Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

THE EFFECTS OF Lythrum salicaria L. LEAF TUOGHNESS ON FEEDING OF SOME INSECT GROUPS

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 023, 1 - 10, 15.12.2010

Öz

In this study, the connection between upper-lower leaf toughness
and insect feeding in populations of Lythrum salicaria L. taxon, spreading along the
Porsuk River, Kütahya have been examined, considering canopy coverage as main
factor. It has been determined that there is a negative (-) relation between
total number of insects and canopy coverage
(%) (r = -0,94); the more canopy
coverage has increased, the less the total number of insects that spreading on
the stem and leaves of Lythrum salicaria
populations has decreased. Moreover, with the increase of lower (r = 0,33) and
upper leaf (r = 0,42) toughness (gr), it has been determined that the number of
total insects invading the stem and leaves of Lythrum salicaria populations has also increased.

Kaynakça

  • [1] W. Mitsch and J. Gosselink, “Wetlands 3rd ed.”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 920 (2000).
  • [2] D. Thompson, R. Stuckey, and E. B. Thompson, “Spread, impact and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands”, U. S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research 2 (1987). [3] K. Flottum, “Loosing loosestrife”, Bee Culture, 121, 374 (1993).
  • [4] C. H. Welling and R. L. Becker, “Reduction of purple loosestrife establishment in Minnesota wetlands”, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 21, 56 (1993). [5] G. R. Balog and T. A. Bookhout, “Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Ohio’s lake erie marshes”, Ohio J Sci., 83, 62 (1989).
  • [6] G. R. Balogh and T. A. Bookhout, “Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Ohio’s Lake Erie Marshes”, Ohio Journal of Science, 89, 62(1989).
  • [7] E. J. Fransworth and D. R. Ellis, “Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics”, Wetlands, 2, 199 (2001).
  • [8] J. L. Harper, I. H. Clatworthy, I. H. Mcnaughton and G. R. Sagar, “The evolution and ecology of closely related species living in the same area”, Evolution, 15, 209 (1961).
  • [9] J. A. Morrison, “Wetland vegetation before and after experimental purple loosestrife removal”, Wetlands, 22, 159 (2002).
  • [10] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L”, Journal of Ecology, 62, 279 (1974).
  • [11] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative Eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. III. Mineral nutrition”, Journal of Ecology, 65, 55(1977).
  • [12] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative Eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. IV. Effect of temperature and inter-specific competition and concluding discussion”, Journal of Ecology, 65, 71(1977).
  • [13] I. Heuch, “The effect of partial self-fertilization on type frequencies in heterostylous plants”, Annals of Botany, 611 (1979).
  • [14] K. Gilbert and S. B. Lee, “Two perils of plant population dynamics”, Oecologia, 46, 283 (1980).
  • [15] I. Heuch, “Loss of incompatibility types in finite populations of the hetero-stylous plant Lythrum salicaria”, Hereditas, 92, 53 (1980).
  • [16] S. R. A. Shamsi, “Effect of a light-break on the growth and development of Epilobium hirsutum and Lythrum salicaria in short photoperiods”, Annals of Botany, 40, 153 (1976).
  • [17] T. L. Mccaughey and G. R. Stephenson, “Time from flowering to seed viability in purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)”, Aquatic Botany, 66, 57 (2000).
  • [18] B. Bush, L. A. Shane, L. R. Wilson, E. L. Barnard, and D. Barnes, “ Uptake of polychlorobiphenyl congeners by purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on the banks of the Hudson River”, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 285 (1986).
