TÜRKİYE’NİN YATAY VE DİKEY ENDÜSTRİ-İÇİ DIŞ TİCARETİ

Öz

Endüstri-içi dış ticaret olgusunun ampirik olarak tespit edilmesinden bu yana, söz konusu yazında önemli gelişmeler yaşanmıştır. Son zamanlarda özellikle her bir endüstride geçerli olan mal farklılaştırmasına bağlı olarak endüstri-içi dış ticareti, yatay endüstri-içi dış ticaret ve dikey endüstri-içi dış ticaret olarak birbirinden ayırmanın gereği üzerinde tartışmalar yapılmaktadır.Bu çalışmada standart Grubel-Lloyd endeksinin ne zaman iki yönlü ticaret ile ilgilenileceğini söylememesi nedeniyle öncelikle İki Yönlü Ticaret endeksi kullanılmış, ardından birim değer farklılığı temelinde yatay endüstri-içi dış ticaret ve düşük-yüksek kalite dikey endüstri-içi dış ticaret ayrımı yapılmıştır. Yapılan ölçümler sonucunda elde edilen bulgular, Türkiye’nin endüstri-içi dış ticareti içinde daha ziyade düşük kalite dikey endüstri-içi dış ticaretin egemen olduğu yönündedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yatay Endüstri-içi Dış Ticaret, Düşük Kalite Dikey Endüstri-içi Dış Ticaret, Yüksek Kalite Dikey Endüstri-içi Dış Ticaret, ki Yönlü Ticaret Endeksi

HORIZONTAL AND VERTICAL INTRA-INDUSTRY TRADE OF TURKEY

Öz

Crucial improvement have taken place in intra-industry trade literature since intra-industry trade phenomenon was empirically determined. Nowadays economists discuss on the necessity of distinguishing between horizontal and vertical intra-industry trade especially relating to product differentiation in each industry.As standard Grubel-Lloyd index does not determine the time when two way trade is taken into consideration, in this paper first of all Two-Way Trade index is used and then horizontal intra-industry trade and low-high quality vertical intra-industry trade are distinguished from each other regarding unit value differential. As a result of the analysis the findings show that low quality vertical intra-industry trade dominate in Turkey's intra-industry trade.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade, Low-Quality Vertical Intra-Industry Trade, High-Quality Vertical Intra-Industry Trade,TwoWay Trade Index

Kaynakça

1. ABD-EL-RAHMAN, Kamal (1991), “Firms’ Competitive and National Comparative Advantages as Joint Determinants of Trade Composition”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 127, 83-97.
2. ANDRESEN, Martin A. (2003), “Empirical Intra-Industry Trade: What We Know and What We Need to Know”, http://www.geog.ubc.ca/~andresen/Papers/Empirical_IIT_Lit_Review .pdf (18/03/2004).
3. ATURUPANE, Chonira, DJANKOV, Simeon ve Bernard HOEKMAN (1997), “Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade between East and West Europe”, http://econ.worldbank.org/ docs/810.pdf (29/04/2001). 1850,
4. ATURUPANE, Chonira, DJANKOV, Simeon ve Bernard HOEKMAN (1999), “Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between Eastern Europe and the European Union”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135(1), 62-81.
5. BALASSA, Bela (1963), “An Empirical Demonstration of Classical Comparative Cost Theory”, Review of Economics and Statistics, 45, 231-238.
6. BALASSA, Bela (1966), “Tariff Reductions and Trade in Manufactures among the Industrial Countries”, American Economic Review, 56(3), 466- 473.
7. BLANES, José ve Carmela MARTÍN (2000), “The Nature and Causes of Intra- Industry Trade: Back to the Comparative Advantage Explanation? The Case of Spain”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 136(3), 421-441.
8. BOJNEC, Štefan (2001), “Patterns of Intra-Industry Trade in Agricultural and Food Products during Transition”, Eastern European Economics, 39(1) 61-89.

