DİPLOMASİNİN KAPISINI ARALAYAN BİR GÜÇ OLARAK SİLAHLI KUVVETLER: ALMAN DEMOKRATİK CUMHURİYETİ’NİN AFRİKA VE ORTADOĞU’YA ASKERİ DESTEK SAĞLAYARAK GERÇEKLEŞTİRDİĞİ DİPLOMATİK ATILIMLAR

Öz

Bu makalenin temel argümanı, Doğu Almanya hükümetinin Batı Almanya’nın diplomatik ablukasına karşı diplomatik bir atılım gerçekleştirmek için önemli bir araç olarak askeri destek sunduğunu kanıtlamaktır. 1949’da kurulduktan sonra, Alman Demokratik Cumhuriyeti , Sovyetler Birliği ve uydu devletleri dışında hiçbir ülke tarafından diplomatik olarak tanınmadı. Bunun nedeni Batı Alman hükümetinin tüm Almanya’yı ve tüm Almanları diplomatik olarak temsil etme iddiasıydı. 1950’lerde ve 1960’larda, Doğu Berlin’deki hükümet bu isme layık diplomatik ilişkiler kurmak için çok zaman ve enerji harcadı. Ortadoğu’ya ek olarak, Doğu Berlin’in bakış açısından, 1960’dan sonra Afrika’da hızla art arda ortaya çıkan yeni devletler, uluslararası dışlanmanın üstesinden gelmek için en umut verici fırsatları sundular. Özellikle askeri kanallardan geçen yol umut verici görünüyordu. Bu ülkelerdeki ordunun önemi göz önüne alındığında, özellikle askeri temasların gelişmekte olan ülkelere karşı GDR dış politikası için büyük önem taşıdığı açıktır. Bu makale, Doğu Almanya’nın Zanzibar, Tanzanya, Gine ve en önemlisi Mısır için askeri yardım ve silah teslimatı örneği ile bu kilit işlevi kanıtlamaktadır. Nasır’ın Mısır’ı ideal olarak kendisini Doğu Almanya’daki diplomatik ve askeri ilerlemeler için bir muhatap olarak sundu. Nasır, Batı Almanya’nın İsrail ile daha yakın ilişkilerine şüpheyle baktı. 1967’deki Altı Gün Savaşı’nda, Doğu Berlin’deki hükümet, Mısır’ın acilen ihtiyaç duyduğu silahları tedarik ederek büyük bir diplomatik atılım elde etme şansı buldu.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mısır
• Diplomatik ilişkiler
• Diplomasi Aracı Olarak Askeri Güç
• Küresel Soğuk Savaş
• Almanya Demokratik Cumhuriyeti (Doğu Almanya)
• Federal Almanya Cumhuriyeti (Batı Almanya)

ARMED FORCES AS A DOOR OPENER FOR DIPLOMACY: DIPLOMATIC BREAKTHROUGHS OF THE GERMAN DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC BY PROVIDING MILITARY SUPPORT TO AFRICA AND THE MIDDLE EAST

Öz

This article will prove how the government of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) used military support as a key tool to break through the West German diplomatic blockade. After the foundation of the GDR in 1949, no country in the world except for the Soviet Union and their satellites recognized this new state diplomatically. This was due to the West German government’s claim to sole representation of Germany and all Germans. From the GDR perspective, it was primarily the Middle East and the states in Africa that emerged after 1960 which offered the most likely chances to overcome international isolation. The employment of military channels seemed to be particularly promising. The fact that military contacts played an essential role in GDR foreign policy toward developing countries was obvious given the importance of the military in those states. This article attests to this key function using the military assistance and weapons deliveries of the GDR for Zanzibar, Tanzania, Guinea and especially Egypt as examples. Nasser’s Egypt was an ideal recipient of both diplomatic and military East German approaches. Nasser viewed the increasingly closer relations between West Germany and Israel with suspicion. The Six-Day War of 1967 finally opened a chance for the regime in East Berlin to achieve a major diplomatic breakthrough by delivering weapons that Egypt desperately needed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Egypt
• Global Cold War
• Military as Diplomacy.
• German Democratic Republic (GDR
• East Germany)
• Federal Rebuplic of Germany (FRG West Germany)

