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The Effects of Essential Oil on The Growth and Survival of Esherichia Coli in Green Leafy Plants

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 13 - 26, 31.01.2026

Öz

In this review article, the antimicrobial properties of selected essential oils are comprehensively analyzed by synthesizing findings from a wide range of peer-reviewed literature. It explores the mechanisms through which E. coli contaminates lettuce and related plant species, drawing from existing literature. E. coli remains a significant public health concern, capable of causing a spectrum of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases, including severe conditions such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The study also examines the physical characteristics of essential oils and evaluates their antimicrobial effectiveness in detailed way. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess how essential oils derived from some plant sources vary in their ability to inhibit E. coli growth.

Kaynakça

  • Akarçay, E., & Suğur, N. (2015). Dişarida yemek: eskişehir’de yeni orta sinifin fast-food yeme-içme örüntüleri. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 1-29.
  • Aksan, E., & Mert, A. (2022). Antakya’da Kullanılan Bazı Baharat Uçucu Yağlarının Escherichia Coli ve Staphylococcus Aureus’a Karşı Antibakteriyal Etkisi. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 11(2), 1-11.
  • Allocati, N., Masulli, M., Alexeyev, M. F., & Di Ilio, C. (2013). Escherichia coli in Europe: an overview. International journal of environmental research and public health, 10(12), 6235-6254.
  • Angane, M., Swift, S., Huang, K., Perera, J., Chen, X., Butts, C. A., & Quek, S. Y. (2024). Synergistic antimicrobial interaction of plant essential oils and extracts against foodborne pathogens. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(2), 1189-1206.
  • Angus, D. C., & Van der Poll, T. (2013). Severe sepsis and septic shock. New England journal of medicine, 369(9), 840-851.
  • Arellano, S., Zhu, L., Dev Kumar, G., Law, B., Friedman, M., & Ravishankar, S. (2022). Essential oil microemulsions inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria on iceberg lettuce during 28-day storage at 4 C. Molecules, 27(19), 6699.
  • Bilici, A., Karahocagil, M. K., Yapıcı, K., Göktaş, U., Yaman, G., & Akdeniz, H. (2012). Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni sıklığı risk faktörleri ve etkenleri. Van Tıp Dergisi.
  • Bostan, N. G. (2024). Deprem Sonrası Oluşabilecek Gastroenterit Enfeksiyonları ve Önlemleri. Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences(23), 920-930.
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International journal of food microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
  • Conte, M. P., Longhi, C., Marazzato, M., Conte, A. L., Aleandri, M., Lepanto, M. S., ... & Schippa, S. (2014). Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients: phenotypic and genetic pathogenic features. BMC research notes, 7(1), 748.
  • Croxen, M. A., & Finlay, B. B. (2010). Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nature reviews microbiology, 8(1), 26-38.
  • Dai, J., Li, C., Cui, H., & Lin, L. (2021). Unraveling the anti-bacterial mechanism of Litsea cubeba essential oil against E.coli O157: H7 and its application in vegetable juices. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 338,108989.
  • Ekşi, F., Karslıgil, T., & Bayram, A. (2007). Çocukluk yaş grubu ishallerinde Escherichia coli O157: H7’nin araştırılması. Van Tıp Dergisi, 14(1), 15-18.
  • Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M., & Hultgren, S. J. (2015). Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature reviews microbiology, 13(5), 269-284.
  • Giray, B. G. (2023) Piren Otu Yağı, Tüylü Adaçayı Yağı, Aynisafa Yağı, Zerdeçal Yağı ve Argan Yağının in Vitro Antibakteriyal ve Antifungal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(4), 579-583.
  • Gultekin, E. O. (2023) Hint Yağı, Çörekotu Yağı ve Kayısı Yağının Antimikrobiyal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(3), 484-487.
  • Guo, M., Zhang, L., He, Q., Arabi, S. A., Zhao, H., Chen, W., Ye, X., & Liu, D. (2020). Synergistic antibacterial effects of ultrasound and thyme essential oils nanoemulsion against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 66, 104988.
  • Gündüz, M., et al. (2024). "Escherichia coli kaynaklı gıda enfeksiyonları." Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 38(2): 487-508.
  • Günter, Ü., Maçin, S., & Tuncer, E. İ. (2020). Çeşitli bitki ekstrelerinin antibakteriyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 30(3), 197-202.
  • Gürkan, U. (2015). Escherichia coli Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Food Hyg Technol-Special Topics, 1(3), 22-29.
  • Hanková, K., Lupoměská, P., Nový, P., Všetečka, D., Klouček, P., Kouřimská, L., Hlebová, M., & Božik, M. (2023). Effect of conventional preservatives and essential oils on the survival and growth of Escherichia coli in vegetable sauces: a comparative study. Foods, 12(15), 2832.
  • Holvoet, K., De Keuckelaere, A., Sampers, I., Van Haute, S., Stals, A., & Uyttendaele, M. (2014). Quantitative study of cross-contamination with Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, MS2 phage and murine norovirus in a simulated fresh-cut lettuce wash process. Food Control, 37, 218-227.
  • Hunt, J. M. (2010). Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Clinics in laboratory medicine, 30(1), 21-45.
  • Jensen, D. A., Friedrich, L. M., Harris, L. J., Danyluk, M. D., & Schaffner, D. W. (2015). Cross contamination of Escherichia coli O157: H7 between lettuce and wash water during home-scale washing. Food Microbiology, 46, 428-433.
  • Johnson, J. R. (1991). Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Clinical microbiology reviews, 4(1), 80-128.
  • Kaman, H., DEMİR, H., Sönmez, İ., Polat, E., Mohamoud, S. S., & Zafer, Ü. (2021). Kısıntılı sulama koşullarında yetiştirilen kıvırcık marulda bitki kök bölgesindeki tuzluluk birikimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 508-520.
  • Kang, J.-H. (2022). Understanding inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated on romaine lettuce by emulsified thyme essential oil. Food Microbiology, 105, 104013.
  • Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., & Mobley, H. L. (2004). Pathogenic escherichia coli. Nature reviews microbiology, 2(2), 123-140.
  • Kapucuk, F. S. (2025). Ratlarda Lps'ye Bağlı Oluşan Akut Akciğer Hasarı Üzerine Micromeria Congesta Bitkisi Uçucu Yağının Koruyucu Etkisinin Araştırılması (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Karagözlü, N., Ergönül, B., & Özcan, D. (2011). Determination of antimicrobial effect of mint and basil essential oils on survival of E. coli O157: H7 and S. typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce and purslane. Food Control, 22(12), 1851-1855.
  • Kaya, D., & Ergönül, P. G. (2015). Uçucu Yağları Elde Etme Yöntemleri. Gıda, 40(5), 303-312.
  • Kemer, Ç., Akın, M., & Saraçoğlu, H. T. (2022). Lamiaceae Familyasına Mensup Bazı Baharat Bitkilerinin Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 48(1), 19-24.
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The Effects of Essential Oils on the Growth and Survival of Escherichia coli in Green Leafy Plants

