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Türkçe Ulusal Derleminde Kekemeliğin Temsiliyeti üzerine Nitel bir Çalışma

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 347 - 372, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2025.83.7

Öz

Amaç: Kekemeliğin toplum içinde nasıl algılandığının anlaşılması gerekmektedir. Bu ihtiyacı karşılamanın bir yolu mevcut derlemlerin incelenmesidir. Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ndeki kekemelik haberlerini incelemek için gazetelerden oluşan bir derlemi kullanan yakın tarihli bir çalışmanın ardından, bu çalışma Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi (TUD) 3.0'da kekemeliğin bağlamsal kullanımını ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Toplam 50 milyon sözcükten oluşan ve genel bir derlem olarak tasarlanan TUD’a basit bir arama sorgusu (“kekeme*”) girilmiştir. Klinik ve akademik bağlamlarda “kekeme” yerine “kekemeliği olan birey” ifadesinin kullanımı esas alınsa da, Türkçenin sondan eklemeli morfolojik yapısı gereği bu çalışmada “kekeme*” ifadesi tercih edilmiştir. İfadenin sonuna eklenen yıldız işareti, derlem içerisindeki farklı biçimsözdizimsel yapıların (örneğin; kekemelik, kekemelikten dolayı, kekemeliğe dair vb.) eksiksiz şekilde gözlemlenmesini sağlamıştır. Veriler, 20 yıllık bir zaman dilimini (1990-2009) kapsayan derlemin %98'ini kapsayan yazılı metinlerdeki bu sorgunun sonuçlarından meydana gelmiştir. İlk arama sonucunda yapılan ileri analizin ardından, toplam 280 kullanım sıklığı ele alınmış ve içerik analizi yoluyla analiz edilmiştir.
Bulgular: İki tema ve 20 kod ortaya çıkmıştır: Kekemelik üzerine araştırmalar (Örn. kekemeliğin başlangıcı ve gelişimi ile ilgili kuramlar; kekemeliğin yaygınlığı, deneyimi, tanımı, seyri ve çok yönlü etkileri; kekemeliğin nasıl yönetileceği ve kekemeliği olan bireylere (KOB) nasıl yaklaşılacağı ile ilgili öneriler, gibi) ve edebi kurgu ve kurgu dışı (Örn. KOB’in damgalanması, bir konuşma şekli olarak kekemelik, KOB için “ideal meslek”; kekemeliğin başlangıcı ve gelişimi hakkında bilgi, gibi).
Sonuç: Kekemeliğin bağlamsal kullanımından elde edilen bilgiler geçmiş literatürün sunduğu bulgular ile hem tutarlı hem de tutarsız olmuştur. Bu nedenle derlem kullanımı, akıcılık bozukluklarına ilişkin çeşitli bakış açıları arasındaki boşluğu doldurma potansiyeline sahip olabilir.

Etik Beyan

Bu çalışmanın bulguları tamamen Türkçe Ulusal Derlemi 3.0'a dayandığı için etik kurul izni gerekmemektedir.

