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KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 3, 25 - 34, 15.06.2019

Öz

Siliyatlar en homojen ve tür çeşitliliği en fazla olan protist grubudur. Çoğu siliyat türü denizel, tatlısu ve karasal habitatlarda serbest yaşarlar. Bununla birlikte simbiyont olarak yaşayanları da mevcuttur. Simbiyotik türler zorunlu parazitlik ve kommensallikten fırsatçı, fakültatif formlara kadar çeşitlilik gösterirler. Siliyatlar balıklarda direkt olarak hastalığa sebep oldukları gibi, bakteri ve fungus gibi balık patojenleri aracılığıyla da balık sağlığını dolaylı olarak etkilerler. Ülkemizde son yıllarda kültür balıkçılığı ile gerek hobi niteliğinde gerekse gezme görme ve eğitim amaçlı olmak üzere, akvaryum balıkçılığı oldukça hızlı bir gelişim göstermiştir. Balık populasyon yoğunluğu yüksek olan akvaryumlar ve balık çiftliklerinde simbiyotik siliyatların neden olduğu hastalıklar da yaygınlaşmakta ve önemli kayıplara neden olmaktadır. Siliyatların balıklarla etkileşimleri sadece hastalık düzeyinde değildir. Sucul besin ağının önemli elemanlarıdır. Ayrıca balık kültürlerinde su kalitesinin değerlendirilmesi noktasında, biyolojik indikatörler olma potansiyeline sahiptirler. Bu derleme çalışma balık-siliyat arasındaki ilişkilere, özellikle simbiyotik ilişkinin bir parçası olan fırsatçı patojen siliyatlara dikkat çekmek amacıyla hazırlanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Baki, A.-A.S., Gewik, M. M., Al-Quraishy, S. (2014). “First records of Ambiphrya and Vorticella spp. (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the central region of Saudi Arabia”. Saudi J Biol Sci, 21, 520-523.
  • Abowei, J. F. N., Briyai, O F., Bassey S.E. (2011). “A review of some basic parasite diseases in culture fisheries flagellids, dinoflagellides and ichthyophthriasis, chtyobodiasis, coccidiosis, trichodiniasis, helminthiasis, Hirudinea infestation, crustacean parasite and ciliates”. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2, 213-226.
  • Azevedo, R. K., Brandão, H., Abdallah, V. D., Silva, R. J. (2014). “First record of an epibiont protozoan Epistylis sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) attached to Ergasilus chelangulatus (Ergasilidae) in Brazil”. Braz. J. Biol., 74, 460-463.
  • Basson, L. & Van As, J. G. (1987). “Trichodinid (Ciliophora; Peritricha) gill parsites of freshwater fish in South Africa”. Systematic Parasitology, 9, 143-151.
  • Brabrand, Å., Bakke, T. A., Faafeng, B. A. (1994). “The ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and the abudance of roach (Rutilus rutilus): larval fish epidemics in relation to host behaviour”. Fisheries Research, 20, 49-61.
  • Bulgurluoğlu, S. Y. (2014). “Bazı akvaryum balıkları (Cichlidae ve Poecilidae)’nda rastlanılan ektoparaziter enfestasyonların araştırılması”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, T.C. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Corliss, J. O. (2000). “Biodiversity, Classification, and Numbers of Species of Protists”, In: Raven PH, Willams T (eds) Nature and Human society. The quest for a sustainable world. National Academy Press, Washington, USA.
  • Curds, C. R. (1992). “Protozoa and The Water Industry”. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Diamant, A. (1998). “Brooklynella hostilis (Hartmannulidae), a pathogenic ciliate from the gills of maricultured sea bream”. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol, 18: 33-36.
  • Dickerson, H. W. & Clark, T. G. (1996). “İmmune response of fishes to ciliates”. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 6, 107-120.
  • Dörücü, M. & Mutlu, N. (2008). “Paraziter balık hastalıkları ve ilaçla tedavileri”. Natural and Applied Sciences, 3, 372-380.
