BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 55 - 78, 30.06.2015

Serkan Çınar , Mine Yılmazer

Öz

Enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi üzerine yapılan çalışmalar arz ve talep yönlü olmak üzere iki farklı yaklaşıma dayanmaktadır. Arz yönlü yaklaşımda, yenilenebilir ve yenilenemez enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyümeye etkisi geleneksel üretim fonksiyonu ile araştırılmaktadır. Talep yönlü yaklaşımda ise yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, ekonomik büyüme, karbondioksit emisyonu ve enerji fiyatları arasındaki ilişki incelenmektedir. Bu çalışmada arzı kıt ve karbondioksit emisyonu yüksek olan yenilenemez kaynakların alternatifi yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi ve bu kaynakların tüketimini belirleyen değişkenler incelenmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu nedenle arz ve talep yönlü iki ayrı model kurulmuştur. Arz yönlü model yardımıyla, yenilenebilir kaynakların ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi; talep yönlü model yardımıyla yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarının belirleyicileri araştırılmaktadır. Ekonometrik analizler sonucunda, gelişmekte olan ülkelerde 1990-2013 dönemi için sürdürülebilir büyümenin gerçekleşmesinde yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının belirleyici bir rol oynadığı ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yenilenebilir ve Yenilenemez Kaynaklar Ekonomik Büyüme Panel Veri Analizi

Kaynakça

  • AGUIRRE, M., IBIKUNLE, G. (2014), “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”, Energy Policy, 69, 374-384.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2009), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from A Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 31, 211-216.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, (1), 656–660.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2011), “The renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2012), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from A Panel Error Correction Model”. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733-738.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2014), “Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, And Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence From A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 42, 226-232
  • BALTAGI, B.H. (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 4th Edition, Chichester, England.
  • BAYRAKTUTAN, Y., YILGOR M., UCAK S. (2011), “Renewable Electricity Generation And Economic Growth: Panel-Data Analysis for OECD Members”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 66, 59-66.
  • BREUSCH, T. S., PAGAN, A. R. (1980), "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics", Review Of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • CHO, C., CHU, Y., YANG, H. (2011), “Oil Demand and Energy Security in Asian Countries”, The Journal of Energy Markets, 4(2), 27-42.
  • HADRI, K., KUROZUMI, E. (2012), “A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in The Presence of Serial Correlation and A Common Factor”, Economics Letters, 115, 34.
  • IEA (2013), “Renewable Energy Medium-Term Market Report 2013 Market Trends and Projections 2018”. OECD/IEA International Energy Agency.
  • IM, K. L., PESARAN, M. H., SHIN, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • IPCC (2013), “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis”. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • JAVID, A. Y., JAVID, M., AWAN, Z. A. (2013), “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan”, Economic and Business Letters, 2(1), 32.
  • KORKMAZ, O., DEVELİ, A. (2012), “Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Kullanımı, Üretimi ve Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla Arasındaki İlişki”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi I ktisadi ve I dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 1-25.
  • KRAFT, J., KRAFT, A. (1978), “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”. Journal of Energy and Development, 3, 401-403.
  • KWAKWA, P. A. (2012), “Disaggregated Energy Consumption And Economic Growth in Ghana”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(1), 34-40.
