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Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 362 - 379, 30.12.2021

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışmada dil ve konuşma bozuklukları alanında yer alan ve akıcılık bozuklukları şemsiyesi altında bulunan HBK’nin tanımı, kapsamı, özellikleri, değerlendirilmesi ve terapisindeki güncel bilgilerin sentezlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Böylece klinik ve araştırma alanında HBK’ye dikkat çekilmesi sağlanacaktır. Yöntem: Bu çalışmada geleneksel derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. İnceleme kapsamında; HBK’de görülen konuşma akıcısızlıkları, dilsel-motor özellikler, etiyoloji, eşlik eden bozukluklar, HBK’nin değerlendirilmesi ve terapisine ilişkin alanyazın incelemesi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular: Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda, HBK’de konuşma hızının ötesinde akıcısızlık özellikleri, dil ve iletişim gibi diğer becerilerin de etkilendiği görülmüştür. Bunun yanı sıra HBK’nin diğer dil ve konuşma bozukluklarına ek olarak da görülebildiği, nadiren izole olarak görüldüğüne dair bulgular olduğu; HBK’nin etiyolojsi ile ilgili birçok farklı görüş ileri sürülmüş olup bunlarla birlikte bozukluğun nörolojik ve genetik temellerinin bulunduğuna dair pek çok kanıt temeli olduğu da görülmüştür. HBK’si olan bireylerde çeşitli becerilerde meydana gelen etkilenmelerin, bu bozukluğun çalışılması zor alanlardan biri olmasına neden olabildiği belirlenmiştir. Bu nedenle ayrıcı tanı içeren bir değerlendirmenin yapılması, terapi hedeflerini belirlemeye de yardımcıdır. Sonuç: HBK değerlendirmelerinde; konuşma hızının yanı sıra konuşmadaki akıcısızlık özellikleri, dil ve sesletim becerileri, dinleme ve anlatım becerileri, sözel olmayan iletişim becerileri, motor koordinasyon, işitsel ve görsel algı, bilişsel ve entelektüel beceriler, farkındalık ve kendini izleme gibi çok çeşitli becerilerin incelenmesi önerilmektedir. Birçok alanı etkilemesi nedeni ile çalışılması zor bir bozukluk olan HBK’de terapi genel olarak tanımlama, farkındalık, hız-sesletim-dil becerilerinin çalışılması ve izleme-takip aşamalarından oluşmaktadır. Bunlarla birlikte, HBK ‘kimsesiz çocuk’ benzetmesi ile anılmaktadır. Çünkü hem dil ve konuşma terapisi alanında hem de bozukluğu yaşayan bireyler arasında HBK’ye ilişkin farkındalığın oldukça düşük olduğu belirtilmektedir.