  • [19] P. H. Davis, “Flora of Turkey and East Eagean Islands”, Edinburg University Pres, UK, (1965-1988).
  • [20] N. Bingöl, “Batı Anadolu’da yayılış gösteren Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)’nın taksonomik ve ekolojik özellikleri”, Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Fen Bilmleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir (2005).
  • [21] K. R. Edwards, M. S. Adams, and J. Kvĕt, “Plant Invasions-General aspects and Special Problems”, P. Pyšek, K. Parch, M. Rejmanek, and M. Wade, (eds), The Netherlands, 180 (1995).
  • [22] K. R. Edwards, M. S. Adams, and J. Kvĕt, “Differences between European and American invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria”, Applied Vegetation Science, 1, 267 (1998).
  • [23] C. H. Welling and R. L. Becker, “Seed bank dynamics of Lythrum salicaria L.: Implications for control of this species in North America”, Aquatic Botany, 38, 303 (1990).
  • [24] M. A. Treberg and B. C. Husband, “Relationship between the abundance of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) and plant species richness along the Bar River, Canada”, Wetlands, 19, 118 (1999).
  • [25] R. L. Stuckey, “ Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) in North America”, Bartonia, 47, 3 (1980).
  • [26] S. M. Galatowitsch, N. O. Anderson, and P. D. Ascher, “Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America”, Wetlands, 19, 733 (1999).
  • [27] E. J. Farnsworth and E. R. Ellis, “Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics”, Wetlands, 21, 199 (2001).
  • [28] Blossey B., “Herbivory below ground and biological weed control: life history of a root-boring weevil on purple loosestrife”. Oecologia, 94, 380-387 (1993).
  • [29] B.Blossey, L. C. Skinner, and J. Tayor, “Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in North America”, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1787 (2001).
  • [30] K. J. Stevens, R. L. Peterson, and G. R. Stephenson, “Vegetative propagation and the tissue involved in lateral spread of Lythrum salicaria”, Aquatic Botany, 56, 11 (1997).
  • [31] K. J. Stevens, R. L. Peterson, and G. R. Stephenson, “ Morphological and anatomical responses of Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife) to an imposed water gradient”, International Journal of Plant Science, 158, 172 (1997).
  • [32] S. D. Hight, B. Blossey, J. Laing, and R. Declerck-Floate, “Establishment of insect biological control agents from Europe against Lythrum salicaria in North America”, Environmental Entomology, 24, 967 (1995).
  • [33] J. Agren, “Population size, pollinator limitation and seed set in the self incompatible herb Lythrum salicaria”. Ecology, 77, 1779 (1996).
  • [34] H. A. Hager and K. D. McCoy, “The implications of accepting untested hypotheses: a review of the effects of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America”, Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1069 (1998).
  • [35] M. B. Thomas and A. J. Willis, “Biocontrol-risky but necessary?”, Tree, 8, 325 (1998).
  • [36] T. J. McAvoy, L. T. Kok, and W. T. Mays, “Establishment of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculinoidae), a biological control agent of purple loosestrife in Virginia”, Biological Control, 24, 245 (2002).
  • [37] D. C. Sebolt and D. A. Landis, “Arthropod predators of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) an assesment of biotic interference”, Environmental Entomology, 33, 356 (2004).
  • [38] S. S. Schooler, E. M. Coombs, and P. B. McAvoy, “Non target effects on crepe myrtle by Galerucella pusilla and Galerucella calmariensis (Chrysomelidae) used for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)”, Weed Science, 51, 449 (2003).
  • [39] Y. Akman, “İklim ve Biyoiklim”, Kariyer Matbaacılık Limited Şirketi, Ankara, 350 (1999).