Yıl 2026, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 13 - 26, 31.01.2026

Öz

In this review article, the antimicrobial properties of selected essential oils are comprehensively analyzed by synthesizing findings from a wide range of peer-reviewed literature. It explores the mechanisms through which E. coli contaminates lettuce and related plant species, drawing from existing literature. E. coli remains a significant public health concern, capable of causing a spectrum of gastrointestinal and extraintestinal diseases, including severe conditions such as hemolytic uremic syndrome and thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura. The study also examines the physical characteristics of essential oils and evaluates their antimicrobial effectiveness in detailed way. A comparative analysis is conducted to assess how essential oils derived from some plant sources vary in their ability to inhibit E. coli growth.

Kaynakça

  • Akarçay, E., & Suğur, N. (2015). Dişarida yemek: eskişehir’de yeni orta sinifin fast-food yeme-içme örüntüleri. Sosyoloji Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18(1), 1-29.
  • Aksan, E., & Mert, A. (2022). Antakya’da Kullanılan Bazı Baharat Uçucu Yağlarının Escherichia Coli ve Staphylococcus Aureus’a Karşı Antibakteriyal Etkisi. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 11(2), 1-11.
  • Allocati, N., Masulli, M., Alexeyev, M. F., & Di Ilio, C. (2013). Escherichia coli in Europe: an overview. International journal of environmental research and public health, 10(12), 6235-6254.
  • Angane, M., Swift, S., Huang, K., Perera, J., Chen, X., Butts, C. A., & Quek, S. Y. (2024). Synergistic antimicrobial interaction of plant essential oils and extracts against foodborne pathogens. Food Science & Nutrition, 12(2), 1189-1206.
  • Angus, D. C., & Van der Poll, T. (2013). Severe sepsis and septic shock. New England journal of medicine, 369(9), 840-851.
  • Arellano, S., Zhu, L., Dev Kumar, G., Law, B., Friedman, M., & Ravishankar, S. (2022). Essential oil microemulsions inactivate antibiotic-resistant bacteria on iceberg lettuce during 28-day storage at 4 C. Molecules, 27(19), 6699.
  • Bilici, A., Karahocagil, M. K., Yapıcı, K., Göktaş, U., Yaman, G., & Akdeniz, H. (2012). Ventilatör ilişkili pnömoni sıklığı risk faktörleri ve etkenleri. Van Tıp Dergisi.
  • Bostan, N. G. (2024). Deprem Sonrası Oluşabilecek Gastroenterit Enfeksiyonları ve Önlemleri. Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Health Sciences(23), 920-930.
  • Burt, S. (2004). Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International journal of food microbiology, 94(3), 223-253.
  • Conte, M. P., Longhi, C., Marazzato, M., Conte, A. L., Aleandri, M., Lepanto, M. S., ... & Schippa, S. (2014). Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) in pediatric Crohn’s disease patients: phenotypic and genetic pathogenic features. BMC research notes, 7(1), 748.
  • Croxen, M. A., & Finlay, B. B. (2010). Molecular mechanisms of Escherichia coli pathogenicity. Nature reviews microbiology, 8(1), 26-38.
  • Dai, J., Li, C., Cui, H., & Lin, L. (2021). Unraveling the anti-bacterial mechanism of Litsea cubeba essential oil against E.coli O157: H7 and its application in vegetable juices. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 338,108989.
  • Ekşi, F., Karslıgil, T., & Bayram, A. (2007). Çocukluk yaş grubu ishallerinde Escherichia coli O157: H7’nin araştırılması. Van Tıp Dergisi, 14(1), 15-18.
  • Flores-Mireles, A. L., Walker, J. N., Caparon, M., & Hultgren, S. J. (2015). Urinary tract infections: epidemiology, mechanisms of infection and treatment options. Nature reviews microbiology, 13(5), 269-284.
  • Giray, B. G. (2023) Piren Otu Yağı, Tüylü Adaçayı Yağı, Aynisafa Yağı, Zerdeçal Yağı ve Argan Yağının in Vitro Antibakteriyal ve Antifungal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(4), 579-583.
  • Gultekin, E. O. (2023) Hint Yağı, Çörekotu Yağı ve Kayısı Yağının Antimikrobiyal Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. Black Sea Journal of Health Science, 6(3), 484-487.
  • Guo, M., Zhang, L., He, Q., Arabi, S. A., Zhao, H., Chen, W., Ye, X., & Liu, D. (2020). Synergistic antibacterial effects of ultrasound and thyme essential oils nanoemulsion against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 66, 104988.
  • Gündüz, M., et al. (2024). "Escherichia coli kaynaklı gıda enfeksiyonları." Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 38(2): 487-508.
  • Günter, Ü., Maçin, S., & Tuncer, E. İ. (2020). Çeşitli bitki ekstrelerinin antibakteriyel aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Genel Tıp Dergisi, 30(3), 197-202.
  • Gürkan, U. (2015). Escherichia coli Enfeksiyonları. Turkiye Klinikleri J Food Hyg Technol-Special Topics, 1(3), 22-29.
