DIAGNOSTIC APROACH TO INFECTIONS ASSOCIATED WITH INTRAVASCULAR CATHETER

Öz

Firstly in 1945, intravasculer catheters used by Meyer that are

taken extensively for administration of fluid and blood or medication and

parenteral nutrition in day times. They may remain in place for days or for

months according to kind of devices and application area. It was appeared the

various complications related intravasculer catheters with the major

complication is enfection. It was increased to cost of treatment, the rate of

mortality and morbidity and staying time of patiens in hospital by infections

associated with intravasculer catheters.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İntravasculer Catheter İnfection

İNTRAVASKÜLER KATETER ENFEKSİYONLARINA TANISAL YAKLAŞIM

Öz

İlk defa 1945 yılında Meyer tarafından kullanılmaya başlanan plastik

intravasküler kateterler ilaç, sıvı, kan verilmesi ya da parenteral beslenme

amacıyla günümüzde de sık olarak uygulanmaktadır [1,6]. Bu amaçla

kullanılan intravasküler kateterler cinslerine ve uygulandıkları yerlere göre

birkaç gün ya da birkaç ay gibi değişik sürelerde tutulabilirler. Katetere bağlı

başta enfeksiyonlar olmak üzere çeşitli komplikasyonlarla uğraşılmak

zorunda kalınmıştır. Katetere bağlı enfeksiyonlar, hastaların hastanede kalış

sürelerini, hastane maliyetlerini, mortalite ve morbidite oranını artırmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İntravasküler Kateter Enfeksiyonu

Kaynakça

1. [1] Elliot TSJ. Intravasküler- device infections, J Med Microbiol. 27: 161-167, 1988.
2. [2] Collignon P, Munro R, Sorrell T. Systemic sepsis and intravenous devices, Med J Aust. 141: 345-348, 1984.
3. [3] Collignon P, Soni N, Pearson I, Sorrell T, Woods P. Sepsis associated with central vein catheters in critically ill patients, Intensive Care Med. 14: 227-231, 1988.
4. [4] Goldmann DA, Maki DG. Infection control in total parenteral nutrition, JAMA. 223 (12): 1360-1364, 1973.
5. [5] Cleri DJ, Corrado ML, Seligman SJ. Quantitative culture of intravenous catheters and other intravascular inserts, J Inf Dis. 141 (6): 781-786, 1980.
6. [6] Maki DG. Pathogenesis, prevention and manegement of infections due to intravasküler devices used for infusion therapy, p:161-177. In Bisno AL and Waldvogel FA (eds), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, 1989, 1st ed, Amer Soc Microb. Washington DC.
7. [7] Collignon P, ChanR, Munro R. Rapid diagnosis of intravasküler catheter related sepsis, Arch Intern Med. 147: 1609-1912, 1987.
8. [8] Collignon P, Soni N, Pearson IY, Woods P, Munro R, Sorrell TC. Semiquantitative culture of central vein catheter tips useful in the diagnosis of catheter associated bacteremia, J Clin Microbiol. 24 (4): 532-535, 1986.