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U. U., Yılmazer, H., Kurtoğlu, Ö., Atasoy, G., Öz, S., & Yıldız, İ. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, M. U. Doğan, & B. Maegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012) (pp. 3223–3227). European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
  • Aston, G., & Burnard, L. (2022). The BNC handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Aydın-Oral, S., Konrot, A., Gerçek, E., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2022). Preliminary normative data for the Turkish form of the KiddyCAT. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2021-82552
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Özdemir, R. S. (2019). Temperamental characteristics of children who stutter and children who recovered stuttering spontaneously. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2019-65738
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Ege, P. (2020). Reliability and validity of the UTBAS-TR (The Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs Scale-the Turkish version) in the Turkish population. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1568572
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Temiz, G. (2024). Kekemeliğin doğası ve nedensellik kuramları. In S. Topbaş, İ. Maviş, S. Selvi-Balo, & E. İyigün-Uzunöz (Eds.), Kuramdan uygulamaya klinik dil ve konuşma terapisi (1. baskı, Cilt 1, ss. 295–306). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Azios, M. (2017). The college experience of stuttering: An ethnographic study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
  • Azios, M., Irani, F., Rutland, B., Ratinaud, P., & Manchaiah, V. (2020). Representation of stuttering in the United States newspaper media. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 24(4), 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2020.1810940
  • Başaran, A., Aslan, M. S., Erkaya, E., & Demir, H. (2022). Okullarda çalışan psikolojik danışmanların kekemelik hakkındaki bilgi ve tutumlarının incelenmesi. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 99- 122. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2022.53.4
  • Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (2006). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language structure and use (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Birol, N. Y., Yaşar-Gündüz, E., & Tutuş, Z. (2025). An overview of Speech and Language Therapy undergraduate programs and students in Türkiye: Descriptive research. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), 621-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2025-108832
  • Brookes, G. (2020). Corpus linguistics in illness and healthcare contexts: A case study of diabulimia support groups. In Z. Demjén (Ed.), Applying linguistics in illness and healthcare contexts (pp. 44–72). Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350057685.0009
  • Cangi, M. E., Aydın, N., & Millard, S. K. (2025). Turkish adaptation of the Palin Parent Rating Scales: A validity and reliability assessment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106118
  • Cangi, M. E., & Işıldar, A. (2021). Relationships between stuttering behaviours, physical tension, oral- diadochokinetic rates, and unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering in adults who stutter. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2020-74098
  • Cangi, M. E., & Özkaraalp, İ. (2021). A comparison of emotional reactivity, impulsivity, and decision-making strategies in adolescents who do and do not stutter. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 814–834. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.855372
  • Cangi, M. E., & Şen-Aksüt, M. (2024). Akıcılık bozukluklarıyla ilgili genel bilgiler. In S. Topbaş, İ. Maviş, S. Selvi-Balo, & E. İyigün-Uzunöz (Eds.), Kuramdan uygulamaya klinik dil ve konuşma terapisi (1. baskı, Cilt 1, ss. 287–294). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Cangökçe-Yaşar, Ö., Birol, N. Y., & Erensoy, İ. (2021). Kekemelik hakkında bilgi kaynağı olarak YouTube™ [YouTube™ as an information source for stuttering]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 637–654. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1003813
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  • Çağlayan, A., Balo, E., & Maviş, İ. (2025). Desensitizing parents of preschool children who stutter: The effect on attitudes and anxiety of both children and parents. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 85, 106141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106141
  • Çavdar, D., Dölek, M., & Oğuz, Ö. (2025). How reliable and useful are social media videos about stuttering? A comprehensive evaluation of content and credibility. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106116
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  • Hocaoğlu, G. E., & Cangi, M. E. (2024). Kekemeliği Olan çocukların ebeveynlerinin bilişsel çarpıtmaları ve ebeveyn tutumları ile çocuklarındaki kekemelik şiddetini algılama düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [Investigation of the relationship between parents' cognitive distortions and attitudes and perceived severity of their children's stuttering]. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.71.1
  • Kara, İ., & Karamete, A. (2023). Comparison of self-reported peer-bullying victimization in-school period of adults who do and do not stutter: A retrospective survey study. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2022-92418
  • Karahan-Tığrak, T., Kulak-Kayıkçı, M. E., Kirazlı, M. Ç., & Tığrak, A. (2021). Emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter: Comparison with typically developing peers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 46(4), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2020.1855472
  • Karsan, Ç., Özdemir, R. S., Bulut, T., & Hanoğlu, L. (2022). The effects of single-session cathodal and bihemispheric tDCS on fluency in stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 63, 101064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101064
  • Kayhan-Aktürk, Ş., & Özdemir, R. S. (2021). A comparison of peer relations between preschool children who stutter and their fluent peers. Archives of Health Science and Research, 8(3), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2021.21035
