Araştırma Makalesi
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Transhümanizm ve Öjenik Arasındaki İlişki: Felsefi Bir Araştırma

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 28 , 51 - 66 , 03.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF

Öz

Transhümanizm, insanın biyolojik ve bilişsel sınırlarını teknoloji aracılığıyla aşma idealini savunan bir düşünce akımıdır. Öjenik ise insan türünü “iyileştirme” amacıyla seçici üreme ve genetik müdahaleler öneren tarihsel bir harekettir. Bu makalede, transhümanizm ile öjenik arasındaki ilişki tarihsel ve felsefi boyutlarıyla incelenecektir. Öncelikle, her iki yaklaşımın tarihsel arka planı ele alınacak; ardından transhümanizmin öjenik mirası değerlendirilecektir. Transhümanizmin zorlayıcı devlet politikalarını reddederek bireysel özgürlük ve teknolojik ilerlemeyi önemsediği, ancak insanın genetik ve fiziksel yetilerini geliştirme hedefi bakımından “yeni bir öjenik” anlayışıyla kesişebileceği ortaya konulacaktır. Son olarak felsefi ve etik açıdan her iki yaklaşımın ilişkisi irdelenecek ve insan doğasının değiştirilmesinin ahlaki sonuçları, insan onuru ve eşitlik ilkesi üzerindeki etkileri ele alınacaktır. Bu değerlendirme, transhümanizmin bir felsefi akım olarak öjenikten hangi yönleriyle ayrıldığı ve hangi yönleriyle onun mirasını taşıdığı konusunda bir bilinç oluşturmayı amaçlamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Agar, N. (1998). Liberal eugenics. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12(2), 137–155.
  • Annas, G. J., Andrews, L. B., & Isasi, R. M. (2002). Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28(2–3), 151–178.
  • Bailey, R. (2004). Transhumanism: The most dangerous idea. Why striving to be more than human is human “, Reason, 25.
  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), 1–31.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005a). “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005b). “A History of Transhumanist Thought.” Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and Other Evils. London: Cassell.
  • Dürr, O. (2023, August 30). Transhumanism: eugenics for the digital age. Centre for Cultural Witness. Retrieved from https://www.seenandunseen.com/transhumanism-eugenics-digital-age.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism: The World’s Most Dangerous Idea. Foreign Policy, 144, 42-43.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press.
  • Huxley, J. (1957). “Transhumanism.” New Bottles for New Wine, 13-17. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Harris, J. (2007). Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton University Press.
  • Kass, L. R. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Mendz, G. L., & Cook, M. (2021). Transhumanist genetic enhancement: Creation of a ‘new man’ through technological innovation. The New Bioethics, 27(2), 105–126.
  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.
  • Platon. (2016). Devlet (F. Akderin, Trans.). Say Yayınları.
  • Sandel, M. (2004). The Case Against Perfection. The Atlantic Monthly. (Erişim: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/).
  • Sandel, M. J. (2007). The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Uyumaz, A., & Avcı, Y. (2016). Türk hukukunda gebeliğin sonlandırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 579-638.
  • Wilkinson, S., & Garrard, E. (2013). Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction. Keele, UK: Keele University (Discussion Paper).
  • “Transhumanism: Eugenics for the Digital Age” (2020) – Seen & Unseen blog article .

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 28 , 51 - 66 , 03.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agar, N. (1998). Liberal eugenics. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12(2), 137–155.
  • Annas, G. J., Andrews, L. B., & Isasi, R. M. (2002). Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28(2–3), 151–178.
  • Bailey, R. (2004). Transhumanism: The most dangerous idea. Why striving to be more than human is human “, Reason, 25.
  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), 1–31.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005a). “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005b). “A History of Transhumanist Thought.” Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and Other Evils. London: Cassell.
  • Dürr, O. (2023, August 30). Transhumanism: eugenics for the digital age. Centre for Cultural Witness. Retrieved from https://www.seenandunseen.com/transhumanism-eugenics-digital-age.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism: The World’s Most Dangerous Idea. Foreign Policy, 144, 42-43.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press.
  • Huxley, J. (1957). “Transhumanism.” New Bottles for New Wine, 13-17. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Harris, J. (2007). Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton University Press.
  • Kass, L. R. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Mendz, G. L., & Cook, M. (2021). Transhumanist genetic enhancement: Creation of a ‘new man’ through technological innovation. The New Bioethics, 27(2), 105–126.
  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.
  • Platon. (2016). Devlet (F. Akderin, Trans.). Say Yayınları.
  • Sandel, M. (2004). The Case Against Perfection. The Atlantic Monthly. (Erişim: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/).
  • Sandel, M. J. (2007). The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Uyumaz, A., & Avcı, Y. (2016). Türk hukukunda gebeliğin sonlandırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 579-638.
  • Wilkinson, S., & Garrard, E. (2013). Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction. Keele, UK: Keele University (Discussion Paper).
  • “Transhumanism: Eugenics for the Digital Age” (2020) – Seen & Unseen blog article .

