8-11 Yaş Çocuklarının Nazometrik Değerleri

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 2, 130 - 152, 08.09.2020

İlim Aksu Seyhun Topbaş

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın yapılmasının temel amacı 8-11 yaş dilimindeki okul çağı çocukların Türkçedeki nazometrik norm değerlerini betimlemektir. Çalışmada ayrıca, yaş, cinsiyet ve ekonomik gelir seviyesi değişkeninin nazometrik norm değerleri üzerindeki etkisine bakmak da hedeflenmiştir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya, 8-11 yaşları arasında olan ve herhangi bir dil, konuşma ve işitme sorunu olmayan 57’si kız, 72’si erkek olmak üzere 129 çocuk dahil edilmiştir.Katılımcılar 96-107, 108-119, 120-131 ve 132+ olmak üzere 4 gruba ayrılmışlardır. Çalışmadaki veriler, oral, oronazal ve nazal pasajların katılımcılara okutulması suretiyle, Nasometer II (model 6400) kullanılarak elde edilmiştir. Bulgular:Metinlerdeki nasal seslerin oranı arttıkça nazometrik değerlerde artış görülmektedir. Cinsiyet faktörü oral pasaj üzerinde etkilidir. Yaşla birlikte nazal puanlarda artış görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Nazometre değerleri, Yaş, cinsiyet, rezonans

Teşekkür

Dr. Özlem Ünal-Logacev ve Prof. Dr. Seyhun Topbaş'a katkılarından dolayı teşekkür ederim

