Alt Ekstremite Denge Asimetrisi ile Basketbola Özgü Motor Beceriler Arasındaki İlişki

Öz

Bu araştırmanın amacı, genç basketbolcularda alt ekstremite denge asimetrisi ile basketbola özgü motor beceriler arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesidir. Basketbol; hızlı yön değiştirmeler, sıçramalar ve tek taraflı hareketlerin sıkça gerçekleştiği dinamik bir spor branşıdır. Bu nedenle alt ekstremiteler arasındaki denge farklılıklarının teknik beceri performansını etkileyebileceği düşünülmektedir. Araştırma ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılarak yürütülmüştür. Çalışmaya U12 kategorisinde yer alan 50 erkek basketbolcu katılmıştır. Katılımcıların dinamik denge performansları TOGU Challenge Disc 2.0 cihazı kullanılarak değerlendirilmiş, basketbola özgü motor beceriler ise Johnson Basketbol Testi kapsamında pas, top sürme ve şut alt testleri ile ölçülmüştür. Sağ ve sol ayak denge performansları arasındaki yüzdesel fark kullanılarak alt ekstremite denge asimetrisi hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler SPSS 30.0 paket programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, değişkenler arası ilişkilerin belirlenmesinde Pearson korelasyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Bulgular, denge asimetrisi ile basketbola özgü beceriler olan top sürme (r=,123), şut (r=,027) ve pas (r=-,019) performansları arasında çok zayıf düzeyde ilişkiler olduğunu ve bu ilişkilerin istatistiksel olarak anlamlı olmadığını göstermiştir (p>,05). Ayrıca dominant ve non-dominant ayak denge performansları ile basketbola özgü beceriler arasında da anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, alt ekstremite denge asimetrisinin genç basketbolcularda basketbola özgü motor becerileri doğrudan açıklayan bir değişken olmadığı görülmektedir. Gelecek araştırmalarda daha geniş örneklemler ve oyun koşullarını daha iyi simüle eden ölçüm protokolleri kullanılması önerilmektedir

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Denge Asimetrisi
• Basketbol
• Motor beceriler
• Denge Performansı

Etik Beyan

Araştırma için Gazi Üniversitesi Etik Kurulu’ndan 23.12.2025 tarihli ve 2025 – 2190 karar sayısı ile etik kurul izni alınmıştır.

The Relationship Between Lower Extremity Balance Asymmetry and Basketball-Specific Motor Skills

Öz

The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between lower extremity balance asymmetry and basketball-specific motor skills in young basketball players. Basketball is a dynamic sport that involves frequent changes of direction, jumping actions, and unilateral movements. Therefore, balance differences between the lower limbs may influence the performance of sport-specific technical skills. The study was conducted using a correlational research design. A total of 50 male U12 basketball players participated in the study. Dynamic balance performance of the athletes was assessed using the TOGU Challenge Disc 2.0 device, while basketball-specific motor skills were evaluated using the Johnson Basketball Test, which includes passing, dribbling, and shooting subtests. Lower extremity balance asymmetry was calculated based on the percentage difference between right and left foot balance performances. Data were analyzed using SPSS 30.0, and Pearson correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationships between variables. The results indicated very weak relationships between balance asymmetry and basketball-specific skills, including dribbling (r=.123), shooting (r=.027), and passing (r=-.019), and these relationships were not statistically significant (p>.05). In addition, no significant relationship was found between dominant or non-dominant foot balance performance and basketball-specific motor skills. These findings suggest that lower extremity balance asymmetry may not directly explain basketball-specific motor skill performance in young basketball players. Future studies should include larger samples and measurement protocols that better simulate game-specific conditions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Balance Asymmetry
• Basketball
• Motor Skills
• Balance Performance

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for the study was obtained from the Gazi University Ethics Committee, with the decision dated December 23, 2025, and numbered 2025–2190.