9. [9] Press OW, Ramsey PG, Larson EB, Fefer A, Hickman RO. Hickman catheter infections in patients with malignancies, Medicine. 63 (4): 189-200, 1984.
10. [10] Bernard RW, Stahl WM. Subclavian vein catheterizations: non-infectious complications, Ann Surg. 173 (2): 184-190, 1971.
11. [11] Henzel JH, DeWeese Ms. Morbid and Mortal complications associated with prolonged central venous cannulation,. Am J Surg. 121: 600-605, 1071.
12. [12] Parsa MH,Tabora F. Establishment of intravascular lines for long term intravenous therapy and monitoring, Surg Clin North Am. 15 (4): 835-865, 1985.
13. [13] Bernard RW, Stahl WM, Chase RM. Subclavian vein catheterizations: infectious complications, Ann Surg. 173 (2): 191-200, 1971.
14. [14] Dickinson GM, Bisno AL. Infections associated with indwelling devices, Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 33 (5): 597-601.1989.
15. [15] Maki DG, Goldman DA, Rhame SF. Infection control in intravenous therapy, Ann Intern Med. 79: 867-887, 1973.
16. [16] Bozetti F.Central venous catheter sepsis, Surg Gynecol Obstet. 161:293-301, 1985.
17. [17] Bjornson HS, Colley R, Bower RH, et al. Association between microorganism, growth at the catheter insertion site and colonization of the catheter in patients receiving total paranteral nutrution, Surgery. 92:720-7, 1982.
18. [18] Maki DG, Mc Cormack KN. Defatting catheter insertion sites in total parenteral nutrution is of no value as an infection control measure, Am Med. 83: 833-40, 1987.
19. [19] Corona ML, Peters SG, Narr BJ, Tompson RL. Infections related to central venous catheters, Mayo Clin Proc. 65:979- 986, 1990.
20. [20] Parras F, Ena J, Bouza E, et al. İmpact of an educational program for the prevention of colonitazation of intravascular catheters, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 15:239 242, 1994
21. [21] Cooper GL, Hopkins CC. Rapid diagnosis of intravascular catheter-associated infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments, N Engl J Med. 312 (18):1142-1147, 1985.
22. [22] Maki DG, Ringer M. Evaluation of dressing regimens for prevention of infection with peripheral intravenous catheters, JAMA. 258(17):2396-2403, 1987.
23. [23] Pemberton LB, Lyman B, Mandal J, et al. Outbreak of staphylococcus epidermidis nosocomial infections in patient receiving total parenteral nutrition, J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 8:325-6, 1984.
24. [24] Linares J, Sitges-Serra A, Garau J, Perez JL, Martin R. Pathogenesis of catheter sepsis: a prospectiv study with quantitative and semiquantitative cultures of catheter hub and segments, J Clin Microbiol. 21 (3): 357-360, 1985.
25. [25] Sitges-Serra A, Linares J, Garau J. Catheter sepsis: the clue is the hub surgery, 97 (3): 355-357,1985.
26. [26] Moro ML, Maffei C, Manso E, Morace G, Polonelli L, Biavasco BS. Nosocomial outbreak of systemic candidiasis associatet with parenteral nutrition, İnfect control Hosp. Epidemiol. 11 (1): 27-35, 1990.
27. [27] Band J, Maki DG. Safety of changing intravenous delivery systems at longer than 24-hour intervals, Ann Intern Med. 91: 173-178, 1979.
28. [28] Holmes CJ, Allwood MC. The microbial contamination of intravenous infusions during clinical use, J Appl Bacteriol. 46:247-57, 1979.
29. [29] Dankner WM, Spector SA, Fierer J. Malassezia fungemia in neonates and adults: complication of hyperalimentation, Rev infect Dis. 9:743-837, 1987.
30. [30] Snydman DR, Gorbea HF, Pober BR, Majka JA, Murray SA, Perry LK. Predictive value of surveillance skin cultures in total-parenteral-nutrition related infection, Lancet 1385- 1388, 1982.
31. [31] Armstrong CW, Mayhall G, Miller KB, Newsome HH Jr, Sugerman HJ, Dalton HB, Hall GO, Gennings C. Prospective study of catheter replacement and other risk factors for infection of hyperalimentation catheters, J Inf Dis. 154(5) : 808-816, 1986.
32. [32] Christensen GD, Baddour LM, Hasty DL, Lowrance JH, Simson A. Microbial and foreing body factors in the pathogenesis of medical device infections. p: 27-59. In Bisno AL, Waldvogel FA (eds), Infections Associated with Indwelling Medical Devices, 1st ed, Amer Soc Microb, Washington DC, 1989.
33. [33] McGeer A, Righter J. Improving our ability to diagnose infections associated with central venous catheters: value of Gram's staing and culture of entry site swabs, CMAJ. 137: 1009-1015, 1987.
34. [34] Brun-Buisson C, Aprouk F, Legrand P, Huet Y, Larabi S, Rapin M. Diagnosis of central venous catheter-related sepsis, Arch Intern Med. 147: 837-887, 1987.
35. [35] Gray ED, Peters G, Verstegen M, Regelmann WE. Effect of extracelluler slime substance from Staphylococcus epidermidis on the human celluler immun response, Lanced. i: 365-367, 1987.
36. [36] Johnson GM, Lee DA, Regelmann WE, Gray ED, Peters G, Quie PG. Interferance with granulocyte function by Staphylococcus epidermidis slime, Infect Immun. 54(1): 13- 20, 1986.
37. [37] Felds SK, Schaffner W, Melly MA, Koenig MG. Sepsis caused by contaminated intravenous fluids, Ann Intern Med. 77: 881-890, 1972.
38. [38] Maki DG, Rhame FS, Mackel DC, Bennett JV. Natiowide epidemic of septicemia caused by contaminated intravenous products, Am J Med. 60: 471-485, 1976.
