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Risk Factors Of Postoperative Hypocalcemia

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 19 - 24, 24.06.2016

Öz

Introduction: Thyroid surgery has a range of complications from minor to major like
haemetoma,surgical site infections to recurrent laryngeal nerve injury, 
dyspnea, hypocalcemia. With its
common ratio hypocalcemia could be transient or persistent. Our aim in this
study was to determine risk factors for hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery.

Methods: 179 patients who underwent thyroidectomy were divided retrospectively into
two groups in terms of development of postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia (G1 and
G2). Hypocalcemic patients were further divided into groups of persistent and
transient hypocalcemia. Patients data of age, gender, fine needle biopsy
status, history of thyroiditis, use of vessel sealing systems, dimension of
dominant nodule, surgical procedure, development of hypocalcemia with
histopathological results were recorded.

Results: Patients mean age was 50 (18-77). Female/male ratio was 5.4. Rate of
postoperative hypocalcecmia was 32.4 %. Persistent hypocalcemia was seen in 4.5
%. There was not any significance between groups according to
age,gender,dominant nodule dimension, history of thyroiditis,use of vessel
sealing device,preoperative fine needle biopsy,development of hypocalcemia.
Hypocalcemia was affected by the type of surgical procedure (p: 0,008) and by malignity status(p: 0,016). 8 parameters were analyzed
together and hypocalcemia was independently affected by malignity status (CI:
%95, p: 0.033 and 2.2 fold).

Discussion and Conclusion: Our study results revealed that
patients who have thyroid malignancy and who underwent bilateral thyroidectomy
have more likely to develop postoperative hypocalcemia.

Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Pattou F, Combemale F, Fabre S, et al. Hypocalcemia following thyroid surgery: incidence and prediction of outcome. World J Surg 1998 Jul;22(7):718-24.
  • Referans2 Abboud B, Sargi Z, Akkam M, et al. Risk factors for postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 195 (4): 456-61.
  • Referans3 Demeester-Mirkine N, Hooghe L, Van Geertruyden J, et al. Hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy Arch Surg 1992;127 (7):854-8.
  • Referans4 Aggeli C, Zografos GN, Nixon Aet al. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery. Preservation of the parathyroid glands. The role of postoperative parathormone measurement as a predictor of hypocalcaemia. Hellenic Journal of Surgery 2015;87(1):106-110
  • Referans5 Erbil Y, Barbaros U, Temel B, et al. The impact of age, vitamin D(3) level, and incidental parathyroidectomy on postoperative hypocalcemia after total or near total thyroidectomy. Am J Surg 2009 Apr;197(4):439-46.
  • Referans6 Lee GH, Ku YH, Kim HI, et al. Vitamin D level is not a predictor of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015;400(5):617-22.
  • Referans7 Lee DR, Hinson AM, Siegel ER, et al. Comparison of Intraoperative versus Postoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels to Predict Hypocalcemia Earlier after Total Thyroidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;153(3):343-9.
  • Referans8 Praženica P, O'Keeffe L, Holý R. Dissection and identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy: association with hypocalcemia. Head Neck 2015; 37(3):393-9
  • Referans9 Albuja-Cruz MB, Pozdeyev N, Robbins S,et al. A "safe and effective" protocol for management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. Am J Surg 2015;210(6):1162-9.
  • Referans10 Schlottmann F, Arbulú AL, Sadava EE, et al. Algorithm for early discharge after total thyroidectomy using PTH to predict hypocalcemia: prospective study. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015;400 (7):831-6.
  • Referans11 Lorente-Poch L, Sancho JJ, Ruiz S, et al. Importance of in situ preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Br J Surg 2015;102 (4): 359-67.
  • Referans12 Ozkardes AB, Kahramanca S, Ozgehan G, et al. Risk Factors for postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. Chirurgia 2015; 28:217-20
  • Referans13 Pesce CE, Shiue Z, Tsai HL, et al. Postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Thyroid 2010; 20 (11): 1279-83.
  • Referans14 Oltmann SC, Brekke AV, Schneider DF,et al. Preventing postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with Graves disease: a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22 (3):952-8.
  • Referans15 Antakia R, Edafe O, Uttley L, et al. Effectiveness of preventative and other surgical measures on hypocalcemia following bilateral thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 2015;25(1):95-106.
  • Referans16 Kim WW, Chung SH, Ban EJ, et al. Is Preoperative Vitamin D Deficiency a Risk Factor for Postoperative Symptomatic Hypocalcemia in Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy Plus Central Compartment Neck Dissection? Thyroid 2015;25(8):911-8.
  • Referans17 Lee GH, Ku YH, Kim HI, et al. Vitamin D level is not a predictor of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400 (5): 617-22.
  • Referans18 Raffaelli M, De Crea C, D'Amato G, et al. Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is related to parathyroid dysfunction even in patients with normal parathyroid hormone concentrations early after surgery. Surgery 2016; 159 (1):78-85.