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 28 , 51 - 66 , 03.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agar, N. (1998). Liberal eugenics. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12(2), 137–155.
  • Annas, G. J., Andrews, L. B., & Isasi, R. M. (2002). Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28(2–3), 151–178.
  • Bailey, R. (2004). Transhumanism: The most dangerous idea. Why striving to be more than human is human “, Reason, 25.
  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), 1–31.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005a). “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005b). “A History of Transhumanist Thought.” Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and Other Evils. London: Cassell.
  • Dürr, O. (2023, August 30). Transhumanism: eugenics for the digital age. Centre for Cultural Witness. Retrieved from https://www.seenandunseen.com/transhumanism-eugenics-digital-age.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism: The World’s Most Dangerous Idea. Foreign Policy, 144, 42-43.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press.
  • Huxley, J. (1957). “Transhumanism.” New Bottles for New Wine, 13-17. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Harris, J. (2007). Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton University Press.
  • Kass, L. R. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Mendz, G. L., & Cook, M. (2021). Transhumanist genetic enhancement: Creation of a ‘new man’ through technological innovation. The New Bioethics, 27(2), 105–126.
  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.
  • Platon. (2016). Devlet (F. Akderin, Trans.). Say Yayınları.
  • Sandel, M. (2004). The Case Against Perfection. The Atlantic Monthly. (Erişim: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/).
  • Sandel, M. J. (2007). The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Uyumaz, A., & Avcı, Y. (2016). Türk hukukunda gebeliğin sonlandırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 579-638.
  • Wilkinson, S., & Garrard, E. (2013). Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction. Keele, UK: Keele University (Discussion Paper).
  • “Transhumanism: Eugenics for the Digital Age” (2020) – Seen & Unseen blog article .

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 28 , 51 - 66 , 03.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Agar, N. (1998). Liberal eugenics. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12(2), 137–155.
  • Annas, G. J., Andrews, L. B., & Isasi, R. M. (2002). Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28(2–3), 151–178.
  • Bailey, R. (2004). Transhumanism: The most dangerous idea. Why striving to be more than human is human “, Reason, 25.
  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), 1–31.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005a). “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005b). “A History of Transhumanist Thought.” Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and Other Evils. London: Cassell.
  • Dürr, O. (2023, August 30). Transhumanism: eugenics for the digital age. Centre for Cultural Witness. Retrieved from https://www.seenandunseen.com/transhumanism-eugenics-digital-age.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism: The World’s Most Dangerous Idea. Foreign Policy, 144, 42-43.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press.
  • Huxley, J. (1957). “Transhumanism.” New Bottles for New Wine, 13-17. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Harris, J. (2007). Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton University Press.
  • Kass, L. R. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Mendz, G. L., & Cook, M. (2021). Transhumanist genetic enhancement: Creation of a ‘new man’ through technological innovation. The New Bioethics, 27(2), 105–126.
  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.
  • Platon. (2016). Devlet (F. Akderin, Trans.). Say Yayınları.
  • Sandel, M. (2004). The Case Against Perfection. The Atlantic Monthly. (Erişim: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/).
  • Sandel, M. J. (2007). The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Uyumaz, A., & Avcı, Y. (2016). Türk hukukunda gebeliğin sonlandırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 579-638.
  • Wilkinson, S., & Garrard, E. (2013). Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction. Keele, UK: Keele University (Discussion Paper).
  • “Transhumanism: Eugenics for the Digital Age” (2020) – Seen & Unseen blog article .