  • LEVIN, A., LIN, C. F., CHU, C. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1– 24.
  • LI, F., DONG, S., LI, X., LIANG, Q., YANG, W. (2011), “Energy Consumption Economic Growth Relationship and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China”, Energy Policy, 39, 568-574.
  • MAGNANI, N., VAONA, A. (2013), “Regional Spillover Effects Of Renewable Energy Generation in Italy”, Energy Policy, 56, 663-671.
  • MARQUES, A. C., FUINHAS, J. A. (2012), “Is Renewable Energy Effective in Promoting Growth?”, Energy Policy, 46, 434-442.
  • MARQUES, A. C., FUINHAS, J. A., PIRES MANSO, J. R., (2010), “Motivations Driving Renewable Energy in European Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Energy Policy, 38, 6877-6885.
  • MENEGAKI, A. N. (2011), “Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model With Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • NARAYAN, P. K., SMYTH R. (2008), “Energy Consumption and Real GDP in G7 Countries: New Evidence from Panel Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Energy Economics, 30(5), 2331-2341.
  • OMRI, A. (2013), “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus in MENA Countries: Evidence from Simultaneous Equations Models”, Energy Economics, 40, 657-664.
  • PAO, H. T., TSAI, C. M. (2011), “Multivariate Granger Causality Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, FDI and GDP: Evidence from A Panel BRIC Countries”, Energy, 36, 685-693.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2004), “General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper No: 435.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • PESARAN, M. H., SHIN, Y., SMITH, R. J. (1999), “Pooled Mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 621-634.
  • PESARAN, M. H., ULLAH, A., YAMAGATA, T. (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • PAYNE, J. E. (2011), “On Biomass Energy Consumption and Real Output in the US”, Energy Sources Part B, 6(1), 47-52.
  • PAYNE, J. E. (2012), “The Causal Dynamics Between US Renewable Energy Consumption, Output, Emissions, and Oil Prices”, Enegy Sources Part B, 7, 323-330.
  • POPP, D., HASCIC, I., MEDHI, N. (2011), “Technology and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy”, Energy Economics, 33, 648-662.
  • SADORSKY, P. (2009a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • SADORSKY, P., (2009b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil Prices in The G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31, 456-462.
  • SALIM, R.A., RAFIQ, S. (2012), “Why Do Some Emerging Economies Proactively Accelerate The Adoption of Renewable Energy?”, Energy Economics, , 1051- 1057.
  • SALIM, R.A., SHAFIEI, S. (2014), “Urbanization and Renewable and Non- renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 38, 581-591.
  • SARI, R., EWING, B.T., SOYTAS, U. (2008), “The Relationship Between Disaggregate Energy Consumption and Industrial Production in The United States: An ARDL Approach”, Energy Economics, 30, 2302-2313.
  • SCHAFFER, L.M., BERNAUER T. (2014), “Explaining Government Choices For Promoting Renewable Energy”, Energy Policy, 68, 15-27.
  • SHAARI, M.S., HUSSAIN, N.E., ISMAIL, M.S. (2013), “Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for Malaysia”, Business Systems Review, 2(1), 17-28.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., ZESHAN, M., TIWARI, A.K. (2011), “Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption, Real GDP and CO2 Emissions: A Structural VAR Approach in Romania”, MPRA Paper No. 34066.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., ZESHAN, M. AND AFZA, T. (2012) “Is Energy Consumption Effective to Spur Economic Growth in Pakistan? New Evidence From Bounds Test to Level Relationships and Granger Causality Tests”, Economic Modelling, 29, 2319.
  • SOYTAS, U., SARI, R., EWING, B.T. (2007), “Energy Consumption, Income, and Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489.
  • TUGCU, C.T., OZTURK, I., ASLAN, A. (2012), “Renewable And Non Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • WESTERLUND, J. (2006), “Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(1), 101-132.