Kaynakça

  • ASHA (2014). Fluency Disorders. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/#collapse_0 adresinden alınmıştır (Erişim tarihi: 16.01.2021).
  • Bakker, K., Myers, F. L., Raphael, L. J., ve St. Louis, K. O. (2011). A preliminary comparison of speech rate, self-evaluation, and disfluency of people who speak exceptionally fast, clutter, or speak normally. D. Ward & K. S. Scott (Eds.), Cluttering. A handbook of research, intervention and education (pp. 45–65). Psychology Press.
  • Becker, K. P., & Grundmann, K. (1970). Investigation on incidence and symp¬ tomatology of cluttering. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 22 (4-5), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1159/000263403
  • Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., ve Tellis, G. (2000). Auditory processing and cluttering in young children. Perceptual and motor skills, 90(2), 631-639. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.631
  • Bóna, J. (2016). Characteristics of pausing in normal, fast and cluttered speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 30(11), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1188421
  • Bóna, J. (2018). Disfluent whole-word repetitions in cluttering: Durational patterns and functions. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 32(4), 378-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1384062
  • Brady, J. P. (1993). Treatment of cluttering. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(11), 813-814. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309093291119
  • Bretherton-Furness, J., ve Ward, D. (2015). Linguistic behaviours in adults who clutter and adults who stutter when reading and speaking. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.245
  • Cangi, M. E., & Özel, S. B. (2019). Türkçe Konuşan Hızlı Bozuk Konuşması Olan Yetişkinlerin Akıcısızlık Özelliklerinin ve Yaşam Kalitelerinin İncelenmesi: Ön Çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 121-145. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dkyad/issue/48573/592799
  • Chudley, A. E., & Hagerman, R. J. (1987). Fragile X syndrome. The Journal of Pedi-atrics, 110 (6), 821–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80392-X
  • Craig, A. (1996). Long-term effects of intensive treatment for a client with both a cluttering and stuttering disorder. Journal of fluency disorders, 21(3-4), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00035-6
  • Daly, D. A., & Burnett, M. L. (1996). Cluttering: Assessment, treatment planning, and case study illustration. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3-4), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00026-5
  • Georgieva, D., & Miliev, D. (1996). Differential diagnosis of cluttering and stuttering in Bulgaria. Journal of fluency disorders, 21(3-4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00027-7
  • Gregory, H. H. (1995). Analysis and commentary. Language Speech and Hearing Services in the Schools, 26 (2), 196–200. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2602.196 Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment (4. baskı). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Hegde, M. N. (2018). Hegde's Pocketguide to treatment in speech-language pathology. Plural Publishing.
  • Healey, K. T., Nelson, S., ve Scaler Scott, K. S. (2015). A case study of cluttering treatment outcomes in a teen. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.253
  • Langevin, M., & Boberg, E. (1996). Results of intensive stuttering therapy with adults who clutter and stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3-4), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00034-4
  • LaSalle, L. R., & Wolk, L. (2011). Stuttering, cluttering, and phonological complexity: Case studies. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(4), 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.04.003
  • Lebrun, Y. (1996). Cluttering after brain damage. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00031-9
  • Molt, L. F. (1996). An examination of various aspects of auditory processing in clutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00024-1
  • Myers, F. L. & St. Louis, K. O. (1992). Cluttering: Issues and controversies. F. L. Myers, & K. O. St. Louis (Eds.), Cluttering: A clinical perspective (pp. 11–22). FAR Communications.
  • Myers, F. L., & St. Louis, K. O. (1996). Two youths who clutter, but is that the only similarity? Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3–4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00032-0
  • Myers, F. L., Bakker, K., St Louis, K. O., ve Raphael, L. J. (2012). Disfluencies in cluttered speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.10.001
  • Myers, F. L., & Bakker, K. (2014). Experts’ saliency ratings of speech-language dimensions associated with cluttering. Journal of fluency disorders, 42, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.10.004
  • Oliveira, C. M. C. D., Broglio, G. A. F., Bernardes, A. P. L., ve Capellini, S. A. (2013). Relationship between speech rate and speech disruption in cluttering. CoDAS, 25 (1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000100011
  • Oliveira, C. M. C. D., Bernardes, A. P. L., Broglio, G. A. F., ve Capellini, S. A. (2010). Speech fluency profile in cluttering individuals. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica, 22(4), 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-56872010000400014
  • Op't Hof, J., & Uys, I. C. (1974). A clinical delineation of tachyphemia (cluttering). South African Medical Journal, 47(8), 1624-1628. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA20785135_27206
  • Scott, K. S. (2020). Cluttering symptoms in school-age children by communicative context: A preliminary investigation. International journal of speech-language pathology, 22(2), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1637020
  • Scott, K. S., & St. Louis, K. O. (2009). A perspective on improving evidence and practice in cluttering. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 19(2), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd19.2.46
  • Shipley, K. G., & McAfee, J. G. (2015). Assessment in speech-language pathology: A resource manual. Nelson Education.
  • Souza, J. B. D., Paschoalino, F. C., Cardoso, V. M., ve Oliveira, C. M. C. D. (2013). Frequency and typology of disfluencies: comparative analysis between clutterers and stutterers. Revista CEFAC, 15(4), 857-863. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-18462013000400014
  • St. Louis, K. O. S., Hinzman, A. R., & Hull, F. M. (1985). Studies of cluttering: Disfluency and language measures in young possible clutterers and stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 10(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(85)90008-7
  • St. Louis, K. O., & Myers, F. L. (1995). Clinical management of cluttering. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 26(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2602.187
  • St. Louis, K. O., Raphael, L. J., Myers, F. L., ve Bakker, K. (2003). Cluttering updated. The ASHA Leader, 8(21), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR1.08212003.4
  • St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F. L., Faragasso, K., Townsend, P. S., ve Gallaher, A. J. (2004). Perceptual aspects of cluttered speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(3), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.07.002
  • St. Louis, K. O., & Schulte, K. (2011). Defining cluttering: The lowest common denominator. D. Ward & K. S. Scott (Eds.), Cluttering. A handbook of research, intervention and education (pp.233–253). Psychology Press.
  • Thacker, R., & De Nil, L. (1996). Neurogenic cluttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00025-3
  • Tiger, R. J., Irvine, T. L., & Reis, R. P. (1980). Cluttering as a complex of learning disabilities. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 11(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1101.03
  • Van Borsel, J., & Vandermeulen, A. (2008). Cluttering in Down syndrome. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 60 (6), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1159/000170081
  • Van Zaalen-Op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., ve Dejonckere, P. H. (2009a). Differential diagnostic characteristics between cluttering and stuttering – Part one. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 137– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.07.001
  • Van Zaalen-Op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., ve Dejonckere, P. (2009b). Language planning disturbances in children who clutter or have learning disabilities. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(6), 496–508. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549500903137249
  • Van Zaalen-Op ‘T Hof, Y., & Dejonckere, P. H. (2010). Cluttering: A language-based fluency disorder. Paper presented on the First Online Cluttering Conference. https://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/ica1/papers/yvonne1c.html alınmıştır (Erişim tarihi: 16.01.2021).
  • Van Zaalen, Y., & Reichel, I. K. (2014). Cluttering treatment: Theoretical considerations and intervention planning. Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders, 4(2), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1044/gics4.2.57
  • Ward, D. (2006). Stuttering and cluttering: frameworks for understanding and treatment. Psychology Press.
  • Ward, D., & Scott, K. S. (2011). Cluttering: A handbook of research, intervention and education. Psychology Press.
  • Ward, D., Connally, E. L., Pliatsikas, C., Bretherton-Furness, J., ve Watkins, K. E. (2015). The neurological underpinnings of cluttering: Some initial findings. Journal of fluency disorders, 43, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.003
  • Weiss, D. (1964). Cluttering. Prentice-Hall.
  • Weiss, D. A. (1968). Cluttering: Central language imbalance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 15 (3), 705–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)32171-X