  • Durborow, R. M. (2003). “Protozoan Parasites. SRAC Publication No: 4701”. Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Starkville, USA.
  • Edgerton B., O’Donoghue, P., Wingfield, M., Owens, L. (1996). “Systemic infection of freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus by hymenostome ciliates of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex”. Dis Aquat Org, 27, 123-126.
  • Foissner, W., Chao, A., Katz, L. A. (2007). “Diversity and geographic distribution of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora)”. Journal Biodiversitiy and Conservation, 17, 345-363.
  • Ghoneim, W., Khalil, R. H., Saad, T. T., Tanekhy, M., Abdel-Latif, H. M. R. (2015). “Ectoparasite fauna of cultured African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), El-Behera Province, Egypt”. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3, 19-22.
  • Gomes, G. B., Jerry, D. R., Miller, T. L., Hutson, K. S. (2016). “Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in fresh water fish aquaculture”. Journal of Fish Diseases, 1-13.
  • Gong, J. & Song,, W. (2006). “Description of a new marine cyrtophorid ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from the China Sea with a new definition of the genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)”. Zootaxa, 1113, 41-49.
  • Göçmen, B. (2000). “Genel Parazitoloji. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi, No: 168”. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Helfman, G. (2007). “Fish conservation: A guide to understanding and restoring global aquatic biodiversity and fishery resources”. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Khalil, B. (2010). “Histopathology of skin of some fishes of family Sciaenidae from Karachi Coast”, PhD Martin Thesis, Department of Zoology, Jnnah, Universitiy for Women, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Kılıçerkan, M. & Çek, Ş. (2011). “Hatay ilçelerindeki akvaryum işletmelerinin genel profili’nin çıkarılması üzerine bir araştırma”. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 1: 77-82.
  • Klinger RE, Floyd RF (2013). “Introduction to freshwater fish parasites”. University of Florida, CIR716. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu (01.02.2019).
  • Li, M., Wang, J., Zhu, D., Gu, Z. (2008). “Study of Apiosoma piscicola (Blanchard 1885) occurring on fry of freshwater fishes in Hongze, China with consideration of the genus Apiosoma”. Parasitology Research, 102, 931-7.
  • Lom, J. & Nigrelli, R. F. (1970). “Brooklynella hostilis n. g., n. sp., A pathogenic cyrtophorine ciliate in marine fishes”. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 17, 224-232.34
  • Lynn, D. H. (2008). “The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification, and gide to the literatüre”. Springer, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
  • Lynn, D. H., Gransden, S. G., Wright, A-D., Josephson, G. (2000). “Characterization of a new species of the ciliate Tetrahymena (Ciliophora: Oligohymenophorea) isolated from the urine of a dog: first report of Tetrahymena from a mammal.” Acta Protozool, 39, 289 – 294.
  • Lynn, D. H. & Small, E. B. (2000). Phylum Ciliophora, Doflein, 1901. J. J. Lee, G. F. Leedale, P. C. Bradbury (Editors), An illustrated guide to the protozoa Vol 1. Kansas, USA: Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence.
  • Maleky, F. (1998). “Case report of Balantidium coli in human from south of Tehran, Iran”. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5, 201-2.
  • Martins, M..L., Cardoso, L., Marchiori, N., Pádua, S.B. (2015). “Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis”. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, 24, 1-20.
  • Martins, M. L, Marchiori, N., Roumbedakis, K., Lami, F (2012). “Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 and Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 from ornamental freshwater fishes in Brazil”. Braz. J. Biol, 72, 281-286.
  • Nematollahi, A., Jaberi, S., Ashrafi Helan, J., Sheikhzadeh, N. (2016). “Histopathological study on parasites in freshwater ornamental fishes in Iran”. J. Parasit. Dis., 4, 756–759.
  • Nielsen T. G. & Kiørboe T. (1994). “Regulation of zooplankton biomass and production in a temperate, coastal ecosystem”. 2. Ciliates. Limnology and Oceanography, 39, 508–519.
  • Öktener, A., Yalçın, M., Koçyiğit, E. (2004). “Türkiye’deki balıklarda kaydedilen protozoon parazitler”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5, 297-305.