Determinants of Renewable Energy Resources and Their Relationship Between Economic Growth: The Case of Developing Countries

Yıl 2015, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 55 - 78, 30.06.2015

Serkan Çınar , Mine Yılmazer

Öz

Literature on the relationship between energy consumption and economic growth is based on two different approaches that are supply-side and demand-side. The impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth is investigated with traditional production function on supply-side approach. The relationship between renewable energy consumption, economic growth, CO2 and energy prices is analyzed on demand-side approach. In this study, the impact of renewable resources on economic growth, which is the alternative of non-renewable resources that are insufficient and emit high-level CO2, have been examined and the variables that determines the consumption of renewable resources are inquired. For that reason, it has been created two different models as supply-side and demand –side. In the econometric analysis based on a Cobb-Douglas production function have been investigated the effects of renewable and non-renewable resources on economic growth from 1990 to 2013. Additionally, the determinants of the renewable energy resources are analyzed on demand-side approach.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Renewable and Non-renewable Resources Economic Growth Panel Data

Kaynakça

  • AGUIRRE, M., IBIKUNLE, G. (2014), “Determinants of Renewable Energy Growth: A Global Sample Analysis”, Energy Policy, 69, 374-384.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2009), “Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from A Panel Cointegration and Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 31, 211-216.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2010a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from A Panel of OECD Countries”, Energy Policy, (1), 656–660.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2010b), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Growth in Eurasia”, Energy Economics, 32(6), 1392-1397.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2011), “The renewable energy consumption-growth nexus in Central America”, Applied Energy, 88(1), 343-347.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2012), “Renewable and Non-Renewable Energy Consumption-Growth Nexus: Evidence from A Panel Error Correction Model”. Energy Economics, 34(3), 733-738.
  • APERGIS, N., PAYNE, J. E. (2014), “Renewable Energy, Output, CO2 Emissions, And Fossil Fuel Prices in Central America: Evidence From A Nonlinear Panel Smooth Transition Vector Error Correction Model”, Energy Economics, 42, 226-232
  • BALTAGI, B.H. (2008), Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. 4th Edition, Chichester, England.
  • BAYRAKTUTAN, Y., YILGOR M., UCAK S. (2011), “Renewable Electricity Generation And Economic Growth: Panel-Data Analysis for OECD Members”, International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 66, 59-66.
  • BREUSCH, T. S., PAGAN, A. R. (1980), "The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics", Review Of Economic Studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • CHO, C., CHU, Y., YANG, H. (2011), “Oil Demand and Energy Security in Asian Countries”, The Journal of Energy Markets, 4(2), 27-42.
  • HADRI, K., KUROZUMI, E. (2012), “A Simple Panel Stationarity Test in The Presence of Serial Correlation and A Common Factor”, Economics Letters, 115, 34.
  • IEA (2013), “Renewable Energy Medium-Term Market Report 2013 Market Trends and Projections 2018”. OECD/IEA International Energy Agency.
  • IM, K. L., PESARAN, M. H., SHIN, Y. (2003), “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogeneous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115, 53-74.
  • IPCC (2013), “Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis”. Working Group I Contribution to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
  • JAVID, A. Y., JAVID, M., AWAN, Z. A. (2013), “Electricity Consumption and Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan”, Economic and Business Letters, 2(1), 32.
  • KORKMAZ, O., DEVELİ, A. (2012), “Türkiye’de Birincil Enerji Kullanımı, Üretimi ve Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla Arasındaki İlişki”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi I ktisadi ve I dari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 27(2), 1-25.
  • KRAFT, J., KRAFT, A. (1978), “On the Relationship between Energy and GNP”. Journal of Energy and Development, 3, 401-403.
  • KWAKWA, P. A. (2012), “Disaggregated Energy Consumption And Economic Growth in Ghana”, International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 2(1), 34-40.
  • LEVIN, A., LIN, C. F., CHU, C. J. (2002), “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics, 108, 1– 24.
  • LI, F., DONG, S., LI, X., LIANG, Q., YANG, W. (2011), “Energy Consumption Economic Growth Relationship and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in China”, Energy Policy, 39, 568-574.
  • MAGNANI, N., VAONA, A. (2013), “Regional Spillover Effects Of Renewable Energy Generation in Italy”, Energy Policy, 56, 663-671.
  • MARQUES, A. C., FUINHAS, J. A. (2012), “Is Renewable Energy Effective in Promoting Growth?”, Energy Policy, 46, 434-442.