  • [40] B. Hills, “The spherical densiometer revisited”, A News letter Wildlife Habitat Managers, 6, 2 (1985).
  • [41] P. H. A. Lemnon, “Spherical densiometer for estimating forest overstorydensity”, Forest Science, 2, 314 (1956).
  • [42] P. Feeny, “Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars”, Ecology, 51, 565 (1970).
  • [43] C. T. Brues and A. L. Melander, “Classification of insects, A key to the known families of insects and other terrestrial Arthropods”, Bulletin of the Museum of Comperative Zoology at Harvard College, 73, 264 (1945).
  • [44] E. Corcket, I. Chintaunan-Marguier, R. M. Callaway, and R. Michalet, “Séléctivite et variations environnementales de l’herbivorie par les Orthoptéres (Species-dependence and environmental changes in grasshopper herbivory)”, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 155 (2002).
  • [45] H. Bertrand, “Les Insectes Aquatiques D’Europe”, Paris, (1954).
  • [46] G. Y. Bei-Bienko, “Keys to Insects of The European USSR-1: Aperygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola”, Academy of Sciences of The USSR, Zoological Institute, Moskova, (1964).
  • [47] N. M. Andersen, “The Semiaquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) Phylogeny, Adaptations, Biogeography and Classification, Entomonograph”, Scandinavian Science Pres Ltd., Klampenborg-Denmark, (1982).
  • [48] B. Aukema and C. Rieger, “Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palearctic Region”, The Netherlands Entomological Society, 1, 26 (1995).
  • [49] A. Demirsoy, “Yaşamın Temel Kuralları (Omurgasızlar=İnvertebrata) Böcekler Dışında”, Cilt II, Kısım I. Ankara, (1999).
  • [50] A. Demirsoy, Yaşamın Temel Kuralları (Omurgasızlar/ Böcekler) Entomoloji, Cilt II, Kısım II, Ankara, (1999).
  • [51] JMP SAS., JMP SAS. SAS Institute Inc., NC, (1995).
  • [52] E. J. S. Katovich, D. W. Ragsdale, L. C. Skinner, and R. L. Becker, “Effect of Galerucella calmariensis spp. feeding on seed production”, Weed Science, 49, 190 (2001).
  • [53] P. E. Weihe and R. K. Neely, “The effect of shading on competition between purple loosestrife and broad-leaved cattail”, Aquatic Botany, 59, 127 (1997).
  • [54] B. Shipley, “Plasticity in relative growth rate and its components following a change in irradiance”, Plant Cell and Environment, 23, 1207 (2000).
  • [55] B. Blossey and T. R. Hunt-Joshi, “Belowground herbivory by insects: influence on plants and above ground herbivores”, Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 521 (2003).
  • [56] C. J. Lingren, “Using 1-min scans and stem height data in a post-release monitoring strategy for Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) in Manitaoba”, Biological Control, 27, 201 (2003).
  • [57] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. II. Growth and development in relation to light”, Journal of Ecology, 62, 631 (1974).
  • [58] B. C. Reynolds and D. A. Crossley, “Spatial variation in herbivory by forest canopy arthropods along an elevation gradient”, Environmental Entomology, 26, 1232 (1997).
  • [59] M. F. Arturi, M. A. Relva, and A. D. Brown, “Leaf consumption of tree species in xeromorphic, temperate forests of eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina”, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 72, 63 (1999).
  • [60] Y. Basset, “The spatial-distribution of herbivory, mines and galls within an Australian rainforest tree”, Biotropica, 23, 271 (1991).
  • [61] S. M. Louda and J. E. Romdan, “Insect herbivory as a major factor in the shade distribution of a native crucifer (Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray, bittercress)”, Journal of Ecology, 84, 229 (1996).
  • [62] P. Hamback, J. Agren, and L. Ericson, “Associotional resistance: insect damage to purple loosestrife reduced in thickets of sweet gale”, Ecology, 81, 1784 (2000).

Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) YAPRAK SERTLİKLERİNİN BAZI BÖCEK GRUPLARININ BESLENMELERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ

Yıl 2010, Sayı: 023, 1 - 10, 15.12.2010

Öz

Bu araştırmada, Lythrum
salicaria
L. taksonunun Kütahya ili Porsuk Nehri kenarında yayılış gösteren
populasyonlarının alt ve üst yaprak sertlikleri ile bazı böcek türlerinin beslenmeleri
arasındaki ilişki tepe tacı kapalılığı ana etken olmak üzere araştırılmıştır. Lythrum salicaria populasyonlarını istila
eden toplam böcek sayısı ile tepe tacı kapalılığı (%) arasında negatif (-) bir
ilişkinin olduğu (r = -0,94), tepe tacı kapalılığı yüzdesi arttıkça, Lythrum salicaria populasyonlarının
gövde ve yapraklarında yayılış gösteren toplam böcek sayısının azaldığı
belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca alt (r = 0,33) ve üst yaprak (r = 0,42) sertliklerinin
(gr) artması ile, Lythrum salicaria
populasyonlarının gövde ve yapraklarını istila eden toplam böcek sayısının da
arttığı tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • [1] W. Mitsch and J. Gosselink, “Wetlands 3rd ed.”, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 920 (2000).
  • [2] D. Thompson, R. Stuckey, and E. B. Thompson, “Spread, impact and control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North American wetlands”, U. S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service Research 2 (1987). [3] K. Flottum, “Loosing loosestrife”, Bee Culture, 121, 374 (1993).
  • [4] C. H. Welling and R. L. Becker, “Reduction of purple loosestrife establishment in Minnesota wetlands”, Wildl. Soc. Bull., 21, 56 (1993). [5] G. R. Balog and T. A. Bookhout, “Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Ohio’s lake erie marshes”, Ohio J Sci., 83, 62 (1989).
  • [6] G. R. Balogh and T. A. Bookhout, “Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in Ohio’s Lake Erie Marshes”, Ohio Journal of Science, 89, 62(1989).
  • [7] E. J. Fransworth and D. R. Ellis, “Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics”, Wetlands, 2, 199 (2001).
  • [8] J. L. Harper, I. H. Clatworthy, I. H. Mcnaughton and G. R. Sagar, “The evolution and ecology of closely related species living in the same area”, Evolution, 15, 209 (1961).
  • [9] J. A. Morrison, “Wetland vegetation before and after experimental purple loosestrife removal”, Wetlands, 22, 159 (2002).
  • [10] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L”, Journal of Ecology, 62, 279 (1974).
  • [11] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative Eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. III. Mineral nutrition”, Journal of Ecology, 65, 55(1977).
  • [12] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative Eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. IV. Effect of temperature and inter-specific competition and concluding discussion”, Journal of Ecology, 65, 71(1977).
  • [13] I. Heuch, “The effect of partial self-fertilization on type frequencies in heterostylous plants”, Annals of Botany, 611 (1979).
  • [14] K. Gilbert and S. B. Lee, “Two perils of plant population dynamics”, Oecologia, 46, 283 (1980).
  • [15] I. Heuch, “Loss of incompatibility types in finite populations of the hetero-stylous plant Lythrum salicaria”, Hereditas, 92, 53 (1980).
  • [16] S. R. A. Shamsi, “Effect of a light-break on the growth and development of Epilobium hirsutum and Lythrum salicaria in short photoperiods”, Annals of Botany, 40, 153 (1976).
  • [17] T. L. Mccaughey and G. R. Stephenson, “Time from flowering to seed viability in purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)”, Aquatic Botany, 66, 57 (2000).
  • [18] B. Bush, L. A. Shane, L. R. Wilson, E. L. Barnard, and D. Barnes, “ Uptake of polychlorobiphenyl congeners by purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) on the banks of the Hudson River”, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 15, 285 (1986).
  • [19] P. H. Davis, “Flora of Turkey and East Eagean Islands”, Edinburg University Pres, UK, (1965-1988).
