Potential role of conventional mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 4 Sayı: 1, 1 - 7, 28.02.2022

A.f.m. Shakilur Rahman Tamiral Jannat

Öz

Lots of people use mouthwashes to combat oral microorganisms. Current research has recommended that the throat and salivary glands are significant places of viral replication and spread during initial COVID-19 illness, implying that mouthwashes should be employed. The closeness to the patient throughout oral and dental procedures, heavy production of aerosol, and existence of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva indicate the oral cavity is a likely means of spread. To minimize the quantity of pathogenic viruses in aerosols as well as droplets throughout dental procedures, mouthwashes such as chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX), povidone-iodine (PVP-I), and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have been advocated. There is very little clinical data that mouthwashes help avert the SARS-CoV-2. This article intends to deliver a thorough review of the latest suggestions on the application of oral rinses against the COVID-19 disease outbreak and to outline the pros and cons of the most commonly used mouthwashes during routine dental procedures.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Corona Virus, Dental Procedures, Mouthwash, SARS-CoV-2.

Destekleyen Kurum

Nothing

Proje Numarası

Nothing

Teşekkür

Kind regards

Diş hekimliğinde COVID-19'a karşı geleneksel ağız gargaralarının potansiyel rolü

Öz

Birçok insan ağızdaki mikroorganizmalarla savaşmak için gargara kullanır. Mevcut araştırmalar, boğaz ve tükürük bezlerinin viral replikasyonun önemli yerleri olduğunu ve ilk COVID-19 hastalığı sırasında yayıldığını, gargaraların kullanılması gerektiğini ima etti. Ağız ve diş prosedürleri sırasında hastaya yakınlık, ağır aerosol üretimi ve tükürükte SARS-CoV-2'nin varlığı, ağız boşluğunun olası bir yayılma yolu olduğunu gösterir. Dental prosedürler boyunca aerosollerdeki ve damlacıklardaki patojenik virüslerin miktarını en aza indirmek için klorheksidin glukonat (CHX), povidon-iyodin (PVP-I) ve hidrojen peroksit (H2O2) gibi gargaralar savunulmaktadır. Gargaraların SARS-CoV-2'yi önlemeye yardımcı olduğuna dair çok az klinik veri var. Bu makale, COVID-19 hastalığı salgınına karşı ağız gargaralarının uygulanmasına ilişkin en son önerilerin kapsamlı bir incelemesini sunmayı ve rutin ağız ve diş prosedürleri sırasında en sık kullanılan gargaraların artılarını ve eksilerini özetlemeyi amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

COVID-19, Corona Virüsü, Diş Prosedürleri, Gargara, SARS-CoV-2.