A Review on Cluttering

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3, 362 - 379, 30.12.2021

Öz

Purpose: Cluttering is a fluency disorder characterized by a variety of features such as low speech intelligibility, speed of speech perceived as too fast or irregular, inappropriate prosody and the presence of disfluencies. In this study, the purpose was to synthesize the definition, scope, characteristics, assessment and current information on therapy of cluttering, which is under the umbrella of fluency disorders in the field of speech and language pathology. The aim is also to draw attention to cluttering in terms of clinical practice and research. Method: The traditional compilation method was used in this study. A literature review was conducted on speech fluency, linguistic-motor features, etiology, accompanying disorders, assessment and therapy of cluttering. Results: Beyond the speed of speech, other skills such as disfluencies, language and communication skills are also affected in cluttering. In addition, there have been findings showing that cluttering can be seen in addition to other speech and language disorders and is rarely seen in isolation. It can also be seen together with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder and specific learning disorder. In addition, auditory processing disorders, apraxia, and autism spectrum disorders are among the disorders that can often coexist with cluttering. It has also been stated that cluttering can be seen together with genetic origin syndromes such as Down syndrome, Tourette's syndrome and Fragile X syndrome. Many different views have been put forward regarding the etiology of cluttering, but it has also been seen that there is a lot of evidence base that the disorder has neurological and genetic bases. It has been determined that the effects of cluttering that occur in various skills of individuals with cluttering may cause this disorder to be one of the difficult disorders to study. Therefore, performing an assessment leading to differential diagnosis also helps to determine the therapy goals. Conclusion: In cluttering, in addition to speed of speech it is recommended to examine a wide variety of skills such as disfluencies in speech, language and pronunciation skills, listening and expression skills, non-verbal communication skills, motor coordination, auditory and visual perception, cognitive and intellectual skills, awareness and self-monitoring while performing the assessment procedures. Cluttering is also a disorder that is difficult to treat because it affects many developmental areas and skills of the individual. Therapy generally consists of identification, awareness, speed-pronunciation-language skills and monitoring-follow-up stages. In addition, cluttering is reffered to as the "orphan" disorder because it is often stated that awareness of cluttering is quite low both in the field of speech and language therapy and among individuals with cluttering.