Kaynakça

• Anderson, R. T. (1996). Nasometric values for normal Spanish-speaking females: a preliminaryreport. Journal of CleftPalate-Craniofacial, 33 (4), 332-336.
• Brunnegard, K., ve Van Doorn, J. (2009). Normative data on nasalance scores for Swedish as measured on the nasometer: influence of dialect, gender, and age. ClinicalLinguisticsandPhonetics, 23, (1), 58–69.
• Fairbanks, G. (1960). Voice and Articulation Drillbook, Harperand Row, New York.
• Flege, J. E. (1988). Anticipatory and carry-overnasal coarticulation in the speech of children and adults. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 31, 525-536.
• Fletcher, S.G. (1972). Contingencies for bioelectronic modification of nasality, Journal of.Speech Hearing Disorders, 37, 329–346.
• Fletcher, S. G. (1978). Diagnosing speech disorders from cleft palate, Gruneand Stratton,New York.
• Haapanen, M. L. (1991). Nasalancescores in normal Finnish speech. Folia Phoniatrica, 43 (4), 197-203.
• Hirschberg, J., Bok, S., Juhasz, M., Trenovszki, Z., Votisky, P., Hirschberg, A. (2006). Adaptation of nasometry to Hungarian language and experiences with its clinical application. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 70, 785-798.
• Ibrahim, H.M., Lim, H.W., Rusli, Y.A., Lim, C.T. (2019). Speech stimuli and nasalance scores for assessment of resonance in Mandarin speaking Malaysian children. Clinical Linguistic and Phonetic.
• Karakoc, O., Akcam, T., Birkent, H., Arslan, H. H., Gerek, N. (2013). Nasalance scores for normal-speakingTurkish population. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery, 24 (2), 520–522.
• Kay Elemetrics, (2003). Installation, operations and maintenance manuel: Nasometer II, Model 6400, Lincoln Park, NJ.
• Kendrick, R. K. (2004). Louisiana State University Nasalance Protocol Standardization, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Louisiana State University, Agricultural and Mechanical College, Louisiana.
• Khwaileh, F. ve Alfwaress, F. (2018). Normal patterns of nasometric values in adult Jordanian speakers of Arabic. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery.
• Kılıç, M. A., Özsoy, A.S., Akar, D., Demiralp, M.N., Erguvanlı-Taylan, E.E., Aksu-Koç, A. (2003). Türkiye Türkçesi’ndeki ünlülerin sesbilgisel özellikleri, Studies in Turkish Linguistics, 3-19.
• Kopkallı – Yavuz, H. (2000). Acoustic analysis of voicing vontrast in Turkish stops. Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages, 11-19.
• Kummer, A. W. ve Lee, L. (1996). Evaluation and treatment of resonance disorders. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 27, 271-281.
• Kummer, A. W. (2005). The MacKay-Kummer SNAP Test-R, Simplified Nasometric Assessment Procedures.
• Kummer, A. W. (2008). Cleft palate and craniofacial anomalies: Effect on speech and resonance. Thomson Delmar Learning, Florence, 377-407.
• Lehes, L., Horn, R., Lippus, P., Padrik, M., Kasenomm, P., Jagomagi, T. (2018). Normative nasalance scores for Estonian children. Journal of Clinical Linguistic and Phonetic.
• Mayo, R., Floyd, L. A., Warren, D. W., Dalston, R. M., Mayo, C. M. (2006). Nasalance and nasalance values: cross-racial study. Journal of Cleft Palate Cranioafacial, 33, 144-149.
• Mishima, K., Sugii, A., Yamada, T., Imura, H., Sugahara, T. (2008). Dialectal and gender differences in nasalance scores in a Japanese population. Journal of Cranio-MaxillofacialSurgery, 36, 8-10.
• Moller, K. T. ve Glaze, L. E. (2009). Cleft Lip and Palate, pro-ed, Texas, 313-377.
• Nandurkar, A (2002). Nasalance measures in Marathi consonant-vowel-consonant syllables with pressure consonants produced by children with and without cleft lip and palate. Journal of Cleft Palate–Craniofacial, 39 (1), 59-65.
• Nguyen, V.T., Lehes, L., Truong, T.T.H., Hoang, T.V.A., Jagomagi, T. (2017). Normative nasalance scores for Vietnamese speaking children. Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology.
• Nichols, A. C. (1999). Nasalance statistics for two Mexican populations. Journal of Cleft Palate and Craniofacial, 36, 57-63.
• Prathanee, B., Thanaviratananich, S., Pongjunyakul, A., Rengpatanakij, K. (2003). Nasalance scores for speech in normal Thai children. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstrive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 37, 351-355.
• Putnam-Rochet, A., Rochet, B. L., Sovis, E. A., Mielke, D. L. (1998). Characteristics of nasalance in speakers of western Canadian English and French. Journal of Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology, 22, 94-103.
• Sampaio-Texeira, A.C.M., Oliveira, D., Yamashita, R.P., Trindade, I.E.K. (2019). Normative nasalance scores in the production of words and syllables for Brazilian Portuguese speakers. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics.
• Seaver, E. J., Dalston, R. M., Leeper, H. A, Adams, L. E. (1991). A Study of nasometric values for normal nasal resonance. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 34 (4), 715-721.
• Silverman, F. H. (2003). Essentials of speech, language and hearing disorders, Atomic Dog Publishing, Cincinnati, OH, 83-95.
• Sweeney, T., Sell, D. ve O‟Regan, M. (2004). Nasalance scores for normal-speaking Irish children. Journal of CleftPalate–Craniofacial, 41 (2), 168-174.
• Tachimura, T., Mori, C., Hırata, S., Wada, T., (2000) Nasalance score variation in normal adult Japanese speakers of mid-west Japanese dialect. Journal of Cleft Palate-Craniofacial 37, (5), 463-467.
• Topbaş, S. S. (2004) Türkçe Sesletim Sesbilgisi Testi, Milli Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları, Ankara.
• Ünal-Logacev, Ö., Kummer, A. W., Çetin, C., Topbaş, S. S. (2020). Nasometric evaluation of resonance disorders: A norm study in Turkish. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 131.
• Van Doorn, J. ve Purcell, A. (1998). Nasalance levels in the speech of normal Australian children. Journal of Cleft Palate and Craniofacial, 35, 287-292.
• Van Doorn, J., Bergh, I. ve Brunnegard, K. (2008). Optimizing stimulus length for clinical nasalance measures in Swedish. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 22 (4–5), 355–361.
• Van Lierde, K. M., Wuyts, F. L., De Boot, M., Van Cauwenberge, P. (2001). Nasometric values for normal nasal resonance in the speech of young Flemish adults. Journal of Cleft Palate–Craniofacial, 38 (2), 112-118.
• Van Lierde, K. M., Wuyts, F. L., De Bodt, M., Van Cauwenberge, P. (2003). Age-related patterns of nasal reonance in normal Flemish children and young adults. Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstrive Surgery and Hand Surgery, 37, 344-350.
• Watterson, T., Lewis, K. E. ve Foley-Homan, N. (1999). Effect of stimulus length on nasalance scores. Journal of Cleft Palate-Craniofacial, 36 (3), 243-247.
• Watterson, T., Lewis, K. ve Brancamp, T. (2005). Comparison of nasalance scores obtained with the nasometer 6200 and the nasometer II 6400. Journal of CleftPalate-Craniofacial, 42 (5), 574–579.
• Zajac, D. J., Lutz, R. ve Mayo, R. (1996a). Microphone sensitivity as a source of variation in nasalance scores. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1228-1231.
• Zajac, D. J. ve Mayo, R. (1996b). Aerodynamic and temporal aspects of velopharyngeal function in normal speakers. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 39, 1199-1207.
• Zajac, D. J., Mayo, R. ve Kataoka, R. (1998). Nasal coarticulation in normal speakers: a re examination of the effects of gender, Journal of Speach Language Hearing Research, 41, 503–510.
• http-1, http://yeni.kamusen.org.tr/haberler/turkiye-kamu-senden, (01.01.2009).