Kaynakça

1. List of Archives
2. German Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv, BArch), Berlin and Freiburg i. Br.
3. Bundesarchiv. 1964a. “GDR-Embassy Sansibar, report Aktion ‘Film,’ 15 Mar 1964.” File DVW 1/114471. Berlin.
4. Bundesarchiv. 1964b. “GDR-Embassy Sansibar, final report Action ‘Film,’ 12 Apr 1964.” File DVW 1/114471. Berlin.
5. Bundesarchiv. 1964c. “East German Ministry of National Defence (MoND), Minister General of the Army Hoffmann, to Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party SED, Secretary for Security Affairs, Erich Honecker, 21 Apr 1964.” File DVW 1/114471. Berlin.
6. Bundesarchiv. 1966a. “MoND, General of the Army Hoffmann, to MoD USSR, Minister Marshall of the Soviet Union Grechkov, 30 Jun 1966.” File AZN 28040. Berlin.
7. Bundesarchiv. 1966b. “MoND, Minister General of the Army Hoffmann, to Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Willi Stoph, 04 Apr 1966.” File DC 20/12338. Berlin.
8. Bundesarchiv. 1966c. “Letter from Secretary General of PAIGC, dated 10 Aug 1966.” File DZ 8/7303-662. Without pagination. Berlin.

