DENİZ ÇAYIRI POSIDONIA OCEANICA (Linneaus) Delile GÜNCEL DURUMU VE DEĞERLENDİRMESİ

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 13, 16 - 25, 15.07.2024

Ergün Taşkın , Aysu Güreşen , Furkan Bilgiç

Öz

Denizlerin akciğerleri olarak bilinen, gelişmiş kök ve rizom sistemi ile hidrodinamizme karşı doğal bariyer oluşturan ve karbon tutma kapasitesi nedeniyle iklim değişikliği ile mücadelede önemi oldukça fazla olan Posidonia oceanica (Linneaus) Delile (erişte), Akdeniz’in endemik ve en önemli deniz çayırı türüdür. Ancak son yıllarda değişen iklim koşulları ile birlikte Akdeniz’de su seviyesi değişimleri ve artan su sıcaklığı, fiziksel strese neden olarak yavaş gelişim kapasitesine sahip P. oceanica çayırlarının özellikle liman faaliyetlerinin olduğu büyük kent kıyılarında yoğun habitat kayıplarına ve geri çekilmelerine neden olmuştur. Diğer taraftan şehirleşme, su kirliliği, atık deşarjları, liman, dalgakıran ve marina inşaatları gibi kıyısal ekosistemler üzerindeki baskılar sonucu su kalitesinde meydana gelen bozulmalar, fırsatçı makroalgal torfların P. oceanica çayırlarının yerini almasına sebep olmaktadır ve zemin biyoçeşitlilik bakımından zayıflamaktadır. Ayrıca, biyolojik istiladan da oldukça etkilenen Akdeniz’de egzotik alg türleri (Caulerpa spp., vs.), koy ve kıyılarda yat turizmine bağlı tekne çapaları, zincirleri ve trol avcılığının neden olduğu fiziksel hasarlar sonucu deniz çayırı yatakları arası açılan boşluklarda zaman içinde kolonize olmaktadırlar. Bu çalışmada, çevresel baskılara karşı gösterdikleri hassasiyetleri ile biyolojik indikatör özelliğe sahip P. oceanica çayırlarının Akdeniz genelindeki mevcut durumu, üzerindeki baskı ve tehditler ve koruma stratejileri değerlendirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Akdeniz, deniz çayırı, Posidonia oceanica

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 121Y215

Teşekkür

TÜBİTAK

Actual Condition and Evaluation of Neptune Grass Posidonia oceanica (Linneaus) Delile

Öz

Known as the lungs of the seas; Posidonia oceanica (Linneaus) Delile (Neptune grass) is an endemic and the most important seagrass species in the Mediterranean Sea since it is crucial in combating global warming due to its carbon absorbing capacity and forming natural barriers against hydrodinamism. However, in recent years, changes in sea level and increasing water temperatures due to climate conditions, have caused physical stress on the P. oceanica meadows with slow development capacity and resulted in intense habitat loss and recessing of the meadows especially along the urbanized coasts with port facilities. On the other hand, poor water quality due to the pressures on coastal ecosystems (such as urbanization, water pollution, sewage discharges, recreational activities, etc.) cause substitution of opportunistic macroalgal turfs with the P. oceanica meadows. Moreover, alien algae (Caulerpa spp., etc.) colonize the gaps between the seagrass meadows due to the physical destructions caused by the boat anchors, chains and trawling in Mediterranean coasts affected intensively by biological invasion. In this study, the current status, pressures and threats on P. oceanica meadows as biological indicators due to their sensitivity to environmental pressures and the conservation strategies were evaluated.