  • [20] N. Bingöl, “Batı Anadolu’da yayılış gösteren Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae)’nın taksonomik ve ekolojik özellikleri”, Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Fen Bilmleri Enstitüsü, Eskişehir (2005).
  • [21] K. R. Edwards, M. S. Adams, and J. Kvĕt, “Plant Invasions-General aspects and Special Problems”, P. Pyšek, K. Parch, M. Rejmanek, and M. Wade, (eds), The Netherlands, 180 (1995).
  • [22] K. R. Edwards, M. S. Adams, and J. Kvĕt, “Differences between European and American invasive populations of Lythrum salicaria”, Applied Vegetation Science, 1, 267 (1998).
  • [23] C. H. Welling and R. L. Becker, “Seed bank dynamics of Lythrum salicaria L.: Implications for control of this species in North America”, Aquatic Botany, 38, 303 (1990).
  • [24] M. A. Treberg and B. C. Husband, “Relationship between the abundance of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) and plant species richness along the Bar River, Canada”, Wetlands, 19, 118 (1999).
  • [25] R. L. Stuckey, “ Distributional history of Lythrum salicaria (purple loosestrife) in North America”, Bartonia, 47, 3 (1980).
  • [26] S. M. Galatowitsch, N. O. Anderson, and P. D. Ascher, “Invasiveness in wetland plants in temperate North America”, Wetlands, 19, 733 (1999).
  • [27] E. J. Farnsworth and E. R. Ellis, “Is purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) an invasive threat to freshwater wetlands? Conflicting evidence from several ecological metrics”, Wetlands, 21, 199 (2001).
  • [28] Blossey B., “Herbivory below ground and biological weed control: life history of a root-boring weevil on purple loosestrife”. Oecologia, 94, 380-387 (1993).
  • [29] B.Blossey, L. C. Skinner, and J. Tayor, “Impact and management of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) in North America”, Biodiversity and Conservation, 10, 1787 (2001).
  • [30] K. J. Stevens, R. L. Peterson, and G. R. Stephenson, “Vegetative propagation and the tissue involved in lateral spread of Lythrum salicaria”, Aquatic Botany, 56, 11 (1997).
  • [31] K. J. Stevens, R. L. Peterson, and G. R. Stephenson, “ Morphological and anatomical responses of Lythrum salicaria L. (purple loosestrife) to an imposed water gradient”, International Journal of Plant Science, 158, 172 (1997).
  • [32] S. D. Hight, B. Blossey, J. Laing, and R. Declerck-Floate, “Establishment of insect biological control agents from Europe against Lythrum salicaria in North America”, Environmental Entomology, 24, 967 (1995).
  • [33] J. Agren, “Population size, pollinator limitation and seed set in the self incompatible herb Lythrum salicaria”. Ecology, 77, 1779 (1996).
  • [34] H. A. Hager and K. D. McCoy, “The implications of accepting untested hypotheses: a review of the effects of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria) in North America”, Biodiversity and Conservation, 7, 1069 (1998).
  • [35] M. B. Thomas and A. J. Willis, “Biocontrol-risky but necessary?”, Tree, 8, 325 (1998).
  • [36] T. J. McAvoy, L. T. Kok, and W. T. Mays, “Establishment of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculinoidae), a biological control agent of purple loosestrife in Virginia”, Biological Control, 24, 245 (2002).
  • [37] D. C. Sebolt and D. A. Landis, “Arthropod predators of Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) an assesment of biotic interference”, Environmental Entomology, 33, 356 (2004).
  • [38] S. S. Schooler, E. M. Coombs, and P. B. McAvoy, “Non target effects on crepe myrtle by Galerucella pusilla and Galerucella calmariensis (Chrysomelidae) used for biological control of purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria)”, Weed Science, 51, 449 (2003).
  • [39] Y. Akman, “İklim ve Biyoiklim”, Kariyer Matbaacılık Limited Şirketi, Ankara, 350 (1999).
  • [40] B. Hills, “The spherical densiometer revisited”, A News letter Wildlife Habitat Managers, 6, 2 (1985).
  • [41] P. H. A. Lemnon, “Spherical densiometer for estimating forest overstorydensity”, Forest Science, 2, 314 (1956).
  • [42] P. Feeny, “Seasonal changes in oak leaf tannins and nutrients as a cause of spring feeding by winter moth caterpillars”, Ecology, 51, 565 (1970).