Kaynakça

1. Abed Saheb, H. F., Malih, F. A., & Demirci, N. (2024). The impact of a High-Fitness program on developing performance endurance for players of the basketball skills challenge competition. Modern Sport, 23(1), 157–166. https://doi.org/10.54702/57p92f77
2. Acar, N. (2016). Basketbolda esnekliğin motorik özelliklere etkisi [Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
3. Aksovıć, N., Bjelica, B., Milanović, F., Milanovic, L., & Jovanović, N. (2021). Development of explosive power in basketball players. Turkish Journal of Kinesiology, 7(1), 44–52. https://doi.org/10.31459/turkjkin.861920
4. Aksović, N., Kocić, M., Berić, D., & Bubanj, S. (2020). Explosive power in basketball players. Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport(1), 119–134. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES200119011A
5. Arboix-Alió, J., Buscà, B., Peralta-Geis, M., Montalvo, A. M., & Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A. (2025). The Relationship between Change-of-Direction Performance Indicators and Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Elite Youth Female Basketball Players. Journal of human kinetics, 96(Spec Issue), 235. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/202104
6. Balsalobre-Fernandez, C., Nevado-Garrosa, F., Del Campo-Vecino, J., & Ganancias-Gomez, P. (2015). Repeated sprints and vertical jumps in young elite soccer and basketball players. Apunts Educación Física y Deportes(120), 52–57.
7. Bazyler, C. D., Beckham, G. K., & Sato, K. (2015). The use of the isometric squat as a measure of strength and explosiveness. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 29(5), 1386–1392.
8. Ben Kahla, A., Elghoul, Y., Ammar, A., Masmoudi, L., Trabelsi, K., Glenn, J. M., & Dahmen, R. (2022). Bilateral training improves agility and accuracy for both preferred and non-preferred legs in young soccer players. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 129(6), 1804–1825. https://doi.org/10.1177/00315125221124373