9. BRÜLHART, Marius ve Robert J. R. ELLIOTT (2002), “Labour-Market Effects of Intra-Industry Trade: Evidence for the United Kingdom”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(2), 207-228.
10. CELI, Giuseppe (1999), “Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: What is the Empirical Evidence for the UK?”, Universita degli Studi di Salermo, Centro di Economia del Lavoro e di Politica Economica, Discussion Paper, (18/11/2001).
11. http://www.celpe.unisa.it/DP/dp49.pdf
12. CRESPO, Nuno ve Maria Paula FONTOURA (2001), “Determinants of the Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade: What Can We Learn from Portuguese Data?”, ETSG 20001 Conference Paper, http://www.etsg.org/ETSG2001/papers/A4_3.pdf (17/11/2003).
13. DÍAZ MORA, Carmen (2002), “The Role of Comparative Advantage in Trade within Industries: A Panel Data Approach for the European Union”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(2), 291-316.
14. FONTAGNÉ, Lionel ve Michael FREUDENBERG (1997), “Intra-Industry Trade: Methodological Issues Reconsidered“, CEPII Document de Travail,97-01, http://www.cepii.fr/anglaisgraph/workpap/pdf/1997/wp97-01.pdf (23/05/2001)
15. FUKAO, Kyoji, ISHIDO, Hikari ve Keiko ITO (2003), “Vertical Intra-Industry Trade and Foreign Direct Investment in East Asia”, RIETI Discussion Paper Series, 03-E-001, http://www.rieti.go.jp/jp/publications/dp/ 03e001.pdf (17.11.2003).
16. GABRISCH, Hubert ve Maria Luigia SEGNANA (2003), “Vertical and Horizontal Patterns of Intra-Industry Trade between EU and Candidate Countries”, Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung Halle, IWH, 2003(2).
17. GREENAWAY, David, MILNER, Chris ve Robert J.R. ELLIOTT (1999), “UK Intra-Industry Trade with the EU North and South”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(3), 365-384.
18. GREENAWAY, David, HINE, Robert C. ve Chris MILNER (1994), “Country- Specific Factors and Pattern of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade in the UK” Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 130(1), 77-100.
19. GREENAWAY, David, HINE, Robert C. ve Chris MILNER (1995), “Vertical and Horizontal Intra-Industry Trade: A Cross Industry Analysis for the United Kingdom”, The Economic Journal, 105, 1505-1518.
20. GRUBEL, Herbert G. (1967), “Intra-Industry Specialization and the Pattern of Trade”, The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science, 33(3), 374-388.
21. GRUBEL, Herbert G. ve Peter J. LLOYD (1975), Intra-Industry Trade: The Theory and Measurement of International Trade in Differentiated Products, New York: John Willey.
22. GULLSTRAND, Joakim (2002a), “Demand Patterns and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade with Special Reference to North-South Trade”, Journal of International Trade and Economic Development, 11(4), 429-455.
23. GULLSTRAND, Joakim (2002b), “Does the Measurement of Intra-Industry Trade Matter?”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(2), 317-339.
24. HELLVIN, Lisbeth (1996), “Vertical Intra-Industry Trade between China and OECD Countries”, OECD Development Centre Technical Papers, 14, http://www.oecd.org/pdf/M00006000/M00006065.pdf (19/12/2001).
25. HU, Xiaoling ve Yue MA (1999), “International Intra-Industry Trade of China”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 135(1), 82-101.
26. MENON, Jayant, GREENAWAY, David ve Chris MILNER (1999), “Industrial Structure and Australia-UK Intra-Industry Trade”, The Economic Record, 75, 19-27.
27. NIELSEN, Jİrgen Ulff-Mİller ve Teit LÜTHJE (2002), “Test of the Empirical Classification of Horizontal and Vertical Intra-Industry Trade”, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, 138(4), 587-604.
28. OECD (2005), International Trade by Commodity Statistics, SITC Revision 3, CD-ROM Database.
29. RODAS-MARTINI, Pablo (1998), “Intra-Industry Trade and Revealed Cooperative Advantage in the Central American Common Market”, World Development, 26(2), 337-344.
30. STIGLITZ, Joseph E. (1987), ”The Causes and Consequences of the Dependence of Quality on Price”, Journal of Economic Literature, 25, 1-48.
31. M6EK, Nevzat (2005), Endüstri-içi D $ Ticaret (Türkiye’nin Endüstri-içi D $ Ticaretinin Analizi), .zmir: Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yay nlanmam * Doktora Tezi.
32. VERDOORN, P.J. (1960), “The Intra-Bloc Trade of Benelux”, E.A.G. ROBINSON (Ed.), Economic Consequences of the Size of Nations içinde, London: Macmillan-Co. Ltd., 291-329.