid development in technology and regulations due to major incidents
and accidents in the maritime sector challenges seafarers now more than ever.
Technological, educational, and other significant changes in the seafaring
industry have increased professional and social demands at sea and compelling
the psychosocial wellbeing of seafarers. In this study, we aimed to investigate and
determine how severe the mental state of Turkish mariners and its expected effects
on the maritime community. Life on-board can be utterly stressful and many
studies, show that there is a correlation between stress and aggression along with
other undesirable mental conditions. It was reached reasonable outcomes about
aggression levels of Turkish Seafarers with the use of the Buss-Perry Aggression
Questionnaire. Firstly, Cronbach’s Alpha values have been calculated for each
scale of the test, then a conformity factor analysis has been carried out. Results of
the questionnaire have been evaluated regarding sample groups of gender, rank,
educational institution, and vocational ship type. When the questionnaire scales
on physical aggression, verbal aggression, anger, and hostility were examined,
significant differences have been found on verbal aggression regarding gender
and the difference in educational institutions and on anger depending on rank.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Maritime Psychology, Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Human Factor, Maritime Business

Kaynakça

• Albayrak Sargın, Y. (2008). Ergenlik dönemindeki öğrencilerin saldırgan davranışları ile öfke ve sosyal problem çözme becerileri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi, M.Sc. Thesis, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon.
• Albrechtsen, E. (2003). Security vs. Safety. https://silo.tips/download/security-vs-safety-august-the-paper-is-based-on-previous-work-by-albrechtsen-200, Access Date: 06.06.2021.
• Alderton, T., Bloor, M., Kahveci, E., Lane, T., Sampson, H. and Thomas, M. (2004). The global seafarer: Living and working conditions in a globalized industry. International Labour Organization, Geneva.
• Algül, A., Ateş, M.A., Gülsün, M., Doruk, A., Semiz, Ü.B., Başoğlu, C., Ebrinç, S. and Çetin, M. (2009). Anti sosyal kişilik bozukluğu olgularında kendini yaralama davranışının saldırganlık, çocukluk çağı travmaları ve dissosiyasyon ile ilişkisi. Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 10, 278-285.
• Anderson, C.A. and Bushman, B.J. (2002). Human aggression. Annual Review of Psychology, 53 (1), 27-51.
• Anderson, P.D. and Bokor, G. (2012). Forensic aspects of drug-induced violence. Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 25 (1), 41-49.
• Ando, A., Soga, S., Yamasaki, K., Shimai, S., Shimada, H., Utsuki, N. and Sakai, A. (1999). Development of the Japanese version of the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BAQ). The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 70 (5), 384–392.
• Badawy, A.A.B. (1998). Alcohol, aggression, and serotonin: Metabolic aspects. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 33 (1), 66–72.
• Bal, E. (2011). Gemi adamlarında yorgunluğa neden olan etkenlerin analitik incelenmesi, M.Sc. Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Istanbul.
• Baulk, S. and Reyner, L. (2002). Fatigue in ferry crews: A pilot study. Seafarers International Research Centre (SIRC), Cardiff.
• Bernstein, I.H. and Gesn, P.R. (1997). On the dimensionality of the Buss/Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Behavior Research and Therapy, 35 (6), 563–568.
• Beşikçi Bal, E., Tavacıoğlu, L. and Arslan, Ö. (2016). The Subjective Measurement of Seafarers’ Fatigue Levels and Mental Symptoms. Maritime Policy & Management, 43 (3), 329-343.
• Bloor, M.J., Pentsov, D., Levi, M. and Horlick-Jones, T. (2004). Problems of global governance of seafarers' health & safety. Seafarers International Research Centre, Cardiff.
• Borodina, N.V. (2013). Use of sail training ship in seafarers’ professional education. Asia-Pacific Journal of Marine Science & Education, 3 (1), 87–96.
• Boxer, P. and Tisak, M.S. (2005). Children's beliefs about the continuity of aggression. Aggressive Behavior: Official Journal of the International Society for Research on Aggression, 31 (2), 172-188.