Proje Numarası

TÜBİTAK 121Y215

Kaynakça

• Ardizzone, G.D. & Pelusi, P. (1984). “Yield and damage evaluation of bottom trawling on Posidonia Meadows, International Workshop on Posidonia oceanica Beds”. Marseille, GIS Posidonie, 63–72.
• Bianchi, C.N., Caroli, F., Guidetti, P. & Morri, C. (2018). “Seawater warming at the Northern reach for southern species: gulf of Genoa, NW Mediterranean”. J. Mar. Biolog. Assoc. U.K. 98:1–12.
• Bianchi, C.N., Corsini-Foka, M., Morri, C. & Zenetos, A. (2014). “Thirty years after: dramatic changes in the coastal marine ecosystems of Kos Island (Greece), 1981-2013”. Mediterranean Marine Science, 15: 482-497.
• Bianchi, C.N. & Morri, C. (2003). “Global sea warming and “tropicalization” of the Mediterranean Sea: biogeographic and ecological aspects”. Biogeographia, 24:319–327.
• Boudouresque, C.F.; Blanfuné, A., Pergent, G. & Thibaut, T. (2021). “Restoration of Seagrass Meadows in the Mediterranean Sea: A Critical Review of Effectiveness and Ethical Issues”. Water, 13:1034.
• Boudouresque, C.F., Bernard, G., Bonhomme, P., Charbonnel, E., Diviacco, G., Meinesz, A., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Ruitton, S. & Tunesi, L. (2012). “Protection and conservation of Posidonia oceanica meadows”. RAMOGE and RAC/SPA Publisher, Tunis: 1–202.
• Boudouresque, C.F., Bernard, G., Bonhomme, P., Charbonnel, E., Diviacco, G., Meinesz, A., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Ruitton, S. & Tunesi, L. (2008). “Tutela e conservazione dele praterie di Posidonia oceanica”. Ramoge pub., ISBN 2-905540-30-3. 1-202.
• Boudouresque, C.F. & Meinesz, A. (1982). “Découverte de l'herbier de Posidonie”. Cah. Parc nation. Port-Cros, Fr., 4:1-79.
• Buia, M.C., Gambi, M.C. & Dappiano, M. (2004). “Seagrass systems. In: Gambi M.C., Dappiano M. edits. Mediterranean marine benthos: a manual of methods for its sampling and study”. Biol. Mar. Medit., 11(1):133-183.
• Çınar, M.E., Bilecenoğlu, M., Yokeş, B., Öztürk, B., Taşkın, E., Bakır, K., Doğan, A. & Açık, Ş. (2021). “Current status (as of end of 2020) of marine alien species in Turkey”. Plos one, 16(5): e0251086.
• EC. (2013). “Commission Decision of 20 September 2013 Establishing, Pursuant to Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, the Values of the Member State Monitoring System Classifications as a Result of the Intercalibration Exercise and Repealing Decision 2008/ 915/EC”. Official Journal of the European Union (L 266/1-47).
• EEC. (1992). “Council Directive 92/43/EEC on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora”. Official Journal of the European Communities. No L 206 of 22 July 1992.
• Francour, P., Ganteaume, A. & Poulain, M. (1999). “Effects of boat anchoring in Posidonia oceanicam seagrass beds in the Port-Cros National Park (North-western Mediterranean Sea)”. Aquatic Conservation, 9:391–400.
• GDoMA. (2019). “Maritime statistics in Turkish Straits System. General Directorate of Maritime Affairs”. https://denizcilikistatistikleri.uab.gov.tr/turk-bogazlari-gemi-gecis istatistikleri (15.February 2020).
• Giakoumi, S., Sini, M., Gerovasileiou, V., Mazor, T., Beher, J., Possingham, H.P., Abdulla, A., Çinar, M.E., Dendrinos, P., Gucu, A.C., Karamanlidis, A.A., Rodic, P., Panayotidis, P., Taskin, E., Jaklin, A., Voultsiadou, E., Webster, C., Zenetos, A. & Katsanevakis, S. (2013). “Ecoregion-based conservation planning in the Mediterranean: dealing with large-scale heterogeneity”. Plos one, 10.1371/journal.pone.0076449.
• Giakoumi, S., Cebrian, E., Kokkoris, G.D., Ballesteros, E. & Sala, E. (2012). “Relationships between fish, sea urchins and macroalgae: the structure of shallow rocky sublittoral communities in the Cyclades, Eastern Mediterranean”. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 109: 1-10.
• Güreşen, A., Güreşen, S.O. & Aktan, Y. (2020). “Combined synthetic and biotic indices of Posidonia oceanica to qualify the status of coastal ecosystems in the North Aegean”, Ecological Indicators, 113: 106149, ISSN 1470-160X.
• Harmelin-Vivien, M. (2000). “Influence of fishing on the trophic structure of fish assemblages in the Mediterranean seagrass beds”. In, 39-41.
• Manzanera, M., Peres, M. & Romero, J. (1995). “Seagrass mortality due to oversedimentation: an experimental approach”. Int conf Mediterranean coastal environment, MEDCOAST 95, Terragona, Spain, 24-27 Oct 1995, p.123–129.
