Proje Tabanlı Rekreasyonel Katılımlarda Spor Bilimleri Öğrencilerinin Akış Deneyimi ve Motivasyon İlişkisi: Doğa Sporları Örneği

Öz

Doğa sporları, fiziksel, zihinsel ve duygusal katılımı bir arada gerektiren yapısıyla, rekreasyonel etkinliklerde verimlilik ve sürekliliği belirleyen akış deneyimi ve içsel motivasyon için doğal bir ortam sunar. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, proje tabanlı doğa sporları etkinliğine katılan spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin akış deneyimleri ile motivasyonları arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Araştırmada, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmış ve örneklem ise kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenmiştir. Araştırma grubunu, Kırıkkale Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi'nde öğrenim gören ve proje tabanlı doğa sporları etkinliklerine katılmış toplam 198 lisans öğrencisi oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; Rekreasyonel Katılımcılarda Akış Deneyimi Ölçeği ve Rekreasyonel Etkinlik Motivasyonu Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizi için JAMOVİ (2.3.18.) programı kullanılmıştır. Veri analizinde, normallik ve homojenlik testlerini takiben; bağımsız gruplar t-testi, tek yönlü ANOVA ve Pearson korelasyon analizleri uygulanmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre; cinsiyet değişkenine göre akış deneyimi ve motivasyon düzeylerinde farklılıklar gözlenmemişken, öğrencilerin akış deneyimi ile rekreasyon aktivitelerine katılım motivasyonları arasında pozitif ve anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur; akış düzeyindeki artış motivasyon düzeyini de artırmaktadır. Bu sonuçlar, proje tabanlı doğa sporları etkinliklerinin öğrencilerin akış deneyimini artırarak katılım motivasyonlarını olumlu yönde etkileyebileceğini göstermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Proje tabanlı serbest zaman
• Akış deneyimi
• Motivasyon
• Rekreasyon

Flow Experience and Motivation in Project-Based Recreational Participation of Sports Science Students: The Case of Outdoor/Nature Sports

Öz

Outdoor sports, with their structure requiring physical, mental, and emotional participation, provide a natural environment for flow experience and intrinsic motivation, which determine efficiency and continuity in recreational activities. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the relationship between the flow experiences and motivations of sports science faculty students participating in a project-based outdoor sports activity. In the study, the correlational survey model, one of the quantitative research methods, was used, and the sample was determined using convenience sampling. The research group consisted of a total of 198 undergraduate students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences at Kırıkkale University who participated in project-based nature sports activities. The Flow Experience Scale for Recreational Participants and the Recreational Activity Motivation Scale were used as data collection tools. The JAMOVİ (2.3.18.) program was used for data analysis. Following normality and homogeneity tests, independent groups t-tests, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson correlation analyses were applied in the data analysis. According to the research findings, while no differences were observed in flow experience and motivation levels based on the gender variable, a positive and significant relationship was found between students' flow experience and their motivation to participate in recreational activities; an increase in flow level also increases motivation level. These results indicate that project-based nature sports activities can positively influence students' participation motivation by enhancing their flow experience.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Project-based leisure
• Flow experience
• Motivation
• Recreation

Kaynakça

1. Akçakese, A., Demi̇rel, M., Yolcu, A. F., Gümüş, H., Ayhan, C., Sarol, H., Işık, Ö., Demirel, D. H., & Stoica, L. (2024). Nature relatedness, flow experience, and environmental behaviors in nature-based leisure activities. Frontiers in Psychology, 15.https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1397148
2. Ayhan, C., & Eskiler, E. (2024). The relatıonshıp between leısure attıtude and happıness: The medıatıng effect of recreatıonal flow experıence. International Journal of Recreation And Sports Science. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1504810
3. Ayhan, C., Eskiler, E., & Soyer, F. (2020). Measuring flow experience in recreational participants: Scale development and validation: Rekreasyonel katılımcılarda akış deneyiminin ölçülmesi: Ölçek geliştirme ve doğrulama. Journal of Human Sciences, 17(4), 1297-1311.
4. Bakker, A. B., Hetland, J., Olsen, O. K., & Espevik, R. (2019). Daily strengths use and employee well‐being: The moderating role of personality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 92(1), 144-168.
5. Bayram, A., Yalcin, I., Sahin, E., Ekinci, N. E., Talaghir, L. G., & Iconomescu, T. M. (2025). The role of recreational flow experience and well-being on re-participation intention: recreational sport participants. Frontiers in Psychology, 16, 1574337.
6. Bedir, F. (2023). Üç boyutlu bilgisayar oyunlarının rekreasyonel akış deneyimi ve serbest zamanda sıkılma algısı açısından incelenmesi. Gaziantep Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 270-279. https://doi.org/10.31680/gaunjss.1345728
7. Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S., & Hodge, K. (2020). Flow states in adventure recreation: A systematic review and thematic synthesis. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 46, 101611.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2019.101611
8. Boudreau, P., Mackenzie, S., & Hodge, K. (2024). Beyond ‘the’ flow state: Pathways to distinct, optimally engaging psychological experiences in nature-based adventure. 7 Experiences Summit. https://doi.org/10.24135/7es.30