  • Kaymış, E., & Oğuz, Ö. (2025). Ebeveyn tutumları, çocuk mizaç özellikleri ve kekemelik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Okul öncesi dönemde kekemeliği olan çocuklar üzerine bir araştırma [Examining the relationship between parental attitudes, child temperament characteristics and stuttering: A research on children with stuttering in preschool period]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 75, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1535838
  • Kekemeler Derneği. (n.d.). Kekemeler Derneği. https://kekemelerdernegi.com/
  • Koçak, A. N., & Cangi, M. E. (2022). Emotional reactions of people who stutter in difficult communication situations: A preliminary study. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 7(3), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2022.00773
  • Maviş, İ., St. Louis, K. O., Özdemir, S., & Toğram, B. (2013). Attitudes of Turkish speech and language therapists toward stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.03.002
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Bacık-Tırank, Ş., & Gündüz, B. (2020). 6 ve 16 yaş okul çocukları arasındaki SSI-4- TR/ KEŞİDA-4 dördüncü baskısının Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği [Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the stuttering severity instrument, fourth edition (SSI-4- TR/ KEŞİDA-4) between 6 and 16 years old school children]. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 3(2), 135–144.
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Köse, A., & Bacık-Tırank, Ş. (2025). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the test of childhood stuttering (TOCS). Journal of Communication Disorders, 115, 106524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106524
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Kara, İ., Demir, P., Erim, A., Özkaraalp, İ. S., & Aydın-Uysal, A. (2025). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Short Behavioral Inhibition Scale. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1044/2025_AJSLP-25-00036
  • Özdemir, Ş., & Dağ, H. N. (2023). Kekemeliği olan bireyleri konu alan çocuk kitaplarına yönelik bir doküman incelemesi: Nitel araştırma [A document analysis of children's books including individuals with stuttering: Qualitative study]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2022-93217
  • Özdemir, R. S., St. Louis, K. O., & Topbaş, S. (2011a). Public attitudes toward stuttering in Turkey: Probability versus convenience sampling. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.01.003
  • Özdemir, R. S., St. Louis, K. O., & Topbaş, S. (2011b). Stuttering attitudes among Turkish family generations and neighbors from representative samples. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.07.002
  • Polat, F., Aydın, A., & Yüksel, B. (2022). Association of DRD2 gene C957T polymorphism with stuttering in Turkish population. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.946694
  • Temiz, G., & Özdemir, R. S. (2024). Kekemeliği olan erişkinlerde olumsuz düşünce ve inançlar ile kekemelik sıklığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı araştırma [Examining the relationship between negative thoughts and beliefs and stuttering frequency in adults who stutter: A descriptive research]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 9(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2023-99130
  • Tiryaki, N., Özdemir, R. S., Karsan, Ç., & Boyle, M. P. (2023). Turkish adaptation of the self-stigma of stuttering scale (4S): Study of validity and reliability (4S-TR). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 78, 106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106020
  • Tetnowski, J. A., & Damico, J. S. (2004). Getting out of Procrustes' bed: The needs and benefits of qualitative research in stuttering. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 6(3), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283002
  • Tezel-Bayraktaroğlu, O., Bayraktaroğlu, Z., Demirtaş-Tatlıdede, A., Demiralp, T., & Öge, A. (2020). Neuronavigated rTMS inhibition of right pars triangularis anterior in stuttering: Differential effects on reading and speaking. Brain and Language, 210, 104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104862
  • Uysal, H. T., & Köse, A. (2021). The investigation of the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the wright and ayre stuttering self‐rating profile (WASSP). International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 56(3), 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12621
  • Uysal, H. T., Atila-Caglar, N., Erensoy, I., Kose, A., & Jackson, E. S. (2025). Psychometric evaluation of the Stuttering Anticipation Scale in Turkish. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 77(4), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1159/000543912
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  • Yaşar, Ö., Vural-Batık, M., & Özdemir, Ş. (2020). Investigating resilience, perceived social support, and trait anxiety levels of mothers of school-age children who stutter. CoDAS, 32(2), e20190093. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20192019093
  • Yaşar, Ö., Vural-Batık, M., & Özdemir, Ş. (2022). Kekemeliği olan okul çağı çocuklarının annelerinin öznel iyi oluş ve umut düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Kesitsel araştırma [The subjective well-being and hope levels of mothers with children who stutter: Cross-sectional study]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2021-85705
  • Yaşar, Ö., & Özdemir, Ş. (2023). How parental reactions differ toward early stuttering: A Turkish validation study of the Responses to Speech Disfluency Scale. Archives of Health Science, 10(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2022.22093
  • Yırtık, H. N., Yelek, E. N., Özer, Ş., Karahan, T., & Kulak-Kayıkçı, M. E. (2021). Okul öncesi öğretmenliği bölümü öğrencilerinin kekemeliğe yönelik farkındalık ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi: Pilot çalışma [Determination of early childhood education students' awareness and attitudes about stuttering – preliminary study]. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 315–338.
  • Yırtık, H. N., & Cankuvvet, N. (2025). Experiences and therapy expectations of parents of preschool children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106117