• Marbà, N. & Duarte, C.M. (2010). “Mediterranean warming triggers seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) shoot mortality”. Global Change Biol, 16: 2366–2375.
• Orfanidis, S., Panayotidis, P. & Stamatis, N. (2001). “Ecological evaluation of transitional and coastal waters: a marine benthic macrophytes based model”. Mediterranean Marine Science, 2: 45–65.
• Meinesz, A., Cirik, Ş., Akcali, B., Javel, F., Migliaccio, M., Thibaut, T., Yüksek, A. & Procaccini, G., (2009). “Posidonia oceanica in the Marmara Sea”. Aquatic Botany, 90(1): 18–22.
• Montefalcone, M., Albertelli, G., Morri, C., Parravicini, V. & Bianchi, C.N. (2009). “Legal protection is not enough: Posidonia oceanica meadows in Marine Protected Areas are in no better condition than those in areas with human impacts (NW Mediterranean Sea)”. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 58: 515–519.
• Orth, R.J., Carruthers, T.J. B., Dennison, W.C., Duarte, C.M., Fourqurean, J.W., Heck, K.L., Hughes, A.R., Kendrick, G.A., Kenworthy, W.J., Olyarnik, S., Short, F.T., Waycott, M. & Williams, S.L. (2006). “A global crisis for seagrass ecosystems”. Bioscience, 5612: 987–996.
• Pasqualini, V., Pergent-Martini, C., Clabautb, P. & Pergent, G. (1998). “Mapping of Posidonia oceanica using aerial photographs and side scan sonar: application off the Island of Corsica (France)”. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 47: 359–367.
• Pergent-Martini, C., Leoni, V., Pasqualini, V., Ardizzone, G.D., Balestri, E., Bedini, R., Belluscio, A., Belsher, T., Borg, J., Boudouresque, C.F., Boumaza, S., Bouquegneau, J.M., Buia, M.C., Calvo, S., Cebrian, J., Charbonnel, E., Cinelli, F., Cossu, A., Di Maida, G., Dural, B., Francour, P., Gobert, S., Lepoint, G., Meinesz, A., Molenaar, H., Mansour, H.M., Panayotidis, P., Peirano, A., Pergent, G., Piazzi, L., Pirrotta, M., Relini, G., Romero, J., Sanchez-Lizaso, J.L., Semroud, R., Shembri, P., Shili, A., Tomasello, A. & Velimirov, B. (2005). “Descriptors of Posidonia oceanica meadows: use and application”. Ecological Indicators, 5: 213–230.
• Personnic, S., Boudouresque, C. F., Astruch, P., Ballesteros, E., Blouet, S., Bellan-Santini, D., Bonhomme, P., Thibault-Botha, D., Feunteun, E., Harmelin-Vivien, M., Pergent, G., Pergent-Martini, C., Pastor, J., Poggiale, J. C., Renaud, F., Thibaut, T. & Ruitton, S. (2014). “An ecosystem-based approach to assess the status of a Mediterranean ecosystem, the Posidonia oceanica seagrass meadow”. PlosOne, 9(6): 1-17.
• Ruiz, M. & Romero, J. (2003). “Effects of disturbances caused by coastal constructions on spatial structure, growth dynamics and photosynthesis of the seagrass Posidonia oceanica”. Marine Pollution Bulletin. 46: 1523–1533.
• Ruitton, S., Verlaque, M. & Boudouresque, C.F. (2005). “Seasonal changes of the introduced Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea (Caulerpales, Chlorophyta) at the northwest limit of its Mediterranean range”. Aquatic Botany, 82: 55–70.
• Taşkın, E. (2018). “Posidonia K.D.Koenig”. In: Güner, A., Kandemir, A., Menemen, Y., Yıldırımlı, H., Aslan, S., Eksi, G., Güner, I. & Çimen, A.Ö. (edlr.). “Resimli Türkiye Florası”. ANG Vakfı Nezahat Gökyiğit Botanik Bahçesi Yayınları, 2: 666-668.
• Taşkın, E., Öztürk, M., Kurt, O. & Öztürk, M. (2008). “The check-list of the marine flora of Turkey”. Manisa, Turkey, (Koeltz Sciencific Books, Almanya). 87 p.
• Telesca, L., Belluscio, A., Criscoli, A., Ardizzone, G., Apostolaki, E.T., Fraschetti, S., Gristina, M., Knittweis, L., Martin, C. S., Pergent, G., Alagna, A., Badalamenti, F., Garofalo, G., Gerakaris, V., Louise Pace, M., Pergent-Martini, C. & Salomidi, M. (2015). “Seagrass meadows (Posidonia oceanica) distribution and trajectories of change”, Scientific Reports, 5 (12505): 1–14.
• Terrados, J. & Borum, J. (2004). “European Seagrasses: An Introduction to Monitoring and Management. “Why are Seagrasses important? – Good and Services provided by seagrass meadows”. Ed. J. Borum, CM Duarte, D Krause Jensen, TM Greve, Chapter 2(8-10).
• Wiens, J.A. (2009). “Landscape ecology as a foundation for sustainable conservation”. Landscape Ecology. doi:10.1007/s10980-008-9284.