9. Cheng, T.-M., & Tsaur, S.-H. (2012). The relationship between serious leisure characteristics and recreation involvement: A case study of Taiwan’s surfing activities. Leisure Studies, 31(1), 53-68.
10. Cheng, T.-M., Hsu, C.-Y., & Li, S.-N. (2024). Testing the moderated mediation effect of recreation safety climate on the interrelationship of serious leisure, recreation involvement, and flow experience. Journal of Outdoor Recreation and Tourism, 46, 100762. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jort.2024.100762
11. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
12. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1990). Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience. Journal of Leisure Research. 24(1): 93-94.
13. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1997). Happiness and Creativity: Going with the Flow. Special Report on Happiness. 31(5): 8-12.
14. Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2000). Beyond boredom and anxiety. Jossey-bass.
15. Deci, E. L., Connell, J. P., & Ryan, R. M. (1989). Self-determination in a work organization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74(4), 580–590. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.74.4.580
16. Denktaş, M., & Hadi, G. E. (2022). Serbest zaman etkinliklerine katılan bireylerin özgünlük benlik saygısı ve ciddi boş zaman perspektifleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Research in Sport Education and Sciences, 24(3), 65-72.
17. Dilmaç, E., & Tezcan, N. (2024). The impact of the recreational flow experience on the perception of wellness among individuals engaged in extreme sports. Journal of Basic and Clinical Health Sciences, 8(3), 734-749.
18. Doğusan, S., & Koçak, F. (2019). Ciddi serbest zaman katiliminda kadin uzun mesafe koşucularinin deneyimlerinin öz belirleme kuramina göre incelenmesi. Sportif Bakış: Spor ve Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 6(2), 230-249.
19. Dubin, R. (1992). Central life interests: Creative individualism in a complex world. Transaction Publishers.
20. Ertürk, E., Altın, Y. & Özkurt, B. (2025). Flow in the sky: A qualitative appraisal of paragliding pilots’ flow experiences. International Journal of Recreation and Sport Science, 9 (2),198-208. https://doi.org/10.46463/ijrss.1767218
21. Fullagar, C.J. ve Kelloway, E.K. (2009). Flow at work: An experience sampling approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 82(3): 595-615.
22. Goddard, S., Stevens, C., Jackman, P., & Swann, C. (2021). A systematic review of flow interventions in sport and exercise. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 16, 657-692.https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2021.1923055
23. Gökdayı, F., & Demirel, M. (2018). Bir boş zaman etkinliği olarak doğa sporları aktivitelerine katılan bireylerin çevresel farkındalık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Uluslararası Dağcılık ve Tırmanış Dergisi, 1(1), 45-53.
24. Göker, G. (2022). Flow experience study for outdoor recreation: Ilgaz ski area case study. Journal of Tourism and Services, 13(25), 45-68.
25. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. (2014). Multivariate data analysis pearson education limited. In: England.
26. Hartel, J. (2014). An interdisciplinary platform for information behavior research in the liberal arts hobby. Journal of Documentation, 70(5), 945-962.
27. Houge Mackenzie, S., Boudreau, P., & Hodge, K. (2023). Evaluating a model of flow and clutch optimal psychological states in adventure recreation. Leisure Sciences, 1-25.
28. Jackman, P., Dargue, E., Johnston, J., & Hawkins, R. (2020). Flow in youth sport, physical activity, and physical education: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2020.101852
29. Jackman, P., Hawkins, R., Crust, L., & Swann, C. (2019). Flow states in exercise: A systematic review. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PSYCHSPORT.2019.101546
30. Jackson, S., Eklund, R., Gordon, A., Norsworthy, C., Mackenzie, H., Hodge, K., & Stephen, S. (2023). Flow and outdoor adventure recreation: Using flow measures to re-examine motives for participation. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 67, 102427. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102427
31. Karaküçük, S., Durhan, T. A., Aksın, K., Göral, Ş., & Akgül, B. M. (2019). Oryantiring sporcularinin ciddi boş zaman perspektifleri. SPORMETRE Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 296-318.
32. Kawabata, M., Mallett, C.J. ve Jackson, S.A. (2008). The flow state scale-2 and dispositional flow scale-2: Examination of factorial validity and reliability for japanese adults. Psychology of Sport and Exercise. 9(4): 465-485.
