GENÇLERİN TOPLUMSAL YAŞAMA KATILIMI VE YEREL YÖNETİMLERİN ROLÜ

Yıl 2011, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 43 - 65, 25.06.2011

YUNUS EMRE Özer

Öz

Gençliği belirleyen yaş aralıkları çeşitli çalışmalarda ve uluslararası kurumlar tarafından farklılaşabilmektedir. Bu tanımlar içerisinde Birleşmiş Milletler’in genç tanımı en çok kabul görenidir ve 15-24 yaş arasını kapsamaktadır. Bu yaş aralığı, gençlerin eğitim aşamalarının sonu ve hayata atılma yaşlarının başlarıdır. Gençler aldıkları eğitim sırasında ve yetişkinlik öncesi süreçte, katılım başta olmak üzere toplumsal anlamda sorumluluklarının farkında olmalıdırlar. Diğer deyişle, gençlerin yetişkinlik öncesi dönemde okulda aldıkları eğitim ve kazandıkları bilinçle toplumsal konularda daha duyarlı hareket etmeleri ve görüşlerini rahatça ortaya koyabilmeleri beklenmektedir. Ancak bu farkındalık, tek başına eğitim öğretim kurumlarında kazanılacak bir gelişme değildir. Gençlerin katılımını arttırmak için genel anlamda merkezi- yerel yönetim ve sivil inisiyatif tarafından teşvik edilmeleri ve gençlere yönelik hazırlanacak programlarla katılım konusunda yönlendirilmeleri gerekmektedir.Bu çalışmada, gençliğin katılımıyla ilgili mevcut durum genel bir perspektiften değerlendirilmiş ve gençlerin katılımına etki eden unsurlar analiz edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda katılımla ilgili unsurlar değerlendirilirken, halka en yakın ve katılımına en uygun yönetim birimi olan yerel yönetimler düzeyindeki katılım ve uygulamalarına vurgu yapılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Gençlik, Katılım, Yerel Yönetimler

PARTICIPATION OF YOUNG PEOPLE TO SOCIAL LIFE AND THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENTS

Öz

Definitions and the age ranges of youth differ in literature. Among these definitions, United Nations’ definition is the most approved one. United Nations defined youth as, people between ages of 15-24. These ages are the end of education and the start of personal careers. During the education of young people and the period before adolescence, young people have to be aware of their social responsibilities. In other words, in this period young people have to be more responsive to social problems and expressive about their thoughts. This awareness cannot be learned only at schools. Young people have to be stimulated by local governments and civil initiatives to increase their participation. And also programs about youth participation have to be prepared.In this study, current situation about participation of young people is evaluated. And also factors effecting the participation of young people are analyzed. While the problem is evaluated in this content, participation in local governments is also emphasized.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Youth, Participation, Local Governments