Tiroidektomi Sonrası Hipokalsemiye Etki Eden Faktörler

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1, 19 - 24, 24.06.2016

Öz

Amaç: Tiroidektomi sonrası minimal kanama,
cerrahi alan enfeksiyonu gibi komplikasyonlar gelişebildiği gibi; rekürren
sinir hasarı, dispne, ve masif hemoraji gibi morbiditesi yüksek komplikasyonlar
da gelişebilmektedir. Hipokalsemi, geçici ya da kalıcı olarak tiroid cerrahisi
sonrası azımsanamayacak sıklıktadır. Çalışmamızda tiroidektomi uygulanan
hastalarda hipokalsemi gelişimine etki eden faktörleri ortaya koymayı
amaçladık.



Yöntem ve gereçler: Mayıs 2012 – Aralık 2014 tarihleri arasında
tiroidektomi uygulanan hastaların dosyaları retrospektif olarak incelendi.
Hastaların dosyalarından yaş, cinsiyet, ince iğne aspirasyon biyopsisi (İİAB)
özgeçmişi, tiroidit varlığı, bağlama ya da damar kapama cihazlarının kullanılıp
kullanılmadığı, dominant nodül çapı, uygulanan cerrahi prosedür, postoperatif
hipokelsemi gelişmişliği ile histopatolojik değerlendirme sonucu kaydedildi.
Hastalar hipokalsemi gelişmeyen (G1) ve gelişen (G2) hastalar olmak üzere 2
gruba ayrıldı. Hipokalsemi gelişen hastalar kalıcı ve geçici hipokalsemi olarak
daha sonra ikiye ayrıldı. Çalışmamıza kalsiyum metabolizması ve kemik dansite
bozukluğu, böbrek yetmezliği, kalsiyum ve D vitamini kullanımı olan ve
preoperatif hipokalsemisi olan hastalar dahil edilmedi.



Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen toplam 179
hastada yaş için median değer 50 (18-77) olup, kadın/erkek oranı 5.4 idi.
Postoperatif hipokalsemi gelişme oranı %32.4 (n=58) idi. Kalıcı hipokalsemi
oranı ise % 4,5 idi. Gruplar arasında yaş (p:
0,451), cinsiyet (p: 0,177), tiroidit
varlığı (p: 0,061), dominant nodül
çapı (p: 0,752), kapatıcı enerji
cihazı kullanımı (p: 0,972) ve
preoperatif dönemde İİAB yapılmışlığı (p:
0.647) ile hipokalsemi gelişimi arasında anlamlı ilişki saptanmadı. Uygulanan
cerrahi prosedür (p: 0.008) ve
malignite varlığı (p: 0,016)
hipokelsemi gelişimini etkilemekte idi. Bakılan sekiz parametrenin hipokalsemi
gelişimi üzerine ortak etkisi incelendiğinde ise; sadece malignite varlığında
diğer tüm etkenlerden bağımsız olarak hipokalsemi gelişimi etkilenmekteydi (CI:
%95, p: 0,033 ve 2,2 kat).



Tartışma ve sonuç: Çalışmamızda çıkan sonuca göre,
malignite nedeni ile opere edilen ve bilateral total tiroidektomi uygulanan
hastalarda postoperatif dönemde hipokalsemi gelişme riski artmaktadır.