  • MARQUES, A. C., FUINHAS, J. A., PIRES MANSO, J. R., (2010), “Motivations Driving Renewable Energy in European Countries: A Panel Data Approach”, Energy Policy, 38, 6877-6885.
  • MENEGAKI, A. N. (2011), “Growth and Renewable Energy in Europe: A Random Effect Model With Evidence for Neutrality Hypothesis”, Energy Economics, 33(2), 257-263.
  • NARAYAN, P. K., SMYTH R. (2008), “Energy Consumption and Real GDP in G7 Countries: New Evidence from Panel Cointegration with Structural Breaks”, Energy Economics, 30(5), 2331-2341.
  • OMRI, A. (2013), “CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Nexus in MENA Countries: Evidence from Simultaneous Equations Models”, Energy Economics, 40, 657-664.
  • PAO, H. T., TSAI, C. M. (2011), “Multivariate Granger Causality Between CO2 Emissions, Energy Consumption, FDI and GDP: Evidence from A Panel BRIC Countries”, Energy, 36, 685-693.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2004), “General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics Working Paper No: 435.
  • PESARAN, M. H. (2007), “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test In The Presence Of Cross-Section Dependence”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22, 265-312.
  • PESARAN, M. H., SHIN, Y., SMITH, R. J. (1999), “Pooled Mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94, 621-634.
  • PESARAN, M. H., ULLAH, A., YAMAGATA, T. (2008), “A Bias-Adjusted LM Test of Error Cross-Section Independence”, Econometrics Journal, 11, 105-127.
  • PAYNE, J. E. (2011), “On Biomass Energy Consumption and Real Output in the US”, Energy Sources Part B, 6(1), 47-52.
  • PAYNE, J. E. (2012), “The Causal Dynamics Between US Renewable Energy Consumption, Output, Emissions, and Oil Prices”, Enegy Sources Part B, 7, 323-330.
  • POPP, D., HASCIC, I., MEDHI, N. (2011), “Technology and the Diffusion of Renewable Energy”, Energy Economics, 33, 648-662.
  • SADORSKY, P. (2009a), “Renewable Energy Consumption and Income in Emerging Economies”, Energy Policy, 37(10), 4021-4028.
  • SADORSKY, P., (2009b), “Renewable Energy Consumption, CO2 Emissions and Oil Prices in The G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 31, 456-462.
  • SALIM, R.A., RAFIQ, S. (2012), “Why Do Some Emerging Economies Proactively Accelerate The Adoption of Renewable Energy?”, Energy Economics, , 1051- 1057.
  • SALIM, R.A., SHAFIEI, S. (2014), “Urbanization and Renewable and Non- renewable Energy Consumption in OECD Countries: An Empirical Analysis”, Economic Modelling, 38, 581-591.
  • SARI, R., EWING, B.T., SOYTAS, U. (2008), “The Relationship Between Disaggregate Energy Consumption and Industrial Production in The United States: An ARDL Approach”, Energy Economics, 30, 2302-2313.
  • SCHAFFER, L.M., BERNAUER T. (2014), “Explaining Government Choices For Promoting Renewable Energy”, Energy Policy, 68, 15-27.
  • SHAARI, M.S., HUSSAIN, N.E., ISMAIL, M.S. (2013), “Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence for Malaysia”, Business Systems Review, 2(1), 17-28.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., ZESHAN, M., TIWARI, A.K. (2011), “Analysis of Renewable Energy Consumption, Real GDP and CO2 Emissions: A Structural VAR Approach in Romania”, MPRA Paper No. 34066.
  • SHAHBAZ, M., ZESHAN, M. AND AFZA, T. (2012) “Is Energy Consumption Effective to Spur Economic Growth in Pakistan? New Evidence From Bounds Test to Level Relationships and Granger Causality Tests”, Economic Modelling, 29, 2319.
  • SOYTAS, U., SARI, R., EWING, B.T. (2007), “Energy Consumption, Income, and Carbon Emissions in the United States”, Ecological Economics, 62(3–4), 482-489.
  • TUGCU, C.T., OZTURK, I., ASLAN, A. (2012), “Renewable And Non Renewable Energy Consumption and Economic Growth Relationship Revisited: Evidence from G7 Countries”, Energy Economics, 34, 1942-1950.
  • WESTERLUND, J. (2006), “Testing for Panel Cointegration with Multiple Structural Breaks”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 68(1), 101-132.
Toplam 47 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA37YJ42TP
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Serkan Çınar

Mine Yılmazer Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2015
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2015 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Çınar, S., & Yılmazer, M. (2015). Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 30(1), 55-78.
AMA Çınar S, Yılmazer M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. Haziran 2015;30(1):55-78.
Chicago Çınar, Serkan, ve Mine Yılmazer. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 30, sy. 1 (Haziran 2015): 55-78.
EndNote Çınar S, Yılmazer M (01 Haziran 2015) Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 30 1 55–78.
IEEE S. Çınar ve M. Yılmazer, “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 30, sy. 1, ss. 55–78, 2015.
ISNAD Çınar, Serkan - Yılmazer, Mine. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi 30/1 (Haziran 2015), 55-78.
JAMA Çınar S, Yılmazer M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;30:55–78.
MLA Çınar, Serkan ve Mine Yılmazer. “Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri Ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 30, sy. 1, 2015, ss. 55-78.
Vancouver Çınar S, Yılmazer M. Yenilenebilir Enerji Kaynaklarının Belirleyicileri ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Gelişmekte Olan Ülkeler Örneği. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 2015;30(1):55-78.