  • Hanková, K., Lupoměská, P., Nový, P., Všetečka, D., Klouček, P., Kouřimská, L., Hlebová, M., & Božik, M. (2023). Effect of conventional preservatives and essential oils on the survival and growth of Escherichia coli in vegetable sauces: a comparative study. Foods, 12(15), 2832.
  • Holvoet, K., De Keuckelaere, A., Sampers, I., Van Haute, S., Stals, A., & Uyttendaele, M. (2014). Quantitative study of cross-contamination with Escherichia coli, E. coli O157, MS2 phage and murine norovirus in a simulated fresh-cut lettuce wash process. Food Control, 37, 218-227.
  • Hunt, J. M. (2010). Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Clinics in laboratory medicine, 30(1), 21-45.
  • Jensen, D. A., Friedrich, L. M., Harris, L. J., Danyluk, M. D., & Schaffner, D. W. (2015). Cross contamination of Escherichia coli O157: H7 between lettuce and wash water during home-scale washing. Food Microbiology, 46, 428-433.
  • Johnson, J. R. (1991). Virulence factors in Escherichia coli urinary tract infection. Clinical microbiology reviews, 4(1), 80-128.
  • Kaman, H., DEMİR, H., Sönmez, İ., Polat, E., Mohamoud, S. S., & Zafer, Ü. (2021). Kısıntılı sulama koşullarında yetiştirilen kıvırcık marulda bitki kök bölgesindeki tuzluluk birikimi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 508-520.
  • Kang, J.-H. (2022). Understanding inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157: H7 inoculated on romaine lettuce by emulsified thyme essential oil. Food Microbiology, 105, 104013.
  • Kaper, J. B., Nataro, J. P., & Mobley, H. L. (2004). Pathogenic escherichia coli. Nature reviews microbiology, 2(2), 123-140.
  • Kapucuk, F. S. (2025). Ratlarda Lps'ye Bağlı Oluşan Akut Akciğer Hasarı Üzerine Micromeria Congesta Bitkisi Uçucu Yağının Koruyucu Etkisinin Araştırılması (Doctoral dissertation).
  • Karagözlü, N., Ergönül, B., & Özcan, D. (2011). Determination of antimicrobial effect of mint and basil essential oils on survival of E. coli O157: H7 and S. typhimurium in fresh-cut lettuce and purslane. Food Control, 22(12), 1851-1855.
  • Kaya, D., & Ergönül, P. G. (2015). Uçucu Yağları Elde Etme Yöntemleri. Gıda, 40(5), 303-312.
  • Kemer, Ç., Akın, M., & Saraçoğlu, H. T. (2022). Lamiaceae Familyasına Mensup Bazı Baharat Bitkilerinin Antimikrobiyal Etkilerinin Belirlenmesi. Selçuk Üniversitesi Fen Fakültesi Fen Dergisi, 48(1), 19-24.
  • Kılıç, A. (2008). Uçucu yağ elde etme yöntemleri. Bartın Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(13), 37-45.
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  • Omerovic, M., Müştak, H. K., & Kaya, İ. B. (2017). Escherichia coli patotiplerinin virülens faktörleri. Etlik Veteriner Mikrobiyoloji Dergisi, 28(1), 1-6.
  • Ortega-Ramirez, L. A., Gutiérrez-Pacheco, M. M., Vargas-Arispuro, I., González-Aguilar, G. A., Martínez-Téllez, M. A., & Ayala-Zavala, J. F. (2020). Inhibition of glucosyltransferase activity and glucan production as an antibiofilm mechanism of lemongrass essential oil against Escherichia coli O157: H7. Antibiotics, 9(3), 102.
  • Öktem, F., & Kuybulu, A. E. (2011). Hemolitik üremik sendrom. Dicle Tıp Dergisi, 38(4), 519-525.
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  • Park, S., Worobo, R. W., & Durst, R. A. (1999). Escherichia coli O157: H7 as an emerging foodborne pathogen: a literature review. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition, 39(6), 481-502.
  • Peacock, E., Jacob, V. W., & Fallone, S. M. (2001). Escherichia coli O157: H7: etiology, clinical features, complications, and treatment. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 28(5), 547.
  • Pizzo, J. S., Pelvine, R. A., da Silva, A. L. B. R., Mikcha, J. M. G., Visentainer, J. V., & Rodrigues, C. (2023). Use of essential oil emulsions to control Escherichia coli O157: H7 in the postharvest washing of lettuce. Foods, 12(13), 2571.
  • Prabuseenivasan, S., Jayakumar, M., & Ignacimuthu, S. (2006). In vitro antibacterial activity of some plant essential oils. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 6, 1-8.
  • Razzouk, S., Mazri, M. A., Jeldi, L., Mnasri, B., Ouahmane, L., & Alfeddy, M. N. (2022). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oils from three Mediterranean plants against eighteen pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Pharmaceutics, 14(8), 1608.
  • Recep, K., Acaröz, U., Gürler, Z., Soylu, A., & Küçükkurt, O. (2019). Taze marul örneklerinde Escherichia coli O157 ve Listeria monocytogenes varlığının belirlenmesi. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(16), 870-873.
  • Reyna-Granados, J. R., Joens, L. A., Law, B., Friedman, M., & Ravishankar, S. (2021). Antimicrobial effects of plant compounds against virulent Escherichia coli O157: H7 strains containing shiga toxin genes in laboratory media and on romaine lettuce and spinach. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 12(04), 392.