• Brown, G.L., Ebert, M.H., Goyer, P.F., Jimerson, D.C., Klein, W.J., Bunney, W.E. and Goodwin, F.K. (1982). Aggression, suicide, andserotonin: Relationships of CSF amine metabolites. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 139 (6), 741-746.
• Brun-Gulbrandsen S. and Irgens-Jensen O. (1967) Abuse of alcohol among seamen. British Journal of Addiction to Alcohol & Other Drugs, 62, 19-20.
• Bushman, B.J. and Baumeister, R.F. (1998). Threatened egotism, narcissism, selfesteem, and direct and displaced aggression: Does self-love or self-hate lead to violence? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75 (1), 219-229.
• Buss, A.H. and Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63 (3), 452-459.
• Carter, T. and Schreiner, A. (2013). Textbook of Maritime Medicine (2nd Ed.). Bergen: Norwegian Centre for Maritime Medicine.
• Crick, N.R. and Grotpeter, J.K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66 (3), 710-722.
• Deluty, R.H. (1979). Children’s action tendency scale: A self-report measure of aggressiveness, assertiveness, and submissiveness in children. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47 (6), 1061-1071.
• Demirtaş Madran, H.A. (2013). Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire - Turkish Version. PsycTESTS Dataset, 3–4.
• Denson, T.F., Aviles, F.E., Pollock, V.E., Earleywine, M., Vasquez, E.A. and Miller, N. (2007). The effects of alcohol and the salience of aggressive cues on triggered displaced aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 33, 1-9.
• Donnellan, M.B., Trzesniewski, K.H., Robins, R.W., Moffitt, T.E. and Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16 (4), 328-335.
• Erdem, P. and Tavacıoğlu, L. (2019). A comprehensive study on assessment of safety climate based on theory of planned behavior in maritime domain. In: Proceedings of III. Global Conference on Innovation in Marine Technology and the Future of Maritime Transportation, GMC’19. İzmir, Türkiye.
• Evren, C., Çınar, Ö., Güleç, H., Çelik, S. and Evren, B. (2011). The validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Buss-Perry’s Aggression Questionnaire in male substance dependent inpatients / Buss-Perry Agresyon Ölçeği Türkçe versiyonunun yatarak tedavi gören erkek alkol/madde bağımlılarında geçerliği ve güvenirliği. The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences, 283–295.
• Fornell, C. and Larcker, D.F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18 (1), 39-50.
• Gerevich, J., Bácskai, E. and Czobor, P. (2007). The generalizability of the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire. International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research, 16 (3), 124–136.
• Hair, J.F., Gabriel, M. and Patel, V. (2014). AMOS covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM): Guidelines on its application as a marketing research tool. Brazilian Journal of Marketing, 13(2), 44-55.
• Hansen, H.L. and Pedersen, G. (1996). Influence of occupational accidents and deaths related to lifestyle on mortality among merchant seafarers. International Journal of Epidemiology, 25 (6), 1237–1243.
• Hanzu-Pazara, R. and Arsenie, P. (2010) New challenge in the maritime academics. Latest trends on engineering education. In: Proceedings of the 7th WSEAS international Conference on Education and Educational Technologies. Corfu Island, Greece.
• Haskan, Ö. and Yıldırım, İ. (2012). Şiddet Eğilimi Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 37(163), 165-177.
• Hu, L.T. and Bentler, P.M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3 (4), 424-453.
• ILO (2003). Seafarers’ Identity Documents (Revised) Convention. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_dialogue/---sector/documents/publication/wcms_177102.pdf, Access Date: 07.07.2020.
• ILO (2006). Maritime Labour Convention. https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@normes/documents/normativeinstrument/wcms_090250.pdf, Access Date: 07.07.2020.
• ILO (2007). Work in Fishing Convention and Recommendation.https://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p= NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:R199, Access Date: 07.07.2020.