A Qualitative Study on the Representation of Stuttering in Turkish National Corpus

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3, 347 - 372, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2025.83.7

Öz

Purpose: There is a need to understand how stuttering is perceived among the public. The examination of any available corpora is one of the options to address this need. Following a recent study using corpora to examine stuttering coverage in newspaper media in the United States, the current study aims to reveal the contextual use of stuttering in Turkish National Corpus (TNC) 3.0.

Method: A simple search query (“kekeme*”) was entered into TNC, formed and designed as a general corpus with a total of 50 million words. While the Turkish term “kekeme” literally translates to “stutterer”, its use as a standalone noun is discouraged in clinical and academic contexts in Türkiye to prioritize person-first language (e.g. “person who stutters”). Due to the agglutinative nature of the Turkish language, the authors used “kekeme*” with the asterisk attached to encompass its various morphosyntactic derivations within the corpus. The data were the results of this query within the written texts that covered 98% of the corpus encompassing a 20-year timeframe (1990-2009). Following further analysis of the initial search result, a total of 280 occurrences was considered and analyzed through content analysis.

Results: Two themes and 20 codes emerged: Research on stuttering (e.g., theories of stuttering onset and development; prevalence, experience, definition, course, and multifaceted impacts of stuttering; suggestions on how to manage stuttering and approach people who stutter (PWS), etc.), and literary fiction and non-fiction (e.g., stigmatization of the PWS, stuttering as a figure of speech, “ideal occupation” for PWS; information about stuttering onset and development, etc.).

Conclusion: The information derived from the contextual use of stuttering was both consistent and inconsistent with the findings of previous literature. Therefore, the use of a corpus might hold the potential to bridge the gap between various perspectives on fluency disorders.

Etik Beyan

The approval from ethical commission is not applicable because the findings of this study are based thoroughly on Turkish National Corpus 3.0.