  • Öztürk, T., Özer, Ö., Ünsal, G. (2010). “Ichthyophthirius multifiliis üzerine bazı terapötiklerin in vitro etkisi”. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 4, 209-215.
  • Pádua, S. B., Martins, B. L., Carrijo-Mauadc, J. R., Ishikawa, M. M., Jerônimo, G. T., Dias-Netoa, J., Pilarski,
  • F. (2013). “First record of Chilodonella hexasticha (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) in Brazilian cultured fish: A morphological and pathological assessment”. Veterinary Parasitology 191, 154–160.
  • Pádua, S. B., Martins, B. L., Valladāo, M. R., Utz, L., Zara, F. J., Ishikawa, M. M., Andrade Belo, M. A. (2016). “Hostparasite relationship during Epistylis sp. (Ciliophora: Epistylididae) infestation in farmed cichlid and pimelodid fish”. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., Brasilia, 51, 520-526.
  • Pinheiro, M. D. O. & Bols, N. C. (2013). “Use of cell cultures to study the interactions of ciliates with fish”. Springer Sciences Reviews, 1, 95-113.
  • Rowland, S. J., Ingram, B. A., Prokop, R. B. (1991). “Suspected cysts of the protozoan parasite Chiodonella hexasticha”. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 11, 159-161.
  • Samuel, F. (2016). “Opportunistic parasitism: parasitic association with the host that has compromised immune system”. J Bacteriol Parasitol., 7, 261.
  • Shin, S. P., Han, J. E., Gomez, D. K., Kim, J. H., Choresca, C. H., Jun, J. W., Park, S. C. (2011). “Identification of scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi from indo-pacific seahorses Hippocampus kuda”. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 738-741.
  • Smit, N. J., Malherbe, W., Hadfield, K. A. (2017). “Alien freshwater fish parasites from South Africa: diversity, distribution, status and the way forward”. International Journal for Prasitology: parasites and wildlife, 6, 386-401.
  • Şenler, N. G., Bıyık, H., Yıldız, İ. (1999). “A study of the relationships between microfauna and water quality in biological sewage-treatment plant of Yüzüncü Yıl Unuversity in Van”. Bio-Science Research Bulletin, 15, 37-47.
  • Turgut, E. & Özgül, G. (2009). “Sucul ekosistemin izlenmesinde kirlilik biyoindikatörü olarak balık parazitlerinin kullanılması”. GOÜ, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26, 13-18.
  • Xu, K., Song, W., Warren, A. (1999). “Trichodinid ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) from the gills of mariculture molluscs in China, with the descriptions of four new species of Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838”. Systematic Parasitology, 42, 229-237.
  • Xu, D-H., Shoemaker, C. R., Klesius, P. H. (2012). “Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish”. FEMS Microbial Lett, 329,160-167.

Fish-Ciliate (Protista: Ciliophora) Interactions in Aquaculture: Symbiotic and Ecological Relations

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 3, 25 - 34, 15.06.2019

Öz

The ciliates are the most homogeneous and the most diverse group of protists. Most ciliate species live free in marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats. However, there are also those living as symbiont. The symbiotic species range from obligatory parasitism and commensalism to opportunistic facultative forms. As the ciliates directly cause disease in fish, they affect fish health indirectly through fish pathogens such as bacteria and fungi. In aquariums and fish farms with high fish population density, diseases caused by symbiotic ciliates also become widespread and cause significant losses. The interaction of the ciliates with the fish is not the only disease. They are important members of aquatic food web. And they also have the potential to be biological indicators in the evaluation of water quality in fish cultures. This review is intended to draw attention to the relationships between fish-ciliate and particularly to opportunistic pathogen ciliates, which are part of the symbiotic relationship.

Kaynakça

  • Abdel-Baki, A.-A.S., Gewik, M. M., Al-Quraishy, S. (2014). “First records of Ambiphrya and Vorticella spp. (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in cultured Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in the central region of Saudi Arabia”. Saudi J Biol Sci, 21, 520-523.