The Relationship Between Transhumanism and Eugenics: A Philosophical Inquiry

Yıl 2026, Sayı: 28 , 51 - 66 , 03.03.2026
https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF

Öz

Transhumanism is an intellectual movement that advocates the ideal of transcending human biological and cognitive limitations through technology. Eugenics, on the other hand, is a historical movement that sought to “improve” the human species through selective reproduction and genetic interventions. This article examines the relationship between transhumanism and eugenics from both historical and philosophical perspectives. First, the historical background of each approach will be discussed; subsequently, the eugenic legacy of transhumanism will be evaluated. It will be argued that while transhumanism rejects coercive state policies in favor of individual freedom and technological progress, it nevertheless converges with a “new eugenics” in its pursuit of enhancing human genetic and physical capacities. Finally, the philosophical and ethical dimensions of both approaches will be explored, particularly focusing on the moral consequences of altering human nature and their implications for human dignity and the principle of equality. This analysis aims to develop an awareness of the ways in which transhumanism, as a philosophical movement, both diverges from and inherits aspects of eugenics.

Kaynakça

  • Agar, N. (1998). Liberal eugenics. Public Affairs Quarterly, 12(2), 137–155.
  • Annas, G. J., Andrews, L. B., & Isasi, R. M. (2002). Protecting the endangered human: Toward an international treaty prohibiting cloning and inheritable alterations. American Journal of Law & Medicine, 28(2–3), 151–178.
  • Bailey, R. (2004). Transhumanism: The most dangerous idea. Why striving to be more than human is human “, Reason, 25.
  • Bostrom, N. (2002). Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios and Related Hazards. Journal of Evolution and Technology, 9(1), 1–31.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005a). “In Defense of Posthuman Dignity.” Bioethics, 19(3), 202-214.
  • Bostrom, N. (2005b). “A History of Transhumanist Thought.” Journal of Evolution and Technology, 14(1), 1-25.
  • Chesterton, G. K. (1922). Eugenics and Other Evils. London: Cassell.
  • Dürr, O. (2023, August 30). Transhumanism: eugenics for the digital age. Centre for Cultural Witness. Retrieved from https://www.seenandunseen.com/transhumanism-eugenics-digital-age.
  • Fukuyama, F. (2004). Transhumanism: The World’s Most Dangerous Idea. Foreign Policy, 144, 42-43.
  • Galton, F. (1883). Inquiries into human faculty and its development. London: Macmillan and Co.
  • Habermas, J. (2003). The Future of Human Nature. Polity Press.
  • Huxley, J. (1957). “Transhumanism.” New Bottles for New Wine, 13-17. London: Chatto & Windus.
  • Harris, J. (2007). Enhancing Evolution: The Ethical Case for Making Better People. Princeton University Press.
  • Kass, L. R. (2003). Beyond Therapy: Biotechnology and the Pursuit of Happiness. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Mendz, G. L., & Cook, M. (2021). Transhumanist genetic enhancement: Creation of a ‘new man’ through technological innovation. The New Bioethics, 27(2), 105–126.
  • More, M. (1990). Transhumanism: Toward a futurist philosophy. Extropy, 6, 6–12.
  • Platon. (2016). Devlet (F. Akderin, Trans.). Say Yayınları.
  • Sandel, M. (2004). The Case Against Perfection. The Atlantic Monthly. (Erişim: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-perfection/302927/).
  • Sandel, M. J. (2007). The Case Against Perfection: Ethics in the Age of Genetic Engineering. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Uyumaz, A., & Avcı, Y. (2016). Türk hukukunda gebeliğin sonlandırılması. İnönü Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 7(1), 579-638.
  • Wilkinson, S., & Garrard, E. (2013). Eugenics and the Ethics of Selective Reproduction. Keele, UK: Keele University (Discussion Paper).
  • “Transhumanism: Eugenics for the Digital Age” (2020) – Seen & Unseen blog article .
Toplam 22 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular 20. Yüzyıl Felsefesi, 21. Yüzyıl Felsefesi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Nihat Durmaz 0000-0002-9633-2282

Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 21 Aralık 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 3 Mart 2026
IZ https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Sayı: 28

Kaynak Göster

APA Durmaz, N. (2026). Transhümanizm ve Öjenik Arasındaki İlişki: Felsefi Bir Araştırma. Dört Öge, 28, 51-66. https://izlik.org/JA94NG54KF