DIABETIC MACULAR EDEMA

Yıl 2007, Sayı: 014, 129 - 136, 17.12.2007

Fatih Özcura Sayime Aydın

Öz

Diabetic retinopathy is one of the most frequent causes of blindness in developed countries. Diabetic

macular edema may associate with any stage of diabetic retinopathy and is the main cause of visual

impairment in diabetic patients. Visual loss due to diabetic macular edema may be decreased with

early diagnosis and treatment. Basic knowledge about diabetic macular edema and, standard and

current treatment modalities was discussed in this article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diabetic macular edema, diabetic retinopathy

DİABETİK MAKULA ÖDEMİ

Öz

Diabetik retinopati günümüz gelişmiş toplumlarında körlüğün en önemli nedenlerinden biridir. Diabetik retinopati

evrelerinin herhangi bir aşamasında diabetik makula ödemi tabloya eşlik edebilir ve diabetik hastalardaki görme

azlığının en temel nedenini oluşturur. Erken tanı ve tedavi ile diabetik makula ödemine bağlı görme kayıpları

azaltılabilmektedir. Bu makalede diabetik makula ödemi hakkında genel bilgiler ile klasik ve güncel tedavi

yöntemleri ele alınmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Diabetik makula ödemi, diabetik retinopati

Kaynakça

• [1] American Diabetes Association. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care; 29 Suppl : 43-48 (2006).
• [2] Grey RH, Burns-Cox CJ, Hughes A. Blind and partial sight registration in Avon. Br J Ophthalmol; 73: 88-94(1989).
• [3] Herman WH, Teutsch SM, Sepe SJ, Sinnock P, Klein R. An approach to the prevention of blindness in diabetes. Diabetes Care; 6: 608-613 (1983).
• [4] Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE. Visual impairment in diabetes. Ophthalmology; 91:1-9 (1984).
• [5] Klein R, Klein BE, Moss SE, Davis MD, DeMets DL. The Wisconsin epidemiologic study of diabetic retinopathy. IV. Diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology; 91:1464-1474 (1984).
• [6] Ciulla TA, Amador AG, Zinman B. Diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema: pathophysiology,screening, and novel therapies. Diabetes Care; 26:2653-2664 (2003).
• [7] Bandello F, Pognuz R, Polito A, Pirracchio A, Menchini F, Ambesi M. Diabetic macular edema: classification, medical and laser therapy. Semin Ophthalmol; 18:251-258 (2003).
• [8] Bresnick GH, Engerman R, Davis MD, de Venecia G, Myers FL. Patterns of ischemia in diabetic retinopathy. Trans Sect Ophthalmol Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol; 81:694-709 (1976).
• [9] Bresnick GH. Diabetic maculopathy. A critical review highlighting diffuse macular edema. Ophthalmology; 90:1301-1317 (1983).
• [10] Mansour AM, Schachat A, Bodiford G, Haymond R. Foveal avascular zone in diabetes mellitus. Retina;13:125-128 (1993).
• [11] Patz A, Schatz H, Berkow JW, Gittelsohn AM, Ticho U. Macular edema an overlooked complication of diabetic retinopathy. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol; 77:34-42 (1973).
• [12] Tranos PG, Wickremasinghe SS, Stangos NT, Topouzis F, Tsinopoulos I, Pavesio CE. Macular edema. Surv Ophthalmol; 49:470-490 (2004).
• [13] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 1. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Arch Ophthalmol; 103:1796-1806 (1985).
• [14] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 2. Treatment techniques and clinical guidelines for photocoagulation of diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology; 94:761-774 (1987). [15] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 3. Techniques for scatter and local photocoagulation treatment of diabetic retinopathy: Int Ophthalmol Clin; 27:254-264 (1987). [16] Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study Report Number 4. Photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema: Int Ophthalmol Clin; 27:265-272 (1987).
• [17] Bursell SE, Clermont AC, Aiello LP, Aiello LM, Schlossman DK, Feener EP, Laffel L, King GL. Highdose vitamin E supplementation normalizes retinal blood flow and creatinine clearance in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care.; 22:1245-1251 (1999).
• [18] Shen GX. Selective protein kinase C inhibitors and their applications. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord.; 3:301-307 (2003).
• [19] Sorbinil Retinopathy Trial Research Group. A randomized trial of sorbinil, an aldose reductase inhibitor, in diabetic retinopathy. Arch Ophthalmol.; 108:1234-1244 (1990).
• [20] Hammes HP, Martin S, Federlin K, Geisen K, Brownlee M. Aminoguanidine treatment inhibits the development of experimental diabetic retinopathy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.; 88:11555-11558 (1991).
• [21] Eyetech Study Group. Preclinical and phase 1A clinical evaluation of an anti-VEGF pegylated aptamer (EYE001) for the treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration. Retina; 22:143-152 (2002).
• [22] Cunningham ET Jr, Adamis AP, Altaweel M, et al. Macugen Diabetic Retinopathy Study Group. A phase II randomized double-masked trial of pegaptanib, an anti-vascular endothelial growth factor aptamer, for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology; 112:1747-1757 (2005).
• [23] Machemer R, Sugita G, Tano Y. Treatment of intraocular proliferations with intravitreal steroids. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc; 77:171-180 (1979).
• [24] Jonas JB, Sofker A. Intraocular injection of crystalline cortisone as adjunctive treatment of diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol; 132:425-427 (2001).
• [25] Karacorlu M, Ozdemir H, Karacorlu S, Alacali N, Mudun B, Burumcek E. Intravitreal triamcinolone as a primary therapy in diabetic macular oedema. Eye; 19:382-386 (2005).
• [26] Lewis H, Abrams GW, Blumenkranz MS, Campo RV. Vitrectomy for diabetic macular traction and edema associated with arka hyaloidal traction. Ophthalmology; 99:753-759 (1992).