Kaynakça

  • Aksan, Y., Aksan, M., Koltuksuz, A., Sezer, T., Mersinli, Ü., Demirhan, U. U., Yılmazer, H., Kurtoğlu, Ö., Atasoy, G., Öz, S., & Yıldız, İ. (2012). Construction of the Turkish National Corpus (TNC). In N. Calzolari, K. Choukri, T. Declerck, M. U. Doğan, & B. Maegaard (Eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC 2012) (pp. 3223–3227). European Language Resources Association (ELRA).
  • Aston, G., & Burnard, L. (2022). The BNC handbook: Exploring the British National Corpus with SARA (1st ed.). Edinburgh University Press.
  • Aydın-Oral, S., Konrot, A., Gerçek, E., & Vanryckeghem, M. (2022). Preliminary normative data for the Turkish form of the KiddyCAT. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(1), 78-85. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2021-82552
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Özdemir, R. S. (2019). Temperamental characteristics of children who stutter and children who recovered stuttering spontaneously. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 4(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2019-65738
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Ege, P. (2020). Reliability and validity of the UTBAS-TR (The Unhelpful Thoughts and Beliefs Scale-the Turkish version) in the Turkish population. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 22(1), 24-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1568572
  • Aydın-Uysal, A., & Temiz, G. (2024). Kekemeliğin doğası ve nedensellik kuramları. In S. Topbaş, İ. Maviş, S. Selvi-Balo, & E. İyigün-Uzunöz (Eds.), Kuramdan uygulamaya klinik dil ve konuşma terapisi (1. baskı, Cilt 1, ss. 295–306). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Azios, M. (2017). The college experience of stuttering: An ethnographic study [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Louisiana at Lafayette.
  • Azios, M., Irani, F., Rutland, B., Ratinaud, P., & Manchaiah, V. (2020). Representation of stuttering in the United States newspaper media. Journal of Consumer Health on the Internet, 24(4), 329–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/15398285.2020.1810940
  • Başaran, A., Aslan, M. S., Erkaya, E., & Demir, H. (2022). Okullarda çalışan psikolojik danışmanların kekemelik hakkındaki bilgi ve tutumlarının incelenmesi. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 99- 122. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2022.53.4
  • Biber, D., Conrad, S., & Reppen, R. (2006). Corpus linguistics: Investigating language structure and use (5th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
  • Birol, N. Y., Yaşar-Gündüz, E., & Tutuş, Z. (2025). An overview of Speech and Language Therapy undergraduate programs and students in Türkiye: Descriptive research. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 10(3), 621-631. http://dx.doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2025-108832
  • Brookes, G. (2020). Corpus linguistics in illness and healthcare contexts: A case study of diabulimia support groups. In Z. Demjén (Ed.), Applying linguistics in illness and healthcare contexts (pp. 44–72). Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781350057685.0009
  • Cangi, M. E., Aydın, N., & Millard, S. K. (2025). Turkish adaptation of the Palin Parent Rating Scales: A validity and reliability assessment. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106118
  • Cangi, M. E., & Işıldar, A. (2021). Relationships between stuttering behaviours, physical tension, oral- diadochokinetic rates, and unhelpful thoughts and beliefs about stuttering in adults who stutter. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 6(1), 11–25. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2020-74098
  • Cangi, M. E., & Özkaraalp, İ. (2021). A comparison of emotional reactivity, impulsivity, and decision-making strategies in adolescents who do and do not stutter. Erzincan Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23(3), 814–834. https://doi.org/10.17556/erziefd.855372
  • Cangi, M. E., & Şen-Aksüt, M. (2024). Akıcılık bozukluklarıyla ilgili genel bilgiler. In S. Topbaş, İ. Maviş, S. Selvi-Balo, & E. İyigün-Uzunöz (Eds.), Kuramdan uygulamaya klinik dil ve konuşma terapisi (1. baskı, Cilt 1, ss. 287–294). Nobel Tıp Kitabevleri.
  • Cangökçe-Yaşar, Ö., Birol, N. Y., & Erensoy, İ. (2021). Kekemelik hakkında bilgi kaynağı olarak YouTube™ [YouTube™ as an information source for stuttering]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(3), 637–654. https://doi.org/10.21020/husbfd.1003813
  • Creswell, J. W. (2013). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (3rd ed.). Sage Publications.
  • Çağlayan, A., & Özdemir, R. S. (2022). The attitudes of employers towards stuttering and people who stutter: Descriptive research. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 339–348. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2021-84148
  • Çağlayan, A., Balo, E., & Maviş, İ. (2025). Desensitizing parents of preschool children who stutter: The effect on attitudes and anxiety of both children and parents. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 85, 106141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106141
  • Çavdar, D., Dölek, M., & Oğuz, Ö. (2025). How reliable and useful are social media videos about stuttering? A comprehensive evaluation of content and credibility. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106116