9. Bigoni, M., Turati, M., Gandolla, M., Augusti, C. A., Pedrocchi, A., La Torre, A., Piatti, M., & Gaddi, D. (2017). Balance in young male soccer players: dominant versus non-dominant leg. Sport Sciences for Health, 13(2), 253–258. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-016-0319-4
10. Bishop, C., De Keijzer, K. L., Turner, A. N., & Beato, M. (2023). Measuring interlimb asymmetry for strength and power: a brief review of assessment methods, data analysis, current evidence, and practical recommendations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 37(3), 745–750. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000004384
11. Bishop, C., Lake, J., Loturco, I., Papadopoulos, K., Turner, A., & Read, P. (2021). Interlimb asymmetries: The need for an individual approach to data analysis. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 35(3), 695–701. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002729
12. Butler, R. J., Bullock, G., Arnold, T., Plisky, P., & Queen, R. (2016). Competition-level differences on the lower quarter Y-balance test in baseball players. Journal of athletic training, 51(12), 997–1002. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-51.12.09
13. Cabarkapa, D., Eserhaut, D. A., Fry, A. C., Cabarkapa, D. V., Philipp, N. M., Whiting, S. M., & Downey, G. G. (2022). Relationship between upper and lower body strength and basketball shooting performance. Sports, 10(10), 139. https://doi.org/10.3390/sports10100139
14. Cao, S., Liu, J., Wang, Z., & Geok, S. K. (2024). The effects of functional training on physical fitness and skill-related performance among basketball players: a systematic review. Frontiers in physiology, 15, 1391394. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1391394
15. Cè, E., Longo, S., Paleari, E., Riboli, A., Limonta, E., Rampichini, S., Coratella, G., & Esposito, F. (2018). Evidence of balance training‐induced improvement in soccer‐specific skills in U11 soccer players. Scandinavian journal of medicine & science in sports, 28(11), 2443–2456. https://doi.org/10.1111/sms.13240
16. Chen, W.-H., Wu, H.-J., Lo, S.-L., Chen, H., Yang, W.-W., Huang, C.-F., & Liu, C. (2018). Eight-week battle rope training improves multiple physical fitness dimensions and shooting accuracy in collegiate basketball players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(10), 2715–2724. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002601
17. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Sage publications.
18. Cumming, S. P., Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Eisenmann, J. C., & Malina, R. M. (2017). Bio-banding in sport: applications to competition, talent identification, and strength and conditioning of youth athletes. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 39(2), 34–47.
19. Dewangga Yudhistira, T. (2020). Content validity of agility test in Karate kumite category. Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 8(5), 211–216. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2020.080508
20. Duan, T., He, Z., Dai, J., Xie, L., Shi, Y., Chen, L., Song, J., Li, G., & Zhang, W. (2024). Effects of unilateral and bilateral contrast training on the lower limb sports ability of college basketball players. Frontiers in physiology, 15, 1452751. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2024.1452751
21. Eşkil, R., Gülşen Eşkil, K., Çağın, M., Kocaman, H., & Orhan, Ö. (2026). A Study on Female Soccer Players: An Examination of the Effects of Reaction-Based Exercises on Soccer-Specific Skills. Annals of Applied Sport Science, 14(1), 0–0. http://dx.doi.org/10.61882/aassjournal.1673
22. Fox, K. T., Pearson, L. T., & Hicks, K. M. (2023). The effect of lower inter-limb asymmetries on athletic performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos one, 18(6), e0286942. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0286942
23. Freitas, T. T., Calleja-González, J., Carlos-Vivas, J., Marín-Cascales, E., & Alcaraz, P. E. (2019). Short-term optimal load training vs a modified complex training in semi-professional basketball players. Journal of sports sciences, 37(4), 434–442. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2018.1504618
24. Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., & Plisky, P. (2012). Using the Star Excursion Balance Test to assess dynamic postural-control deficits and outcomes in lower extremity injury: a literature and systematic review. Journal of athletic training, 47(3), 339–357.
25. Güler, U. (2016). 10-16 yaş grubu erkek basketbol ve futbolcuların seçili antropometrik ve motorik özelliklerinin karşılaştırılması [Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
26. Hadi, Y. (2022). D., Romadhoni, S., & Kurnianto, H.(2022). Analysis of agility, strength and power differences in basketball players in relation to age. International Journal of Human Movement and Sports Sciences, 10(4), 748–753. https://doi.org/10.13189/saj.2022.100415
27. Hamdan, A. Y. (2023). The effect of balance training on improving shooting skills and the basketball debate among the students of the faculty of physical education and sports. Revista iberoamericana de psicología del ejercicio y el deporte, 18(1), 38–47.
28. Hammami, M., Gaamouri, N., Shephard, R. J., & Chelly, M. S. (2019). Effects of contrast strength vs. plyometric training on lower-limb explosive performance, ability to change direction and neuromuscular adaptation in soccer players. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(8), 2094–2103. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002425
29. Ibrahim, N. A., Zając, T., Lupu, G., Saad, M., Drozd, M., Shani, H., Larion, A., Essa, W., Saleh, T., & Hashim, M. (2025). Effects on jump shooting accuracy when using unstable surfaces for functional balance training of youth basketball players. Journal of human kinetics, 98, 205. https://doi.org/10.5114/jhk/208790
30. Kamar, A. (2008). Sporda yetenek, beceri ve performans testleri. Nobel.
31. Kipp, K., Kiely, M., Giordanelli, M., Malloy, P., & Geiser, C. (2020). Joint-and subject-specific strategies in male basketball players across a range of countermovement jump heights. Journal of sports sciences, 38(6), 652–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2020.1723374