  • Abowei, J. F. N., Briyai, O F., Bassey S.E. (2011). “A review of some basic parasite diseases in culture fisheries flagellids, dinoflagellides and ichthyophthriasis, chtyobodiasis, coccidiosis, trichodiniasis, helminthiasis, Hirudinea infestation, crustacean parasite and ciliates”. British Journal of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 2, 213-226.
  • Azevedo, R. K., Brandão, H., Abdallah, V. D., Silva, R. J. (2014). “First record of an epibiont protozoan Epistylis sp. (Ciliophora, Peritrichia) attached to Ergasilus chelangulatus (Ergasilidae) in Brazil”. Braz. J. Biol., 74, 460-463.
  • Basson, L. & Van As, J. G. (1987). “Trichodinid (Ciliophora; Peritricha) gill parsites of freshwater fish in South Africa”. Systematic Parasitology, 9, 143-151.
  • Brabrand, Å., Bakke, T. A., Faafeng, B. A. (1994). “The ectoparasite Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and the abudance of roach (Rutilus rutilus): larval fish epidemics in relation to host behaviour”. Fisheries Research, 20, 49-61.
  • Bulgurluoğlu, S. Y. (2014). “Bazı akvaryum balıkları (Cichlidae ve Poecilidae)’nda rastlanılan ektoparaziter enfestasyonların araştırılması”, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, T.C. Akdeniz Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Antalya, Turkey.
  • Corliss, J. O. (2000). “Biodiversity, Classification, and Numbers of Species of Protists”, In: Raven PH, Willams T (eds) Nature and Human society. The quest for a sustainable world. National Academy Press, Washington, USA.
  • Curds, C. R. (1992). “Protozoa and The Water Industry”. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
  • Diamant, A. (1998). “Brooklynella hostilis (Hartmannulidae), a pathogenic ciliate from the gills of maricultured sea bream”. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol, 18: 33-36.
  • Dickerson, H. W. & Clark, T. G. (1996). “İmmune response of fishes to ciliates”. Annual Review of Fish Diseases, 6, 107-120.
  • Dörücü, M. & Mutlu, N. (2008). “Paraziter balık hastalıkları ve ilaçla tedavileri”. Natural and Applied Sciences, 3, 372-380.
  • Durborow, R. M. (2003). “Protozoan Parasites. SRAC Publication No: 4701”. Mississippi State University, Mississippi, Starkville, USA.
  • Edgerton B., O’Donoghue, P., Wingfield, M., Owens, L. (1996). “Systemic infection of freshwater crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus by hymenostome ciliates of the Tetrahymena pyriformis complex”. Dis Aquat Org, 27, 123-126.
  • Foissner, W., Chao, A., Katz, L. A. (2007). “Diversity and geographic distribution of ciliates (Protista: Ciliophora)”. Journal Biodiversitiy and Conservation, 17, 345-363.
  • Ghoneim, W., Khalil, R. H., Saad, T. T., Tanekhy, M., Abdel-Latif, H. M. R. (2015). “Ectoparasite fauna of cultured African catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822), El-Behera Province, Egypt”. International Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Studies, 3, 19-22.
  • Gomes, G. B., Jerry, D. R., Miller, T. L., Hutson, K. S. (2016). “Current status of parasitic ciliates Chilodonella spp. (Phyllopharyngea: Chilodonellidae) in fresh water fish aquaculture”. Journal of Fish Diseases, 1-13.
  • Gong, J. & Song,, W. (2006). “Description of a new marine cyrtophorid ciliate, Brooklynella sinensis n. sp. from the China Sea with a new definition of the genus Brooklynella (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Cyrtophorida)”. Zootaxa, 1113, 41-49.
  • Göçmen, B. (2000). “Genel Parazitoloji. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Kitaplar Serisi, No: 168”. Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, Bornova-İzmir.
  • Helfman, G. (2007). “Fish conservation: A guide to understanding and restoring global aquatic biodiversity and fishery resources”. Island Press, Washington, D.C., USA.