  • [43] C. T. Brues and A. L. Melander, “Classification of insects, A key to the known families of insects and other terrestrial Arthropods”, Bulletin of the Museum of Comperative Zoology at Harvard College, 73, 264 (1945).
  • [44] E. Corcket, I. Chintaunan-Marguier, R. M. Callaway, and R. Michalet, “Séléctivite et variations environnementales de l’herbivorie par les Orthoptéres (Species-dependence and environmental changes in grasshopper herbivory)”, Comptes Rendus Biologies, 325, 155 (2002).
  • [45] H. Bertrand, “Les Insectes Aquatiques D’Europe”, Paris, (1954).
  • [46] G. Y. Bei-Bienko, “Keys to Insects of The European USSR-1: Aperygota, Palaeoptera, Hemimetabola”, Academy of Sciences of The USSR, Zoological Institute, Moskova, (1964).
  • [47] N. M. Andersen, “The Semiaquatic Bugs (Hemiptera, Gerromorpha) Phylogeny, Adaptations, Biogeography and Classification, Entomonograph”, Scandinavian Science Pres Ltd., Klampenborg-Denmark, (1982).
  • [48] B. Aukema and C. Rieger, “Catalogue of the Heteroptera of the Palearctic Region”, The Netherlands Entomological Society, 1, 26 (1995).
  • [49] A. Demirsoy, “Yaşamın Temel Kuralları (Omurgasızlar=İnvertebrata) Böcekler Dışında”, Cilt II, Kısım I. Ankara, (1999).
  • [50] A. Demirsoy, Yaşamın Temel Kuralları (Omurgasızlar/ Böcekler) Entomoloji, Cilt II, Kısım II, Ankara, (1999).
  • [51] JMP SAS., JMP SAS. SAS Institute Inc., NC, (1995).
  • [52] E. J. S. Katovich, D. W. Ragsdale, L. C. Skinner, and R. L. Becker, “Effect of Galerucella calmariensis spp. feeding on seed production”, Weed Science, 49, 190 (2001).
  • [53] P. E. Weihe and R. K. Neely, “The effect of shading on competition between purple loosestrife and broad-leaved cattail”, Aquatic Botany, 59, 127 (1997).
  • [54] B. Shipley, “Plasticity in relative growth rate and its components following a change in irradiance”, Plant Cell and Environment, 23, 1207 (2000).
  • [55] B. Blossey and T. R. Hunt-Joshi, “Belowground herbivory by insects: influence on plants and above ground herbivores”, Annual Review of Entomology, 48, 521 (2003).
  • [56] C. J. Lingren, “Using 1-min scans and stem height data in a post-release monitoring strategy for Galerucella calmariensis L. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) on purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) in Manitaoba”, Biological Control, 27, 201 (2003).
  • [57] S. R. A. Shamsi and F. H. Whitehead, “Comparative eco-physiology of Epilobium hirsutum L. and Lythrum salicaria L. II. Growth and development in relation to light”, Journal of Ecology, 62, 631 (1974).
  • [58] B. C. Reynolds and D. A. Crossley, “Spatial variation in herbivory by forest canopy arthropods along an elevation gradient”, Environmental Entomology, 26, 1232 (1997).
  • [59] M. F. Arturi, M. A. Relva, and A. D. Brown, “Leaf consumption of tree species in xeromorphic, temperate forests of eastern Buenos Aires Province, Argentina”, Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 72, 63 (1999).
  • [60] Y. Basset, “The spatial-distribution of herbivory, mines and galls within an Australian rainforest tree”, Biotropica, 23, 271 (1991).
  • [61] S. M. Louda and J. E. Romdan, “Insect herbivory as a major factor in the shade distribution of a native crucifer (Cardamine cordifolia A. Gray, bittercress)”, Journal of Ecology, 84, 229 (1996).
  • [62] P. Hamback, J. Agren, and L. Ericson, “Associotional resistance: insect damage to purple loosestrife reduced in thickets of sweet gale”, Ecology, 81, 1784 (2000).
Toplam 60 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nüket Bingöl Bu kişi benim

Nazan Yalçınkaya Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Aralık 2010
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2010 Sayı: 023

Kaynak Göster

APA Bingöl, N., & Yalçınkaya, N. (2010). Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae) YAPRAK SERTLİKLERİNİN BAZI BÖCEK GRUPLARININ BESLENMELERİ ÜZERİNE ETKİLERİ. Journal of Science and Technology of Dumlupınar University(023), 1-10.