• IMO (2002). The International Safety Management (ISM) Code, Amendments and Other Provisions. https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/Pages/ISMCode.aspx, Access Date: 06.06.2021.
• IMO (2011). International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers including 2010 Manila Amendments, London.
• International Committee on Seafarers’ Welfare. (2009). Guidelines for Mental Care Onboard Merchant Ships (Part 8). http://www.seafarerstrust.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/A4-GUIDELINES_MENTALCARE_HIGH_RES.pdf, Access Date: 10.07.2020.
• Jensen, H.J. and Oldenburg, M. (2019). Potentially traumatic experiences of seafarers. Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology, 14 (17), 1-6.
• Jezewska, M., Leszczynska, I. and Jaremin, B. (2006). Work-related stress at sea selfestimation by maritime students and officers. International Maritime Health, 57 (1–4), 66–75.
• Jones, C.B., Dorrian, J., Rajaratnam, S.M.W. and Dawson, D. (2005). Working hours regulations and fatigue in transportation: A comparative analysis. Safety Science, 43 (4), 225–252.
• Kaukiainen, A., Björkqvist, K., Lagerspetz, K., Österman, K., Salmivalli, C., Rothberg, S. and Ahlbom, A. (1999). The relationships between social intelligence, empathy, and three types of aggression. Aggressive Behavior, 25, 81-89.
• Kaynak, A. (2013). Eğitim fakültesi öğrencilerinin duygusal zekâ düzeyleri ile saldırganlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. M.Sc. Thesis. Gaziantep University, Gaziantep. Kökdemir, H. (2004). Öfke ve öfke kontrolü. PIVOLKA, 3 (12), 7-10.
• Köseoğlu, M.C. (2018). Evaluation of cognitive performance of seafarers in heavy weather conditions using cognitive test software application, M.Sc. Thesis, Istanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, Istanbul.
• Köseoğlu, M.C., Tavacioglu, L., Taç, U., Eski, Ö. and Gokmen, N. (2019). A review on practicality of cognitive performance tests in deck officer selection. In: Proceedings of III. Global Conference on Innovation in Marine Technology and the Future of Maritime Transportation, GMC’19. İzmir, Türkiye.
• Kum, S. and Ertas, Y. (2016). A study on “mobbing” in maritime field: a case study in the Turkish maritime industry. International Maritime Health, 67 (4), 248–254.
• Kurtyılmaz, Y. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinin ilişkisel saldırganlık ile benlik saygısı, sosyal bağlılık ve sosyal kaygı düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkiler, Ph.D. Thesis. Anadolu University, Eskişehir.
• Lipowski, M., Lipowska, M., Peplinska, A. and Jezewska, M. (2014). Personality determinants of health behaviors of merchant navy officers. International Maritime Health, 65 (3), 158–165.
• Louie, V.W. and Doolen, T.L. (2007). A study of factors that contribute to maritime fatigue. Marine Technology and SNAME News, 44 (2), 82-92.
• MacLachlan, M. (2017). Maritime Psychology: Research in Organizational & Health Behavior at Sea (1st ed.). Dublin: Springer.
• Maxwell, J.P. (2007). Development and preliminary validation of a Chinese version of the Buss–Perry Aggression questionnaire in a population of Hong Kong Chinese. Journal of Personality Assessment, 88 (3), 284–294.
• McNamara, R., Collins, A. and Mathews, V. (2000). A review of research into fatigue in offshore shipping. Maritime Review, 118-122.
• Mehdiyev, E., Uğurlu, C.T., and Usta, H.G. (2017). The validity and reliability study of English language learning difficulties scale. Journal of Theory & Practice in Education, 13(3), 411-429.
• Mitroussi, K. (2008). Employment of seafarers in the EU context: challenges and opportunities. Marine Policy, 32 (6), 1043-1049.
• Nicki, R.C. (1996). The role of over aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67 (5), 2317-2327.
• Nunnally, J.C. (1978). An overview of Psychological Measurement, in Wolman, B.B. (Ed.), Clinical Diagnosis of Mental Disorders: A Handbook, pp. 97-146. New York: Plenum Press.