32. Li, S., Luo, Y., Cao, Y., Li, F., Jin, H., & Mi, J. (2025). Changes in shooting accuracy among basketball players under fatigue: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in physiology, 16, 1435810. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1435810
33. Luo, S., Soh, K. G., Zhao, Y., Soh, K. L., Sun, H., Nasiruddin, N. J. M., Zhai, X., & Ma, L. (2023). Effect of core training on athletic and skill performance of basketball players: A systematic review. Plos one, 18(6), e0287379. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0287379
34. Maloney, S. J. (2019). The relationship between asymmetry and athletic performance: A critical review. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 33(9), 2579–2593. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002608
35. Mitrousis, I., Bourdas, D. I., Kounalakis, S., Bekris, E., Mitrotasios, M., Kostopoulos, Ν., Ktistakis, I. E., & Zacharakis, E. (2023). The effect of a balance training program on the balance and technical skills of adolescent soccer players. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 22(4), 645. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2023.645
36. Moreno-Apellaniz, N., Villanueva-Guerrero, O., Villavicencio-Álvarez, V. E., Calero-Morales, S., & Mainer-Pardos, E. (2024). Impact of lower-limb asymmetries on physical performance among adolescent female tennis players. Life, 14(12), 1561. https://doi.org/10.3390/life14121561
37. Paillard, T., & Noé, F. (2020). Does monopedal postural balance differ between the dominant leg and the non-dominant leg? A review. Human movement science, 74, 102686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.humov.2020.102686
38. Parkinson, A. O., Apps, C. L., Morris, J. G., Barnett, C. T., & Lewis, M. G. (2021). The calculation, thresholds and reporting of inter-limb strength asymmetry: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 20(4), 594. https://doi.org/10.52082/jssm.2021.594
39. Picot, B., Terrier, R., Forestier, N., Fourchet, F., & McKeon, P. O. (2021). The star excursion balance test: an update review and practical guidelines. International Journal of Athletic Therapy and Training, 26(6), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijatt.2020-0106
40. Pietsch, S., & Jansen, P. (2018). Laterality-specific training improves mental rotation performance in young soccer players. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 220. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00220
41. Plisky, P. J., Rauh, M. J., Kaminski, T. W., & Underwood, F. B. (2006). Star Excursion Balance Test as a predictor of lower extremity injury in high school basketball players. Journal of orthopaedic & sports physical therapy, 36(12), 911–919.
42. Rutkowska-Kucharska, A. (2020). Asymmetry of lower limb strength and jumping ability of young soccer players. Acta of bioengineering and biomechanics, 22(1), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.37190/ABB-01513-2019-03
43. Schut, I., Engelhart, D., Pasma, J., Aarts, R. G., & Schouten, A. C. (2017). Compliant support surfaces affect sensory reweighting during balance control. Gait & posture, 53, 241–247. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gaitpost.2017.02.004
44. Stone, M. H., Hornsby, W. G., Suarez, D. G., Duca, M., & Pierce, K. C. (2022). Training specificity for athletes: Emphasis on strength-power training: A narrative review. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 7(4), 102. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk7040102
45. Szabó, N., Atlasz, T., Váczi, M., & Sebesi, B. (2025). Does the 10% Asymmetry Threshold Matter? Effects of Lower-Limb Asymmetries on Jumping and Agility in Basketball. Journal of functional morphology and kinesiology, 10(4), 445. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040445 Taylor, J. B., Ford, K. R., Nguyen, A.-D., Terry, L. N., & Hegedus, E. J. (2015). Prevention of lower extremity injuries in basketball: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports health, 7(5), 392–398. https://doi.org/10.1177/1941738115593441
46. Taylor, J. B., Wright, A. A., Dischiavi, S. L., Townsend, M. A., & Marmon, A. R. (2017). Activity demands during multi-directional team sports: a systematic review. Sports medicine, 47(12), 2533–2551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0772-5
47. Vázquez-Guerrero, J., Suarez-Arrones, L., Gómez, D. C., & Rodas, G. (2018). Comparing external total load, acceleration and deceleration outputs in elite basketball players across positions during match play. Kinesiology, 50(2), 228–234.
48. Wang, J., Qin, Z., Zhang, Q., & Wang, J. (2025). Lower limb dynamic balance, strength, explosive power, agility, and injuries in volleyball players. Journal of orthopaedic surgery and research, 20(1), 211. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13018-025-05566-w
49. Wang, P., Lyu, M., Geng, N., Wu, Z., Ren, X., Kozinc, Ž., Kons, R., Šarabon, N., & Miao, X. (2025). Asymmetry in college basketball players: change of direction performance in shuffle movement and 505 test. Frontiers in physiology, 16, 1587719. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2025.1587719
50. Wang, Z., Chen, N., Cao, S., Gao, L., Geok, S. K., & Liu, J. (2025). The effects of balance training on physical fitness and skill-related performance in basketball players: a systematic review. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 17(1), 108. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-025-01164-9
51. Wen, N., Dalbo, V. J., Burgos, B., Pyne, D. B., & Scanlan, A. T. (2018). Power testing in basketball: Current practice and future recommendations. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 32(9), 2677–2691. https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000002459
52. Yel, K., & Güzel, S., Kurcan, K., Aydemir, U. (2023, Aralık). Spor Performansı v Denge. Spor Araştırmalarında Farklı Perspektifler 2, Editör: Prof.Dr. Erdal Zorba, Doç.Dr. Mevlüt Gönen, Dr. Zekai ÇAKIR, Aralık. Bölüm-8, ISBN: 978-625-6643-01-7, Syf:120-137. Duvar Yayınları. İzmir
53. Zacharakis, E. D., Bourdas, D. I., Kotsifa, M. I., Bekris, E. M., Velentza, E. T., & Kostopoulos, N. I. (2020). Effect of balance and proprioceptive training on balancing and technical skills in 13-14-year-old youth basketball players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(5), 2487–2500.