Kaynakça

• Arches, J., ve J. Fleming (2006), ―Young People and Social Action: Youth Participation in The United Kingdom and United States‖, New Directions For Youth Development, 111, 81-90.
• Asthana, S. (2006); ―Innovative Practices of Youth Participation in Media‖, UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization), 6, http://portal.unesco.org/ci/en/files/22831/11593413569UNESCO_Innovative_p ractices.pdf/UNESCO%2BInnovative%2Bpractices.pdf, (18.02.2011)
• Balsano, A., E.Phelps, C.Theokas, J.V. Lerner ve R. M. Lerner (2009), ―Patterns of Early Adolescents’ Participation in Youth Development Programs Having Positive Youth Development Goals‖, Journal Of Research on Adolescence, 19(2), 249-259.
• Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı. (2009), Kentleşme Şurası Kentlilik Bilinci, Kültür ve Eğitim Komisyonu Raporu, Ankara: Bayındırlık ve İskân Bakanlığı.
• Bessant, J (2004), ―Mixed Messages: Youth Participation And Democratic Practice‖, Australian Journal of Political Science, 39 (2), 387-404.
• Checkoway, B., ve K.R.Schuster (2003), ―Youth Participation in Community Evaluation Research‖, American Journal of Evaluation, 24 (1), 21- 33.
• Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı. (2010), Binyıl Kalkınma Hedefleri Raporu Türkiye 2010, Ankara.
• Edwards, K (2008), ―Social Inclusion and Youth Participation: A New Deal For Australia's Young People?‖, Youth Studies Australia, 27 (2), 11-17.
• Emrealp, S. (2005), Yerel Gündem 21 Elkitabı, İstanbul: Birmat Matbaası.
• Esen, A (2007), ―Gençliğin Yerel Siyasete Katılımı‖, Yerel Siyaset, 23, 34- 35.
• Evans, S. D., ve I. Prilleltensky (2007), ―Youth and Democracy: Participation for Personal, Relational, and Collective Well-Being‖, Journal Of Community Psychology, 35 (6), 681-692.
• Farthing, R (2010), ―The Politics of Youthful Antipolitics: Representing The 'Issue' Of Youth Participation in Politics‖, Journal of Youth Studies, 13 (2), 181–195.
• Faulkner, K.M (2009), ―Youth Participation in Ongoing Public Decision- Making Projects‖, Childhood: A Global Journal Of Child Research, 16 (1), 89– 104.
• Finkel, S.E (2002), ―Civic Education and The Mobilization of Political Participation in Developing Democracies‖, The Journal of Politics, 64, 994- 1020
• Fournier, B. ve M. Reuchamps. (2008). ―Youth Political Interest, Political Participation, and Civic Education in French-Speaking Belgium‖, Civic Education And Political Participation Workshop, Université de Montréal: 1–47.
• Frank, K.I (2006), ―The Potential of Youth Participation in Planning‖, Journal of Planning Literature, 20 (4), 351–371.
• Frisco, M.L., C. Muller ve K. Dodson (2004), ―Participation in Voluntary Youth-Serving Associations and Early Adult Voting Behavior‖, Social Science Quarterly, 85 (3), 660-676.
• Fyfe, I (2009), ―Researching Youth Political Participation in Australia‖, Youth Studies Australia, 28 (1), 37–45.
• Gaiser, W., J. De Rijke ve R. Spannring (2010), ―Youth and Political Participation — Empirical Results for Germany Within a European Context‖, Nordic Journal of Youth Research, 18(4), 427-450.
• Galston, W.A (2004), ―Civic Education and Political Participation‖, Political Science And Politics, 37(2), 263–266.
• Gauthier, M (2003), ―The Inadequacy of Concepts: The Rise of Youth Interest in Civic Participation in Quebec‖, Journal Of Youth Studies, 6 (3), 265- 276.
• Göktürk, A. (2008). "Bugün Gelinen Yerde Kent Konseyleri ve Yerel Gündem 21", DOSYA–08: Yerel Yönetimlere Katılım, Ankara: Mimarlar Odası Ankara Şubesi Yayını, 6–16.
• Gyamfi, P., A. K.Douglas ve E. Medin (2007), ―Youth and Youth Coordinators Perspectives on Youth Involvement in Systems of Care‖, The Journal Of Behavioral Health Services & Research, 34 (4), 382-394.
• Lopez, M.H. (2004); ―Volunteering Among Young People‖, The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning & Engagement, 1–2, http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/FactSheets/FS_Volunteering2.pdf, (19.02.2011)
• Mcfarland D.A ve J. T. Reuben (2006), ―Bowling Young: How Youth Voluntary Associations Influence Adult Political Participation‖, American Sociological Review, 71 (3), 401–425.
• Milner, H. (2008); ―The Informed Political Participation of Young Canadians and Americans‖, The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP60Milner.pdf, (04.05.2011) (CIRCLE) Working Paper 60,
• Molloy, D., C. White ve N. Hosfield. (2002). ―Understanding Youth Participation in Local Government a Qualitative Study Final Report‖, National Centre For Social Research, 78.
• Pavlidis, A ve S. Barker (2010), ―Who Participates?‖, Youth Studies Australia, 29 (1), 27–34.
• Print, M (2007), ―Citizenship Education and Youth Participation in Democracy‖, British Journal of Educational Studies, 55 (3), 325-345.
• Russell, D (1994), ―Communists and Democrats: Democratic Attitudes in the Two Germanies‖, British Journal of Political Science, 24, 469–493.
• Sabancı Vakfı. (2008), Kadın Hakları ve Yerel Yönetimler, Ankara: Yalçın Matbaacılık.
• Schusler, T.M ve M. E. Kasny (2008), ―Youth Participation in Local Environmental Action: an Avenue for Science and Civic Learning?‖, Participation And Learning, 268–284.
• Shanto, I ve J. Simon. (2004); ―Technology And Politics: Incentives For Youth Participation‖, The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP24Iyengar.pdf, (05.05.2011) (CIRCLE) Working Paper 24,
• Shanto, I ve J. Simon. (2004); ―Technology And Politics: Incentives For Youth Participation‖, The Center for Information & Research on Civic Learning http://www.civicyouth.org/PopUps/WorkingPapers/WP24Iyengar.pdf, (05.05.2011) (CIRCLE) Working Paper 24,
• Tenikler, G. (2004). ―Gözden Geçirilmiş Gençlerin Yerel ve Bölgesel Yaşama Katılımlarına İlişkin Avrupa Şartı‖, Ed. Prof. Dr. Zerrin toprak, Dr. Hikmet Yavaş, Dr. Mustafa Görün, İzmir: Birleşik Yayınları, 254–271.
• The International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF). (2004); ―Setting http://www.ippf.org/NR/rdonlyres/DF423C28-F09C-4912-BE27- 6C9970354EE5/0/Setstand_YouthPart.pdf, (20.02.2011) Participation‖,
• Tisdal, E. K. M ve J. Davis (2004), ―Making a Difference? Bringing Children’s and Youth People’s Views into Policy-Making‖, Children&Society, 18 (2), 131-142.
• Toprak, Z. (2010a). ―Müzakereci Demokrasi ve Yerel Siyasetin Demokratik Gelişimi‖, Yerel Yönetimler Yerel Siyaset ve Kentsel Politikalar, Ed. Prof. Dr. Bekir Parlak, Bursa: Dora Yayıncılık, 30–42.
• Toprak, Z. (2010b), Yerel Yönetimler, İzmir: Birleşik Matbaacılık.
• United Nations. (2003), World Youth Report Chapter 10: Youth Participation in Decision Making, New York: United Nations Publications.
• Wood, D., R.W. Larson ve J.R. Brown (2009), ―How Adolescents Come to See Themselves as More Responsible Through Participation in Youth Programs‖, Child Development, 80(1), 295-309.
• http://www.coe.int/t/dg4/youth/coe_youth/priorities_2010_en.asp
• http://www.undp.org.tr/publicationsdocuments/nhdrtr2008/nhdr_bp _ali_carkoglu.pdf
• http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/gtz2010-3224en-youth- structures.pdf
• http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/unyin/documents/tc_addis06_1_youth _participation.pdf