39. [40] Riebel W, Frantz N, Adelstein D, Spagnuolo PJ. Corynebacterium JK: a cause of nosocomial device-related infection, Rev Infect Dis. 8 (1):42-49, 1986.
40. [41] Stamm WE, Colella JJ, Anderson RL, Dixon RE. İndwelling arterial catheters as a source of nosocomial bacteremia, N Engle J Med. 292:1099-1102, 1975.
41. [42] Smith PW, Massanari RM. Room humidifiers as the source of Acinetobacter infections, JAMA. 237:795-7, 1977.
42. [43] Haslett TM, Isenberg HD, Hilton E, Tucci V, Kay BG, Vellozzi EM. Microbiology of indwelling central intravascular catheters, J Clin Microbiol. 26(4):696-701, 1988.
43. [44] Data VM, Dajani AS, Candidemia in children with central venous catheters: role of catheter removal and Amphotericin B therapy, Pediatr J Infect Dis J. 9:309-314, 1990.
44. [45] Henderson DK. Bacteremia due to percutaneous intravascular devices. p:2189-2199. In Mandell GL, Douglas RG, Bennett JE (eds), Principles and Practice of İnfectious Diseases, 3rd ed., Churchill Livingstone UK, 1990.
45. [46] Linder LE, Curelaru I, Gustavson B, et al. Material thrombogenicity in central venous catheterization: A comparison between soft, antebrachial catheters of slicone elastomer and polyurethane, J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 8:399- 406, 1984.
46. [47] Sheth NK, Franson TR, Rose HD, et al. Colonization of bacteria on polyvinylchloride and Teflon intravascular catheter in hospitalized patient, J Clin Microbiol. 18:1061-3, 1983.
47. [48] Mantese VA, German DS, Kruminski DL, et al. Colonization and sepsis from triple-lumen catheters in critically ill patients, Am J Surg. 154:597-601, 1987.
48. [49] Wolfe BM, Ryder MA, Nishikawa RA, Holsted CH, Schmidt BF. Complications of parenteral nutrition, Am J Surg. 152:93-98, 1986.
49. [50] Prager RL, Silva J. Colonization of central venous catheters, South Med J. 77(4): 458-461, 1984.
50. [51] Moro ML, Vigano EF, Lozzi Lepri A . The Central Venous Catheter-Related Infections Study Group. Risk factors for central venous catheter-related infections in surgical and intensive care units, İnfect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 15:253- 264, 1994.
51. [52] Maki DG. Epidemic nosocomial bacteremias, İn Wenzel RP, ed. Handbook of Hospital Acquired Infections. Boca Raton FL, CRC Press. 371-512, 1981.
52. [53] Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection, N Engl J Med. 296(23): 1305-1309, 1977.
53. [54] Coutlee F, Lemieux C, Paradis J. Value of direct catheter staining in the diagnosis of intravascular-catheter-related infection, J Clin Microbiol. 26 (6): 1088-1090, 1988.
54. [55] Kristonson KG, Spencer RC. Failure to diagnose intravascular catheter infection by direct Gram staining of catheter segments (letter), J Hosp İnf. 7:305-306, 1985.
55. [56] Benezra D, Kiehn TE, Gold JWM, Brown AE, Turnbull ADM, Armstrong D. Prospective study of infections in indwelling central venous catheters using blood cultures, Am J Med. 85: 495-498, 1988.
56. [57] Wing JE, Norden CW, Shadduck RK, Winkelstein A. Use of quantitative bacteriologic techniques to diagnose catheter-related sepsis, Arch Intern Med. 139: 482-483, 1979.
57. [58] Flynn PM, Shenep JL, Stokes DC, Barrett FF. Insitu management of confirmed central venous catheter-related bacteremia, Pediatr Infect Dis J. 6 (8): 729-734, 1987.
58. [59] Thomford JW, Hershey CO, McLaren CE, Porter DK, Cohen DI. Intravenous therapy team and peripheral venous catheter associated complications, Arch Intern Med. 144:1191-1194, 1984.
59. [60] Raad H, Hohn DC, Gilbreath J, et al. Prevantion of central venous catheter-related infections by using maximal sterile barrier precautions during insertion, Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 15:231-238, 1994.
60. [61] Tager IB, Ginsberg MB, Ellis SE, Walsh NE, Dupont I, Simchen E, Faich GA. An epidemiologic study of the risks associated with peripheral intravenous catheters, Am J Epidemiol. 118 (6):839-851, 1983.
61. [62] Buxton AE, Highsmilh AK, Garner JS, West M, Stamm WE, Dixon RE, McGowan JE. Contamination of intravenous infusion fluid: effects of changing administration sets, Ann Intern Med. 92:764-768, 1979.
62. [63] Rupar DG, Herzog KD, Fisher MC, Long SS. Prolonged bacteremia with catheter-related central venous thrombosis, ADJC. 144:879-882, 1990.
63. [64] Lin C, Lin MT, Hsieh DY, Chao YF, Yeh SL, Wu MS, Lin JT, Lee PH, Chang KJ, Chen WJ.Microbiology difference between colonized catheters and catheter-related bloodstream infection, Hepatogastroenterology. 50(54):1821-4, 2003.
64. [65] Safdar N, Maki DG.The pathogenesis of catheter-related bloodstream infection with noncuffed short-term central venous catheters, Int Care Med, 30 (1): 62-7,2003.
65. [66] Abdelkefi A, Achour W, Torjman L, Ladeb S, Ben Othman T, Ben Hassen A, Hsairi M,Ben Abdeladhim A.Infectious complications related to non-tunneled central venouscatheters in immunocompromised patients: prospective study about 210 cases, Ann Fr Anesth Reanim. 22 (9):773-7, 2003.
66. [67] Raad I, Hanna HA, Alakech B, Chatzinikolaou I, Johnson MM, Tarrand J. Differential time to positivity: a useful method for diagnosing catheter-relatedbloodstream infections, Ann Intern Med.140 (1):18-25. 2004.