• Orosa, J.A., Santos, R. and Perez, J.A. (2011). A practical case study of the relationship between work risk prevention and fatigue at work in Spanish merchant ships. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 21 (5), 484-492.
• Özsever, B. and Tavacıoğlu, L. (2018). Analysing the effects of working period on psychophysiological states of seafarers. International Maritime Health, 69 (2), 84-93.
• Pik, K.R. (2007). The alternative watch system: A critical analysis. Crew Endurance Management Newsletter, 4, 5-6.
• Pougnet, R., Pougnet, L., Loddé, B., Canals, L., Bell, S., Lucas, D. and Dewitte, J.D. (2014). Consumption of addictive substances in mariners. International Maritime Health, 65 (4), 199-204.
• Ramirez, J.M. and Andreu, J.M. (2006). Aggression, and some related psychological constructs (anger, hostility, and impulsivity); some comments from a research project. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 30 (3), 276-291.
• Reyna, C., Sanchez, A., Lello Ivacevich, M.G. and Brussino, S. (2011). The Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire: Construct validity and gender in variance among Argentinean adolescents. International Journal of Psychological Research, 4 (2), 30–37.
• Schager, B. (1997) Advantages of psychological assessment prior to employment and promotion. Marine Profile. http://www.marine-profile.com/Articles.html, Access Date: 10.07.2020.
• Skavland Idsø, E. and Mejdell Jakobsen, Ø. (2000). Objekt- og informasjonssikkerhet. Metode for risiko- og sårbarhetsanalyse. Trondheim: Institutt for produksjons- og kvalitetsteknikk, NTNU. Smith, A., Allen, P. and Wadsworth, E. (2006). Seafarer fatigue: The Cardiff Research Programme. UK: Centre for Occupational and Health Psychology, Cardiff University, 16-74.
• Southwick, S.M., Bonanno, G.A., Masten, A.S., Panter-Brick, C. and Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: Interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5 (1), 25338.
• Soykan, Ç. (2003). Öfke ve öfke yönetimi. Kriz Dergisi, 11 (2), 19-27.
• Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
• Taç, U., Tavacioglu, L., Bolat, P., Kora, O.K. and Bolat, F. (2013). Monitoring seafarers' cognitive performance under stressor factors during a voyage by automated neuropsychological assessment metrics. Universitatii Maritime Constanta. Analele, 14 (20), 291.
• Tafrate, R.C., Kassinove, H. and Dundin, L. (2002). Anger episodes in high‐and low‐trait‐anger community adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58 (12), 1573-1590.
• Tani, C.R., Chavez, E.L. and Deffenbacher, J.L. (2001). Peer isolation and drug use among white non-Hispanic and Mexican American adolescents. Adolescence, 36 (141), 127-139.
• Uğurlu, Ö. (2015). Application of Fuzzy Extended AHP methodology for selection of ideal ship for oceangoing watchkeeping officers. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 47, 132-140.
• Uğurlu, Ö., Köse, E., Başar, E., Yüksekyıldız, E. and Yıldırım, U. (2012). Investigation of working hours of watchkeeping officers on short sea shipping: A case study in an oil tanker. In: The 2012 International Association of Maritime Economists Conference. Taipei, Taiwan.
• UNCTAD (2019). Review of maritime transport 2019. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, Geneva.
• Von Collani, G. and Werner, R. (2005). Self-related and motivational constructs as determinants of aggression. Personality and Individual Differences, 38 (7), 1631–1643.
• Walsh-Danishmandi, A. and MacLachlan, M. (2000). Environmental risk to the self: Factor analysis and development of sub-scales for the Environmental Appraisal Inventory (EAI) with an Irish sample. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 20, 141–149.
• Ziello, A.R., Degli Angioli, R., Fasanaro, A.M. and Amenta, F. (2013). Psychological consequences in victims of maritime piracy: The Italian experience. International Maritime Health, 64 (3), 136‐141.