  • Robins‐Browne, R. M., & Hartland, E. L. (2002). Escherichia coli as a cause of diarrhea. Journal of gastroenterology and hepatology, 17(4), 467-475.
  • Sayın, A. Ü., & Zorlugenç, B. (2019). Bazı bitki uçucu yağlarının antibakteriyel etkilerinin incelenmesi Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi].
  • Scotti, R., Stringaro, A., Nicolini, L., Zanellato, M., Boccia, P., Maggi, F., & Gabbianelli, R. (2021). Effects of Essential Oils from Cymbopogon spp. and Cinnamomum verum on Biofilm and Virulence Properties of Escherichia coli O157: H7. Antibiotics, 10(2), 113.
  • Shaw, A., Helterbran, K., Evans, M. R., & Currey, C. (2016). Growth of Escherichia coli O157: H7, non-O157 Shiga toxin–producing Escherichia coli, and Salmonella in water and hydroponic fertilizer solutions. Journal of food protection, 79(12), 2179-2183.
  • Taşar, N., Yazdıç, F. C., Karaman, A., & Gedik, O. (2022). Juniperus L.(Ardıç) cinsine ait iki türün yapraklarından elde edilen uçucu yağların antimikrobiyal.
  • Taşar, N., Yazdıç, F. C., Karaman, A., & Gedik, O. (2023). Antimicrobial Activity of Essential Oils of Foeniculum vulgare Mill and Pimpinella anisum L (Apiaceae) Species. International Journal of Innovative Engineering Applications, 7(1), 119-122.
  • Temelli, S. (2002). Gıda zehirlenmesine neden olan E. coli O157: H7 ve önemi. Uludağ Üniv. J. Fac. Vet. Med, 21, 133-138.
  • Turgut, N. (2021). Gıdalarda Escherichia coli O157: H7 yaygınlığının riskleri ve kontrolü. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(1), 101-114.
  • Turgut, N., & Kaya, O. (2015). Aydın İlinde Tüketime Sunulan Marullarda E. coli O157: H7 Varlığının Araştırılması. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi(38), 507-513.
  • Wachtel, M. R., & Charkowski, A. O. (2002). Cross-contamination of lettuce with Escherichia coli O157: H7. Journal of food protection, 65(3), 465-470.
  • Wachtel, M. R., Whitehand, L. C., & Mandrell, R. E. (2002). Association of Escherichia coli O157: H7 with preharvest leaf lettuce upon exposure to contaminated irrigation water. Journal of food protection, 65(1), 18-25.
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  • Ye, X., Xue, S. J., & Shi, J. (2019). Green separation technology in food processing: Supercritical-CO 2 fluid extraction. Advances in food processing technology, 73-99.
  • Yüksel Acar, C., & Yalın, H. (2016). Trombotik Trombositopenik Purpura ve Hemşirelik Bakımı: Olgu Sunumu Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Nursing Care: A Case Study. Hemşirelikte Eğitim ve Araştırma, 13(1), 59-66.
  • Zhang, L., Zhang, M., Ju, R., Mujumdar, A. S., & Liu, K. (2022). Synergistic antibacterial mechanism of different essential oils and their effect on quality attributes of ready-to-eat pakchoi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. Zhang, N., & Yao, L. (2019). Anxiolytic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review. J Agric Food Chem, 67(50), 13790-13808. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00433chinensis). International journal of food microbiology, 379, 109845.
  • Zhang, N., & Yao, L. (2019). Anxiolytic Effect of Essential Oils and Their Constituents: A Review. J Agric Food Chem, 67(50), 13790-13808.
  • Złotek, U., Rybczyńska-Tkaczyk, K., Michalak-Majewska, M., Sikora, M., & Jakubczyk, A. (2020). Potential acetylcholinesterase, lipase, α-glucosidase, and α-amylase inhibitory activity, as well as antimicrobial activities, of essential oil from lettuce leaf basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) elicited with jasmonic acid. Applied Sciences, 10(12), 4315.
  • Zöngür, A. (2023). Achillea millefolium (Civanperçemi) Bitkisinin Uçucu Yağlarının Antimikrobiyal ve Antifungal Etkinliğinin Değerlendirilmesi. Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, 13(2), 906-913.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Bakteriyoloji, Mikrobiyal Ekoloji, Koruma ve Biyolojik Çeşitlilik
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Nurcan Tümen 0009-0000-0890-5777

İbrahim Pehlivan 0000-0001-5332-9473

Şule Sevinç 0009-0005-4052-5930

Aslı Kapcı

Şerife Tekelioğlu

Gönderilme Tarihi 30 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 28 Ocak 2026
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ocak 2026
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2026 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Tümen, N., Pehlivan, İ., Sevinç, Ş., … Kapcı, A. (2026). The Effects of Essential Oil on The Growth and Survival of Esherichia Coli in Green Leafy Plants. Denizli İl Millî Eğitim Müdürlüğü Bilim ve Eğitim Dergisi, 2(1), 13-26.