  • Demirsoy-Demirci, E. N., Karahan-Tığrak, T., & Kulak-Kayıkcı, M. E. (2025). The effects of parental speech rate in children who stutter. Journal of Communication Disorders, 117, 106554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106554
  • Erim, A., & Aydın-Uysal, A. (2022). Comparing the anxiety types of children with and without stuttering through a self-report method: A descriptive study. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(4), 1000–1007. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2022-90443
  • Erim, A., & Aydın-Uysal, A. (2024). Reliability, validity, and Turkish adaptation of the peer attitudes toward children who stutter scale. Current Psychology 43(12), 10801–10812. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-05194-9
  • Guitar, B. (2024). Stuttering: An integrated approach to its nature and treatment (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer.
  • Healey, E. C. (2020). Kekemeliği olan okul çağı çocuklar için bilişsel, afektif, linguistic, motor ve sosyal–Türkçe (CALMS-TR) değerlendirme [Cognitive, affective, linguistic, motor, and social assessment for school-age children who stutter – Turkish (CALMS-TR)] (İ. Kara, T. Karahan Tığrak, & M. E. Kulak Kayıkçı, Trans. Eds.; 1st ed.). Detay Yayıncılık.
  • Hocaoğlu, G. E., & Cangi, M. E. (2024). Kekemeliği Olan çocukların ebeveynlerinin bilişsel çarpıtmaları ve ebeveyn tutumları ile çocuklarındaki kekemelik şiddetini algılama düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki [Investigation of the relationship between parents' cognitive distortions and attitudes and perceived severity of their children's stuttering]. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 7(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2024.71.1
  • Kara, İ., & Karamete, A. (2023). Comparison of self-reported peer-bullying victimization in-school period of adults who do and do not stutter: A retrospective survey study. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 22–28. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2022-92418
  • Karahan-Tığrak, T., Kulak-Kayıkçı, M. E., Kirazlı, M. Ç., & Tığrak, A. (2021). Emotional and behavioural problems of children and adolescents who stutter: Comparison with typically developing peers. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology, 46(4), 186–192. https://doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2020.1855472
  • Karsan, Ç., Özdemir, R. S., Bulut, T., & Hanoğlu, L. (2022). The effects of single-session cathodal and bihemispheric tDCS on fluency in stuttering. Journal of Neurolinguistics, 63, 101064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroling.2022.101064
  • Kayhan-Aktürk, Ş., & Özdemir, R. S. (2021). A comparison of peer relations between preschool children who stutter and their fluent peers. Archives of Health Science and Research, 8(3), 153-159. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2021.21035
  • Kaymış, E., & Oğuz, Ö. (2025). Ebeveyn tutumları, çocuk mizaç özellikleri ve kekemelik arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Okul öncesi dönemde kekemeliği olan çocuklar üzerine bir araştırma [Examining the relationship between parental attitudes, child temperament characteristics and stuttering: A research on children with stuttering in preschool period]. Mehmet Akif Ersoy University Journal of Education Faculty, 75, 74-88. https://doi.org/10.21764/maeuefd.1535838
  • Kekemeler Derneği. (n.d.). Kekemeler Derneği. https://kekemelerdernegi.com/
  • Koçak, A. N., & Cangi, M. E. (2022). Emotional reactions of people who stutter in difficult communication situations: A preliminary study. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 7(3), 112–124. https://doi.org/10.21849/cacd.2022.00773
  • Maviş, İ., St. Louis, K. O., Özdemir, S., & Toğram, B. (2013). Attitudes of Turkish speech and language therapists toward stuttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 38(2), 157–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.03.002
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Bacık-Tırank, Ş., & Gündüz, B. (2020). 6 ve 16 yaş okul çocukları arasındaki SSI-4- TR/ KEŞİDA-4 dördüncü baskısının Türkçe versiyonunun güvenilirliği ve geçerliliği [Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the stuttering severity instrument, fourth edition (SSI-4- TR/ KEŞİDA-4) between 6 and 16 years old school children]. Izmir Democracy University Health Sciences Journal, 3(2), 135–144.
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Köse, A., & Bacık-Tırank, Ş. (2025). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the test of childhood stuttering (TOCS). Journal of Communication Disorders, 115, 106524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2025.106524
  • Mutlu, A. İ., Kara, İ., Demir, P., Erim, A., Özkaraalp, İ. S., & Aydın-Uysal, A. (2025). Reliability and validity of the Turkish version of the Short Behavioral Inhibition Scale. American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1044/2025_AJSLP-25-00036
  • Özdemir, Ş., & Dağ, H. N. (2023). Kekemeliği olan bireyleri konu alan çocuk kitaplarına yönelik bir doküman incelemesi: Nitel araştırma [A document analysis of children's books including individuals with stuttering: Qualitative study]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 8(1), 29–36. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2022-93217