Kaynakça

  • ASHA (2014). Fluency Disorders. https://www.asha.org/practice-portal/clinical-topics/fluency-disorders/#collapse_0 adresinden alınmıştır (Erişim tarihi: 16.01.2021).
  • Bakker, K., Myers, F. L., Raphael, L. J., ve St. Louis, K. O. (2011). A preliminary comparison of speech rate, self-evaluation, and disfluency of people who speak exceptionally fast, clutter, or speak normally. D. Ward & K. S. Scott (Eds.), Cluttering. A handbook of research, intervention and education (pp. 45–65). Psychology Press.
  • Becker, K. P., & Grundmann, K. (1970). Investigation on incidence and symp¬ tomatology of cluttering. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 22 (4-5), 261–271. https://doi.org/10.1159/000263403
  • Blood, G. W., Blood, I. M., ve Tellis, G. (2000). Auditory processing and cluttering in young children. Perceptual and motor skills, 90(2), 631-639. https://doi.org/10.2466/pms.2000.90.2.631
  • Bóna, J. (2016). Characteristics of pausing in normal, fast and cluttered speech. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 30(11), 888–898. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2016.1188421
  • Bóna, J. (2018). Disfluent whole-word repetitions in cluttering: Durational patterns and functions. Clinical linguistics & phonetics, 32(4), 378-391. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699206.2017.1384062
  • Brady, J. P. (1993). Treatment of cluttering. New England Journal of Medicine, 329(11), 813-814. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJM199309093291119
  • Bretherton-Furness, J., ve Ward, D. (2015). Linguistic behaviours in adults who clutter and adults who stutter when reading and speaking. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 62-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.245
  • Cangi, M. E., & Özel, S. B. (2019). Türkçe Konuşan Hızlı Bozuk Konuşması Olan Yetişkinlerin Akıcısızlık Özelliklerinin ve Yaşam Kalitelerinin İncelenmesi: Ön Çalışma. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 121-145. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/dkyad/issue/48573/592799
  • Chudley, A. E., & Hagerman, R. J. (1987). Fragile X syndrome. The Journal of Pedi-atrics, 110 (6), 821–831. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-3476(87)80392-X
  • Craig, A. (1996). Long-term effects of intensive treatment for a client with both a cluttering and stuttering disorder. Journal of fluency disorders, 21(3-4), 329-335. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00035-6
  • Daly, D. A., & Burnett, M. L. (1996). Cluttering: Assessment, treatment planning, and case study illustration. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3-4), 239-248. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00026-5
  • Georgieva, D., & Miliev, D. (1996). Differential diagnosis of cluttering and stuttering in Bulgaria. Journal of fluency disorders, 21(3-4), 249-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00027-7
  • Gregory, H. H. (1995). Analysis and commentary. Language Speech and Hearing Services in the Schools, 26 (2), 196–200. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2602.196 Guitar, B. (2014). Stuttering: An Integrated Approach to Its Nature and Treatment (4. baskı). Baltimore: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins.
  • Hegde, M. N. (2018). Hegde's Pocketguide to treatment in speech-language pathology. Plural Publishing.
  • Healey, K. T., Nelson, S., ve Scaler Scott, K. S. (2015). A case study of cluttering treatment outcomes in a teen. Procedia–Social and Behavioral Sciences, 193, 141-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.03.253
  • Langevin, M., & Boberg, E. (1996). Results of intensive stuttering therapy with adults who clutter and stutter. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3-4), 315-327. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00034-4
  • LaSalle, L. R., & Wolk, L. (2011). Stuttering, cluttering, and phonological complexity: Case studies. Journal of fluency disorders, 36(4), 285-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.04.003
  • Lebrun, Y. (1996). Cluttering after brain damage. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 289–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00031-9
  • Molt, L. F. (1996). An examination of various aspects of auditory processing in clutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 215–223. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00024-1
  • Myers, F. L. & St. Louis, K. O. (1992). Cluttering: Issues and controversies. F. L. Myers, & K. O. St. Louis (Eds.), Cluttering: A clinical perspective (pp. 11–22). FAR Communications.
  • Myers, F. L., & St. Louis, K. O. (1996). Two youths who clutter, but is that the only similarity? Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21(3–4), 297–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00032-0
  • Myers, F. L., Bakker, K., St Louis, K. O., ve Raphael, L. J. (2012). Disfluencies in cluttered speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 37(1), 9–19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2011.10.001
  • Myers, F. L., & Bakker, K. (2014). Experts’ saliency ratings of speech-language dimensions associated with cluttering. Journal of fluency disorders, 42, 35-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2013.10.004