33. Kaya, B., Metin, T., & Kozak, M. A. (2015). Kapalı rekreasyon tesislerinde kullanıcıların akış deneyimi. Seyahat ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi, 12(2).
34. Kılınç, Z., & Gürer, B. (2019). Doğa sporları yapanların temel psikolojik ihtiyaçlarının zihinsel dayanıklılığa etkisi. CBÜ Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Bilimleri Dergisi, 14(2), 222-233.
35. Lu, Y. H., Zhang, J., Zhang, H., Xiao, X., Liu, P., Zhuang, M., & Hu, M. (2022). Flow in soundscape: The conceptualization of soundscape flow experience and its relationship with soundscape perception and behaviour intention in tourism destinations. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(13), 2090-2108.
36. Mansourian, Y. (2024). From serious leisure to passionate pastime: Expanding the conceptual landscape. Leisure Studies, 1-15.
37. Nakamura, J. és Csikszentmihalyi, M.(2002):‘The concept of flow’. Snyder, CR és Lopez, SJ (szerk.): Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press, New York, 89-105.
38. Özant, M. İ. (2024). Recreatıonal actıvıty motıvatıon scale development study. Educational administration. Theory And Practice, 30 (6), 410-418 Doi: 10.53555/kuey. v30i6, 5212.
39. Rodríguez Sánchez, A. M. (2009). The Story Flows on: A Multi-Study on the Flow Experience. Spain: Spanish Ministry of Science and Technology.
40. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2002). Overview of self-determination theory: An organismic dialectical perspective. Handbook of Self-Determination Research, 2(3-33), 36.
41. Seifert, T., & Hedderson, C. (2010). Intrinsic motivation and flow in skateboarding. Journal of Happiness Studies, 11(3), 277–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-009-9140-y
42. Söyler, S. (2016). Turizmde ciddi serbest zaman faaliyeti olarak doğa yürüyüşleri, çevre kimliği ve yaşam doyumu ilişkisi (Master's thesis, Dokuz Eylul Universitesi (Turkey)).
43. Stebbins, R. (2006). Serious Leisure: A Perspective for Our Time. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.44-5948
44. Stebbins, R. (2008). Right leisure: serious, casual, or project-based? Neuro Rehabilitation, 23 4, 335-341. https://doi.org/10.3233/NRE-2008-23407
45. Stebbins, R. (2015). Casual and Project-Based Leisure. 123-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-56994-3_9
46. Stebbins, R. A. (1982). Serious leisure: A conceptual statement. Pacific Sociological Review, 25(2), 251-272.
47. Stebbins, R. A. (1997). Casual leisure: A conceptual statement. Leisure Studies, 16(1), 17-25.
48. Stebbins, R. A. (2001). Serious leisure. Society, 38(4).
49. Stebbins, R. A. (2005). Project‐based leisure: theoretical neglect of a common use of free time. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 1-11.
50. Stebbins, R. A. (2007). The serious leisure perspective. In Careers in Serious Leisure: From Dabbler to Devotee in Search of Fulfillment (pp. 3-27). London: Palgrave Macmillan UK.
51. Stebbins, R. A., & Sachsman, D. B. (2017). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time. Routledge.
52. Stebbins, R. A., & Stebbins, R. A. (2020). Introduction to the Serious Leisure Perspective. The Serious Leisure Perspective: A Synthesis, 1-11.
53. Swann, C., Crust, L., & Vella, S. (2017). New directions in the psychology of optimal performance in sport: flow and clutch states. Current Opinion in Psychology, 16, 48-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.032
54. Swann, C., Jackman, P., Schweickle, M., & Vella, S. (2019). Optimal experiences in exercise: A qualitative investigation of flow and clutch states. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 40, 87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.09.007
55. Tao, H., Zhou, Q., Tian, D., & Zhu, L. (2022). The effect of leisure involvement on place attachment: Flow experience as mediating role. Land, 11(2), 151.
56. Teng, C.-I. (2011). Who are likely to experience flow? Impact of temperament and character on flow. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(6), 863-868.
57. Tsaur, S. H., Lin, W. R., & Cheng, T. M. (2015). Toward a structural model of challenge experience in adventure recreation. Journal of Leisure Research, 47(3), 322-336.
58. Veal, A. J. (2019). The serious leisure perspective and the experience of leisure. In Contemporary Issues in Leisure Sciences (pp. 36-54). Routledge.
59. Wu, C. H. J., & Liang, R. D. (2011). The relationship between white-water rafting experience formation and customer reaction: A flow theory perspective. Tourism Management, 32(2), 317-325.
60. Yıldız, A. (2023). Using Serious Leisure Theory to Understand Charity Runners’ Motivations, Social Relations, and Experiences (Doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University (Turkey)).