  • Khalil, B. (2010). “Histopathology of skin of some fishes of family Sciaenidae from Karachi Coast”, PhD Martin Thesis, Department of Zoology, Jnnah, Universitiy for Women, Nazimabad, Karachi, Pakistan.
  • Kılıçerkan, M. & Çek, Ş. (2011). “Hatay ilçelerindeki akvaryum işletmelerinin genel profili’nin çıkarılması üzerine bir araştırma”. Iğdır Üni. Fen Bilimleri Enst. Der, 1: 77-82.
  • Klinger RE, Floyd RF (2013). “Introduction to freshwater fish parasites”. University of Florida, CIR716. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu (01.02.2019).
  • Li, M., Wang, J., Zhu, D., Gu, Z. (2008). “Study of Apiosoma piscicola (Blanchard 1885) occurring on fry of freshwater fishes in Hongze, China with consideration of the genus Apiosoma”. Parasitology Research, 102, 931-7.
  • Lom, J. & Nigrelli, R. F. (1970). “Brooklynella hostilis n. g., n. sp., A pathogenic cyrtophorine ciliate in marine fishes”. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 17, 224-232.34
  • Lynn, D. H. (2008). “The ciliated protozoa: characterization, classification, and gide to the literatüre”. Springer, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
  • Lynn, D. H., Gransden, S. G., Wright, A-D., Josephson, G. (2000). “Characterization of a new species of the ciliate Tetrahymena (Ciliophora: Oligohymenophorea) isolated from the urine of a dog: first report of Tetrahymena from a mammal.” Acta Protozool, 39, 289 – 294.
  • Lynn, D. H. & Small, E. B. (2000). Phylum Ciliophora, Doflein, 1901. J. J. Lee, G. F. Leedale, P. C. Bradbury (Editors), An illustrated guide to the protozoa Vol 1. Kansas, USA: Society of Protozoologists, Lawrence.
  • Maleky, F. (1998). “Case report of Balantidium coli in human from south of Tehran, Iran”. Indian Journal of Medical Sciences, 5, 201-2.
  • Martins, M..L., Cardoso, L., Marchiori, N., Pádua, S.B. (2015). “Protozoan infections in farmed fish from Brazil: diagnosis and pathogenesis”. Braz. J. Vet. Parasitol., Jaboticabal, 24, 1-20.
  • Martins, M. L, Marchiori, N., Roumbedakis, K., Lami, F (2012). “Trichodina nobilis Chen, 1963 and Trichodina reticulata Hirschmann et Partsch, 1955 from ornamental freshwater fishes in Brazil”. Braz. J. Biol, 72, 281-286.
  • Nematollahi, A., Jaberi, S., Ashrafi Helan, J., Sheikhzadeh, N. (2016). “Histopathological study on parasites in freshwater ornamental fishes in Iran”. J. Parasit. Dis., 4, 756–759.
  • Nielsen T. G. & Kiørboe T. (1994). “Regulation of zooplankton biomass and production in a temperate, coastal ecosystem”. 2. Ciliates. Limnology and Oceanography, 39, 508–519.
  • Öktener, A., Yalçın, M., Koçyiğit, E. (2004). “Türkiye’deki balıklarda kaydedilen protozoon parazitler”. Anadolu Üniversitesi Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 5, 297-305.
  • Öztürk, T., Özer, Ö., Ünsal, G. (2010). “Ichthyophthirius multifiliis üzerine bazı terapötiklerin in vitro etkisi”. Journal of Fisheries Sciences.com, 4, 209-215.
  • Pádua, S. B., Martins, B. L., Carrijo-Mauadc, J. R., Ishikawa, M. M., Jerônimo, G. T., Dias-Netoa, J., Pilarski,
  • F. (2013). “First record of Chilodonella hexasticha (Ciliophora: Chilodonellidae) in Brazilian cultured fish: A morphological and pathological assessment”. Veterinary Parasitology 191, 154–160.