  • Oliveira, C. M. C. D., Broglio, G. A. F., Bernardes, A. P. L., ve Capellini, S. A. (2013). Relationship between speech rate and speech disruption in cluttering. CoDAS, 25 (1), 59-63. https://doi.org/10.1590/s2317-17822013000100011
  • Oliveira, C. M. C. D., Bernardes, A. P. L., Broglio, G. A. F., ve Capellini, S. A. (2010). Speech fluency profile in cluttering individuals. Pró-Fono Revista de Atualização Científica, 22(4), 445-450. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0104-56872010000400014
  • Op't Hof, J., & Uys, I. C. (1974). A clinical delineation of tachyphemia (cluttering). South African Medical Journal, 47(8), 1624-1628. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA20785135_27206
  • Scott, K. S. (2020). Cluttering symptoms in school-age children by communicative context: A preliminary investigation. International journal of speech-language pathology, 22(2), 174-183. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549507.2019.1637020
  • Scott, K. S., & St. Louis, K. O. (2009). A perspective on improving evidence and practice in cluttering. Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders, 19(2), 46-51. https://doi.org/10.1044/ffd19.2.46
  • Shipley, K. G., & McAfee, J. G. (2015). Assessment in speech-language pathology: A resource manual. Nelson Education.
  • Souza, J. B. D., Paschoalino, F. C., Cardoso, V. M., ve Oliveira, C. M. C. D. (2013). Frequency and typology of disfluencies: comparative analysis between clutterers and stutterers. Revista CEFAC, 15(4), 857-863. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-18462013000400014
  • St. Louis, K. O. S., Hinzman, A. R., & Hull, F. M. (1985). Studies of cluttering: Disfluency and language measures in young possible clutterers and stutterers. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 10(3), 151-172. https://doi.org/10.1016/0094-730X(85)90008-7
  • St. Louis, K. O., & Myers, F. L. (1995). Clinical management of cluttering. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 26(2), 187-195. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.2602.187
  • St. Louis, K. O., Raphael, L. J., Myers, F. L., ve Bakker, K. (2003). Cluttering updated. The ASHA Leader, 8(21), 4-22. https://doi.org/10.1044/leader.FTR1.08212003.4
  • St. Louis, K. O., Myers, F. L., Faragasso, K., Townsend, P. S., ve Gallaher, A. J. (2004). Perceptual aspects of cluttered speech. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 29(3), 213–235. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2004.07.002
  • St. Louis, K. O., & Schulte, K. (2011). Defining cluttering: The lowest common denominator. D. Ward & K. S. Scott (Eds.), Cluttering. A handbook of research, intervention and education (pp.233–253). Psychology Press.
  • Thacker, R., & De Nil, L. (1996). Neurogenic cluttering. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 21 (3-4), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0094-730X(96)00025-3
  • Tiger, R. J., Irvine, T. L., & Reis, R. P. (1980). Cluttering as a complex of learning disabilities. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 11(1), 3-14. https://doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461.1101.03
  • Van Borsel, J., & Vandermeulen, A. (2008). Cluttering in Down syndrome. Folia Phoniatrica et Logopaedica, 60 (6), 312–317. https://doi.org/10.1159/000170081
  • Van Zaalen-Op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., ve Dejonckere, P. H. (2009a). Differential diagnostic characteristics between cluttering and stuttering – Part one. Journal of Fluency Disorders, 34(3), 137– 154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2009.07.001
  • Van Zaalen-Op’t Hof, Y., Wijnen, F., ve Dejonckere, P. (2009b). Language planning disturbances in children who clutter or have learning disabilities. International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology, 11(6), 496–508. https://doi.org/10.3109/17549500903137249
  • Van Zaalen-Op ‘T Hof, Y., & Dejonckere, P. H. (2010). Cluttering: A language-based fluency disorder. Paper presented on the First Online Cluttering Conference. https://www.mnsu.edu/comdis/ica1/papers/yvonne1c.html alınmıştır (Erişim tarihi: 16.01.2021).
  • Van Zaalen, Y., & Reichel, I. K. (2014). Cluttering treatment: Theoretical considerations and intervention planning. Perspectives on Global Issues in Communication Sciences and Related Disorders, 4(2), 57-62. https://doi.org/10.1044/gics4.2.57
  • Ward, D. (2006). Stuttering and cluttering: frameworks for understanding and treatment. Psychology Press.
  • Ward, D., & Scott, K. S. (2011). Cluttering: A handbook of research, intervention and education. Psychology Press.
  • Ward, D., Connally, E. L., Pliatsikas, C., Bretherton-Furness, J., ve Watkins, K. E. (2015). The neurological underpinnings of cluttering: Some initial findings. Journal of fluency disorders, 43, 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfludis.2014.12.003
  • Weiss, D. (1964). Cluttering. Prentice-Hall.
  • Weiss, D. A. (1968). Cluttering: Central language imbalance. Pediatric Clinics of North America, 15 (3), 705–720. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-3955(16)32171-X
Toplam 48 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sağlık Kurumları Yönetimi
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Evrim Gerçek