Kaynakça

  • Referans1 Pattou F, Combemale F, Fabre S, et al. Hypocalcemia following thyroid surgery: incidence and prediction of outcome. World J Surg 1998 Jul;22(7):718-24.
  • Referans2 Abboud B, Sargi Z, Akkam M, et al. Risk factors for postthyroidectomy hypocalcemia. J Am Coll Surg 2002; 195 (4): 456-61.
  • Referans3 Demeester-Mirkine N, Hooghe L, Van Geertruyden J, et al. Hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy Arch Surg 1992;127 (7):854-8.
  • Referans4 Aggeli C, Zografos GN, Nixon Aet al. Postoperative hypoparathyroidism after thyroid surgery. Preservation of the parathyroid glands. The role of postoperative parathormone measurement as a predictor of hypocalcaemia. Hellenic Journal of Surgery 2015;87(1):106-110
  • Referans5 Erbil Y, Barbaros U, Temel B, et al. The impact of age, vitamin D(3) level, and incidental parathyroidectomy on postoperative hypocalcemia after total or near total thyroidectomy. Am J Surg 2009 Apr;197(4):439-46.
  • Referans6 Lee GH, Ku YH, Kim HI, et al. Vitamin D level is not a predictor of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015;400(5):617-22.
  • Referans7 Lee DR, Hinson AM, Siegel ER, et al. Comparison of Intraoperative versus Postoperative Parathyroid Hormone Levels to Predict Hypocalcemia Earlier after Total Thyroidectomy. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;153(3):343-9.
  • Referans8 Praženica P, O'Keeffe L, Holý R. Dissection and identification of parathyroid glands during thyroidectomy: association with hypocalcemia. Head Neck 2015; 37(3):393-9
  • Referans9 Albuja-Cruz MB, Pozdeyev N, Robbins S,et al. A "safe and effective" protocol for management of post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia. Am J Surg 2015;210(6):1162-9.
  • Referans10 Schlottmann F, Arbulú AL, Sadava EE, et al. Algorithm for early discharge after total thyroidectomy using PTH to predict hypocalcemia: prospective study. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015;400 (7):831-6.
  • Referans11 Lorente-Poch L, Sancho JJ, Ruiz S, et al. Importance of in situ preservation of parathyroid glands during total thyroidectomy. Br J Surg 2015;102 (4): 359-67.
  • Referans12 Ozkardes AB, Kahramanca S, Ozgehan G, et al. Risk Factors for postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy. Chirurgia 2015; 28:217-20
  • Referans13 Pesce CE, Shiue Z, Tsai HL, et al. Postoperative hypocalcemia after thyroidectomy for Graves' disease. Thyroid 2010; 20 (11): 1279-83.
  • Referans14 Oltmann SC, Brekke AV, Schneider DF,et al. Preventing postoperative hypocalcemia in patients with Graves disease: a prospective study. Ann Surg Oncol 2015;22 (3):952-8.
  • Referans15 Antakia R, Edafe O, Uttley L, et al. Effectiveness of preventative and other surgical measures on hypocalcemia following bilateral thyroid surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid 2015;25(1):95-106.
  • Referans16 Kim WW, Chung SH, Ban EJ, et al. Is Preoperative Vitamin D Deficiency a Risk Factor for Postoperative Symptomatic Hypocalcemia in Thyroid Cancer Patients Undergoing Total Thyroidectomy Plus Central Compartment Neck Dissection? Thyroid 2015;25(8):911-8.
  • Referans17 Lee GH, Ku YH, Kim HI, et al. Vitamin D level is not a predictor of hypocalcemia after total thyroidectomy. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2015; 400 (5): 617-22.
  • Referans18 Raffaelli M, De Crea C, D'Amato G, et al. Post-thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is related to parathyroid dysfunction even in patients with normal parathyroid hormone concentrations early after surgery. Surgery 2016; 159 (1):78-85.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Turgut Anuk Bu kişi benim

Ali Cihat Yıldırım

İsmail Emre Gökçe Bu kişi benim

Saygı Gülkan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 24 Haziran 2016
Gönderilme Tarihi 20 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2016 Cilt: 30 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Vancouver Anuk T, Yıldırım AC, Gökçe İE, Gülkan S. Tiroidektomi Sonrası Hipokalsemiye Etki Eden Faktörler. DEU Tıp Derg. 2016;30(1):19-24.