  • Pádua, S. B., Martins, B. L., Valladāo, M. R., Utz, L., Zara, F. J., Ishikawa, M. M., Andrade Belo, M. A. (2016). “Hostparasite relationship during Epistylis sp. (Ciliophora: Epistylididae) infestation in farmed cichlid and pimelodid fish”. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., Brasilia, 51, 520-526.
  • Pinheiro, M. D. O. & Bols, N. C. (2013). “Use of cell cultures to study the interactions of ciliates with fish”. Springer Sciences Reviews, 1, 95-113.
  • Rowland, S. J., Ingram, B. A., Prokop, R. B. (1991). “Suspected cysts of the protozoan parasite Chiodonella hexasticha”. Bull. Eur. Ass. Fish Pathol., 11, 159-161.
  • Samuel, F. (2016). “Opportunistic parasitism: parasitic association with the host that has compromised immune system”. J Bacteriol Parasitol., 7, 261.
  • Shin, S. P., Han, J. E., Gomez, D. K., Kim, J. H., Choresca, C. H., Jun, J. W., Park, S. C. (2011). “Identification of scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi from indo-pacific seahorses Hippocampus kuda”. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 5, 738-741.
  • Smit, N. J., Malherbe, W., Hadfield, K. A. (2017). “Alien freshwater fish parasites from South Africa: diversity, distribution, status and the way forward”. International Journal for Prasitology: parasites and wildlife, 6, 386-401.
  • Şenler, N. G., Bıyık, H., Yıldız, İ. (1999). “A study of the relationships between microfauna and water quality in biological sewage-treatment plant of Yüzüncü Yıl Unuversity in Van”. Bio-Science Research Bulletin, 15, 37-47.
  • Turgut, E. & Özgül, G. (2009). “Sucul ekosistemin izlenmesinde kirlilik biyoindikatörü olarak balık parazitlerinin kullanılması”. GOÜ, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 26, 13-18.
  • Xu, K., Song, W., Warren, A. (1999). “Trichodinid ectoparasites (Ciliophora: Peritrichida) from the gills of mariculture molluscs in China, with the descriptions of four new species of Trichodina Ehrenberg, 1838”. Systematic Parasitology, 42, 229-237.
  • Xu, D-H., Shoemaker, C. R., Klesius, P. H. (2012). “Ichthyophthirius multifiliis as a potential vector of Edwardsiella ictaluri in channel catfish”. FEMS Microbial Lett, 329,160-167.
Toplam 46 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hidrobiyoloji
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Naciye Gülkız Şenler

İsmail Yıldız

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2019
Kabul Tarihi 8 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Şenler, N. G., & Yıldız, İ. (2019). KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER. Doğanın Sesi(3), 25-34.
AMA Şenler NG, Yıldız İ. KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER. Doğanın Sesi. Haziran 2019;(3):25-34.
Chicago Şenler, Naciye Gülkız, ve İsmail Yıldız. “KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK Ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER”. Doğanın Sesi, sy. 3 (Haziran 2019): 25-34.
EndNote Şenler NG, Yıldız İ (01 Haziran 2019) KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER. Doğanın Sesi 3 25–34.
IEEE N. G. Şenler ve İ. Yıldız, “KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER”, Doğanın Sesi, sy. 3, ss. 25–34, Haziran 2019.
ISNAD Şenler, Naciye Gülkız - Yıldız, İsmail. “KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK Ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER”. Doğanın Sesi 3 (Haziran 2019), 25-34.
JAMA Şenler NG, Yıldız İ. KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER. Doğanın Sesi. 2019;:25–34.
MLA Şenler, Naciye Gülkız ve İsmail Yıldız. “KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK Ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER”. Doğanın Sesi, sy. 3, 2019, ss. 25-34.
Vancouver Şenler NG, Yıldız İ. KÜLTÜR BALIKÇILIĞINDA BALIK-SİLİYAT (PROTISTA: CILIOPHORA) ETKİLEŞİMLERİ: SİMBİYOTİK ve EKOLOJİK İLİŞKİLER. Doğanın Sesi. 2019(3):25-34.