Ahsen Erim 0000-0002-3191-6236

Merve Sapmaz Atalar 0000-0003-2556-1026

İrem Özkaraalp 0000-0003-2884-7441

Beyza Pehlivan 0000-0001-6880-8557

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 4 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Gerçek, E., Erim, A., Sapmaz Atalar, M., Özkaraalp, İ., vd. (2021). Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(3), 362-379.
AMA Gerçek E, Erim A, Sapmaz Atalar M, Özkaraalp İ, Pehlivan B. Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması. DKYAD. Aralık 2021;4(3):362-379.
Chicago Gerçek, Evrim, Ahsen Erim, Merve Sapmaz Atalar, İrem Özkaraalp, ve Beyza Pehlivan. “Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması”. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 4, sy. 3 (Aralık 2021): 362-79.
EndNote Gerçek E, Erim A, Sapmaz Atalar M, Özkaraalp İ, Pehlivan B (01 Aralık 2021) Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 4 3 362–379.
IEEE E. Gerçek, A. Erim, M. Sapmaz Atalar, İ. Özkaraalp, ve B. Pehlivan, “Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması”, DKYAD, c. 4, sy. 3, ss. 362–379, 2021.
ISNAD Gerçek, Evrim vd. “Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması”. Dil Konuşma ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi 4/3 (Aralık 2021), 362-379.
JAMA Gerçek E, Erim A, Sapmaz Atalar M, Özkaraalp İ, Pehlivan B. Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması. DKYAD. 2021;4:362–379.
MLA Gerçek, Evrim vd. “Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması”. Dil Konuşma Ve Yutma Araştırmaları Dergisi, c. 4, sy. 3, 2021, ss. 362-79.
Vancouver Gerçek E, Erim A, Sapmaz Atalar M, Özkaraalp İ, Pehlivan B. Hızlı Bozuk Konuşma Üzerine Bir İnceleme Çalışması. DKYAD. 2021;4(3):362-79.