Proje Numarası

Nothing

Kaynakça

• Spagnuolo G, De Vito D, Rengo S, Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An overview on dentistry. Int J Env Res Pub Health 2020; 17(6):E2094.
• Merad M, Martin JC. Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages. Nat Rev Immunol 2020; 20(06):1–8.
• Chan J, Yuan S, Kok K, To K, Chu H, Yang J, et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: a study of a family cluster. The Lancet 2020; 395(10223):514-23.
• Kosutic D, Uglesic V, Perkovic D, Persic Z, Solman L, Lupi-Ferandin S, et al. Preoperative antiseptics in clean/contaminated maxillofacial and oral surgery: prospective randomized study. Int J Oral Max Surg 2009; 38(2):160-5.
• Marui VC, Souto MLS, Rovai ES, et al. Efficacy of preprocedural mouth rinses in the reduction of microorganisms in aerosol: a systematic review. J Am Dent Assoc 2019; 150: 1015–26, e1.
• Peng X, Xu X, Li Y, Cheng L, Zhou X, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12(1):1-6.
• Ather A, Patel B, Ruparel N, Diogenes A, Hargreaves K. Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19): Implications for clinical dental care. J Endodon 2020; 46(5):584-95.
• Walls A, Park Y, Tortorici M, Wall A, McGuire A, Veesler D. Structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein. Cell 2020; 181(2):281-292.e6.
• Chen Y, Guo Y, Pan Y, Zhao Z. Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 525(1): 135–40.
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, Peng J, Dan H, Zeng X, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci 2020; 12(1):1-5.
• Hamming I, Timens W, Bulthuis M, Lely A, Navis G, van Goor H. Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis. J Path 2004; 203(2):631-7.
• Kelly N, Nic Íomhair A, McKenna G. Can oral rinses play a role in preventing transmission of Covid 19 infection?. Evid Bas Dent 2020; 21(2):42-3. Yoon J, Yoon J, Song J, Yoon S, Lim C, Seong H, et al. Clinical significance of a high SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the saliva. J Kor Medical Sci 2020; 35(20):1-6.
• Gupta S, Mohindra R, Chauhan P, Singla V, Goyal K, Sahni V, et al. SARS-CoV-2 detection in gingival crevicular fluid. J Dent Res 2020; 100(2):187-93.
• Vergara-Buenaventura A, Castro-Ruiz C. Use of mouthwashes against COVID-19 in dentistry. Br J Oral Max Surg 2020; 58(8):924-7.
• O’Donnell V, Thomas D, Stanton R, Maillard J, Murphy R, Jones S, et al. Potential role of oral rinses targeting the viral lipid envelope in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Function 2020; 1(1). zqaa002.
• Meister T, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Conzelmann C, Müller J, Groß R, et al. Virucidal efficacy of different oral rinses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Infect Disea 2020; 222(8):1289-92.
• Siggia S. The Chemistry of Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Iodine**General Aniline and Film Corporation, Easton, Pa. J Am Pharma Assoc (Scientific ed) 1957; 46(3):201-4.
• Joress S. A study of disinfection of the skin. Ann Surg 1962; 155(2):296-304.
• Kanagalingam J, Amtha R. Povidone-iodine in dental and oral health: a narrative review. J Int Oral Health 2020; 12(5):407-12.
• Ader A, Paul T, Reinhardt W, Safran M, Pino S, McArthur W, et al. Effect of mouth rinsing with two polyvinylpyrrolidone-Iodine mixtures on iodine absorption and thyroid function. J Clin Endoc Met 1988; 66(3):632-5.
• Tsuda S, Soutome S, Hayashida S, Funahara M, Yanamoto S, Umeda M. Topical povidone iodine inhibits bacterial growth in the oral cavity of patients on mechanical ventilation: a randomized controlled study. BMC Oral Health 2020; 20(1):62.
• Nagatake T, Ahmed K, Oishi K. Prevention of respiratory infections by povidone-iodine gargle. Dermatology 2002; 204(Suppl. 1):32–6.
• Sriwilaijaroen N, Wilairat P, Hiramatsu H, Takahashi T, Suzuki T, Ito M, et al. Mechanisms of the action of povidone-iodine against human and avian influenza A viruses: its effects on hemagglutination and sialidase activities. Vir J 2009; 6(1):124-33.
• Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I. Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents. Dermatology 2006; 212(Suppl. 1):119–23.
• Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn J. Rapid and effective virucidal activity of povidone-iodine products agains Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). Inf Dis Ther 2015; 4(4):491–501.
• Eggers M, Koburger-Janssen T, Eickmann M, Zorn J. In vitro bactericidal and virucidal efficacy of Povidone-Iodine gargle/ mouthwash against respiratory and oral tract pathogens. Inf Dis Ther 2018; 7(2):249–59.
• Hassandarvish P, Tiong V, Mohamed N, Arumugam H, Ananthanarayanan A, Qasuri M, et al. In vitro virucidal activity of povidone iodine gargle and mouthwash against SARS-CoV-2: implications for dental practice. British Dental Journal. 2020; 228(12):900.
• Prevention of hospital-acquired pneumonia (strategies for prevention of hospital-acquired infections). Respirology 2004; 9(s1):S48-S50.
• Bidra A, Pelletier J, Westover J, Frank S, Brown S, Tessema B. Comparison of in vitro inactivation of SARS CoV‐2 with hydrogen peroxide and povidone‐iodine oral antiseptic rinses. J Prostho 2020; 29(7):599-603.
• Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown S, Tessema B. Povidone-iodine use in sinonasal and oral cavities: a review of safety in the COVID-19 era. Ear, Nose & Throat Journal 2020; 99(9):586-93.
• Haydari M, Bardakci AG, Koldsland OC, Aass A, Sandvik L, Preus H. Comparing the effect of 0.06%, 0.12% and 0.2% Chlorhexidine on plaque, bleeding and side effects in an experimental gingivitis model: a parallel group, double masked randomized clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2017; 17(1):118.
• Houston S, Hougland P, Anderson J, LaRocco M, Kennedy V, Gentry L. Effectiveness of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse in reducing prevalence of nosocomial pneumonia in patients undergoing heart surgery. Am J Critic Car 2002; 11(6):567-70.
• Karpiński T, Szkaradkiewicz A. Chlorhexidine–pharmaco- biological activity and application. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 2015; 19(7):1321–6.
• Prasad M, Satish K, Bhowmik N, Reddy S, Kaul S, Kakarala S. Efficacy of 0.2% tempered chlorhexidine as a pre-procedural mouth rinse: A clinical study. J Ind Soc Periodont 2012; 16(2):213.
• Herrera D. Chlorhexidine mouthwash reduces plaque and gingivitis. Evid Bas Dent 2013; 14(1):17-8.
• Moosavi M, Aminishakib P, Ansari M. Antiviral mouthwashes: possible benefit for COVID-19 with evidence-based approach. J Oral Micro 2020; 12(1):1794363.
• Bernstein D, Schiff G, Echler G, Prince A, Feller M, Briner W. In vitro virucidal effectiveness of a 0.12%-chlorhexidine gluconate mouthrinse. J Dent Res 1990; 69(3):874-6.
• Li R, Leung K, Sun F, Samaranayake LP. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: implications for GDPs. Br Dent J 2004; 197(3):130–4.
• Baqui A, Kelley J, Jabra-Rizk M, DePaola L, Falkler W, Meiller T. In vitro effect of oral antiseptics on human immunodeficiency virus-1 and herpes simplex virus type 1. J Clin Periodont 2001; 28(7):610-6.
• Marshall M, Cancro L, Fischman S. Hydrogen peroxide: a review of its use in dentistry. J Periodont 1995; 66(9):786-96.
• Walsh L. Safety issues relating to the use of hydrogen peroxide in dentistry. Aust Dent J 2000; 45(4):257-69.
• Mentel' R, Shirrmakher R, Kevich A, Dreĭzin RS, Shmidt I. Virus inactivation by hydrogen peroxide. Vop Viruso 1977; 6:731-733.
• Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. J Hosp Infect 2020; 104:246–51.
• Caruso A, Del Prete A, Lazzarino A. Hydrogen peroxide and viral infections: A literature review with research hypothesis definition in relation to the current covid-19 pandemic. Med Hypoth 2020; 144:109910.