  • Özdemir, R. S., St. Louis, K. O., & Topbaş, S. (2011a). Public attitudes toward stuttering in Turkey: Probability versus convenience sampling. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 262–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.01.003
  • Özdemir, R. S., St. Louis, K. O., & Topbaş, S. (2011b). Stuttering attitudes among Turkish family generations and neighbors from representative samples. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 36(4), 318–333. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.07.002
  • Polat, F., Aydın, A., & Yüksel, B. (2022). Association of DRD2 gene C957T polymorphism with stuttering in Turkish population. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 12(1), 124–132. https://doi.org/10.21597/jist.946694
  • Temiz, G., & Özdemir, R. S. (2024). Kekemeliği olan erişkinlerde olumsuz düşünce ve inançlar ile kekemelik sıklığı arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Tanımlayıcı araştırma [Examining the relationship between negative thoughts and beliefs and stuttering frequency in adults who stutter: A descriptive research]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 9(1), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2023-99130
  • Tiryaki, N., Özdemir, R. S., Karsan, Ç., & Boyle, M. P. (2023). Turkish adaptation of the self-stigma of stuttering scale (4S): Study of validity and reliability (4S-TR). Journal of Fluency Disorders, 78, 106020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2023.106020
  • Tetnowski, J. A., & Damico, J. S. (2004). Getting out of Procrustes' bed: The needs and benefits of qualitative research in stuttering. Advances in Speech-Language Pathology, 6(3), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/14417040412331283002
  • Tezel-Bayraktaroğlu, O., Bayraktaroğlu, Z., Demirtaş-Tatlıdede, A., Demiralp, T., & Öge, A. (2020). Neuronavigated rTMS inhibition of right pars triangularis anterior in stuttering: Differential effects on reading and speaking. Brain and Language, 210, 104862. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandl.2020.104862
  • Uysal, H. T., & Köse, A. (2021). The investigation of the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the wright and ayre stuttering self‐rating profile (WASSP). International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders, 56(3), 653-661. https://doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12621
  • Uysal, H. T., Atila-Caglar, N., Erensoy, I., Kose, A., & Jackson, E. S. (2025). Psychometric evaluation of the Stuttering Anticipation Scale in Turkish. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 77(4), 393-400. https://doi.org/10.1159/000543912
  • VERBI Software. (2025). MAXQDA (Version 24.5.0) [Computer software]. VERBI Software. https://www.maxqda.com
  • Weidner, M. E., St. Louis, K. O., Nakisci, E., & Ozdemir, R. S. (2017). A comparison of attitudes towards stuttering of non-stuttering preschoolers in the United States and Turkey. South African Journal of Communication Disorders, 64(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajcd.v64i1.178
  • Yaşar, Ö., Vural-Batık, M., & Özdemir, Ş. (2020). Investigating resilience, perceived social support, and trait anxiety levels of mothers of school-age children who stutter. CoDAS, 32(2), e20190093. https://doi.org/10.1590/2317-1782/20192019093
  • Yaşar, Ö., Vural-Batık, M., & Özdemir, Ş. (2022). Kekemeliği olan okul çağı çocuklarının annelerinin öznel iyi oluş ve umut düzeylerinin incelenmesi: Kesitsel araştırma [The subjective well-being and hope levels of mothers with children who stutter: Cross-sectional study]. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Health Sciences, 7(2), 349–357. https://doi.org/10.5336/healthsci.2021-85705
  • Yaşar, Ö., & Özdemir, Ş. (2023). How parental reactions differ toward early stuttering: A Turkish validation study of the Responses to Speech Disfluency Scale. Archives of Health Science, 10(2), 77–80. https://doi.org/10.5152/ArcHealthSciRes.2022.22093
  • Yırtık, H. N., Yelek, E. N., Özer, Ş., Karahan, T., & Kulak-Kayıkçı, M. E. (2021). Okul öncesi öğretmenliği bölümü öğrencilerinin kekemeliğe yönelik farkındalık ve tutumlarının belirlenmesi: Pilot çalışma [Determination of early childhood education students' awareness and attitudes about stuttering – preliminary study]. Dil, Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 315–338.
  • Yırtık, H. N., & Cankuvvet, N. (2025). Experiences and therapy expectations of parents of preschool children who stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 84, 106117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2025.106117
Toplam 55 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Konuşma Patolojisi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Şevket Özdemir 0000-0002-1230-6491

Sevinç Tüysüz 0000-0003-4668-886X

Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 25 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdemir, Ş., & Tüysüz, S. (2025). A Qualitative Study on the Representation of Stuttering in Turkish National Corpus. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(3), 347-372. https://doi.org/10.58563/dkyad-2025.83.7