9. Bundesarchiv. 1967. “GDR Council of Ministers, 02 Aug 1967.” File DC 20/12846. Berlin.
10. Bundesarchiv. 1967a. “GDR MoND, Major General Fleißner, to GDR MFA, Kiesewetter (04 Jan 1967), and Kiesewetter’s answer (14 Mar 1967).” File VA-01/14094. Berlin.
11. Bundesarchiv. 1967b. “Aircraft Repair Plant Dresden: Travel report on the business trip to Syria and Egypt, 15 Jan – 01 Feb 1967.” File VA-01/14094. Berlin.
12. Bundesarchiv. 1967c. “Memo with the headline ‘United Arab Republic,’ [no date], with handwritten note of receipt by Major General Fleißner dated 29 May 1967.” File VA-01/14094. Berlin.
13. Bundesarchiv. 1967d. “Telegram GDR Consulate General Cairo (07 Jun 1967 and 16 Jun 1967).” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
14. Bundesarchiv. 1967e. “Notes Politburo of the Socialist Unity Party, 07 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/J IV 2/2/1117. Berlin.
15. Bundesarchiv. 1967f. “GDR MoND, Colonel General Keßler, to Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Rauchfuß, 08 Jun 1967.” File VA-01/14094. Berlin.
16. Bundesarchiv. 1967g. “GDR MoND, General Colonel Keßler, to Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Rauchfuß, 09 Jun 1967.” File DC 20/13002. Berlin.
17. Bundesarchiv. 1967h. “MoND, Major General Fleißner, to Office of the Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers (11 Jul 1967) and to Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers (14 Jun 1967).” File DC 20/13002. Berlin.
18. Bundesarchiv. 1967i. “Telegram GDR Consulate General Cairo dated 12 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
19. Bundesarchiv. 1967k. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with Ahmed Fouad, East Berlin, 17 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
20. Bundesarchiv. 1967l. “Telegram GDR Consulate General Cairo, 13 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
21. Bundesarchiv. 1967m. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with Ahmed Fouad, East Berlin, 17 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
22. Bundesarchiv. 1967n. “Report of Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Kiesewetter, about his talks with Ahmed Fouad, East Berlin, 17 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
23. Bundesarchiv. 1967o. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with Ahmed Fouad, East Berlin, 17 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
24. Bundesarchiv. 1967p. “Telegram GDR Consulate General Cairo, dated 23 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
25. Bundesarchiv. 1967q. “Report co. Technocommerz GmbH on the business trip to Egypt, 16 to 28 June 1967.” File DC 20/13002. Berlin.
26. Bundesarchiv. 1967r. “GDR MoND, Department for Planning, 20 Jun 1967.” File VA-01/14094. Berlin.
27. Bundesarchiv. 1967s. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with Ahmed Fouad, East Berlin, 17 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
28. Bundesarchiv. 1967t. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with President Nasser, Cairo, 09 Jul 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337. Berlin.
29. Bundesarchiv. 1967u. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks in Egypt, 06–11 Jul 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337. Berlin.
30. Bundesarchiv. 1967v. “Report of GDR Consul General, Scholz, about the talks of Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Weiß, with Egyptian Minister of Foreign Affairs, Riad (21 Jul 1967) and with President Nasser [no date].” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
31. Bundesarchiv. 1967w. “Report of Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, about his talks with President Nasser, Cairo, 09 Jul 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337 (also in PA-AA, MfAA, C172/75). Berlin.
32. Bundesarchiv. 1967x. “[Description of Document/Report],” [Date]. File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1334. Berlin.
33. Bundesarchiv. 1967y. “GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht to Soviet Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev, 01 Aug 1967 (German and Russian versions).” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
34. Bundesarchiv. 1967z. “Telegram GDR Consulate General Cairo, dated 22 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
35. Bundesarchiv. 1967aa. “GDR MFA, Minister Winzer, to GDR Head of State and Secretary General Ulbricht, Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers Willi Stoph, to Erich Honecker and Secretary for International Relations of Central Committee, Hermann Axen, 23 Jun 1967.” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1339. Berlin.
36. Bundesarchiv. 1967ab. “Report of GDR Military Attaché Cairo, 02 Aug 1967.” File PA-AA, MfAA, C 1349/76. Berlin.
37. Bundesarchiv. 1967ac. “Notes of Talks of GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht with Ali Sabri in Moscow, 08 Nov 1967 (Top Secret).” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337. Berlin.
38. Bundesarchiv. 1967ad. “Notes of Talks of GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht with Ali Sabri in Moscow, 08 Nov 1967 (Top Secret).” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337. Berlin.
39. Bundesarchiv. 1967ae. “Notes of Talks of GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht with Ali Sabri in Moscow, 08 Nov 1967 (Top Secret).” File SAPMO-BArch, NY 4182/1337. Berlin.
40. Bundesarchiv. 1967af. “GDR MoND, Commander of Air Force and Air Defense: Plan of measures for overflight and delivery of 30 MiG-17 F aircraft within the framework of the assistance programme for Egypt, 04 Aug 1967.” File BArch, VA-01/14094. Berlin.
41. Bundesarchiv. 1968a. “Council of Ministers, 08 Aug 1968.” File DC 20/12846. Berlin.
42. Bundesarchiv. 1968b. “MoD USSR, Grechkov, to MoND, Hoffmann, 07 Sep 1968.” File AZN 28044. Berlin.
43. Bundesarchiv. 1968c. “East German Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA) to Politburo of Socialist Unity Party SED, 15 Apr 1968.” File AZN 32606. Berlin.
44. Bundesarchiv. 1968d. “MFA, State Secretary Kohrt to Minister Hoffmann, 29 Feb 1968.” File AZN 32606. Berlin.
45. Bundesarchiv. 1968e. “GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht to Soviet Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev, 19 Jun 1968.” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
46. Bundesarchiv. 1968f. “GDR MoND, Note, 08 Jan 1968.” File BArch, AZN 32682. Berlin.
47. Bundesarchiv. 1968g. “GDR MoND, Note, 08 Jan 1968.” File BArch, AZN 32682. Berlin.
48. Bundesarchiv. 1968h. “Special Commissioner of the GDR Government in Egypt, Scholz, to MoND, Chief of Main Staff, Colonel General Keßler, 08 May 1968.” File BArch, VA-01/14094. Berlin.
49. Bundesarchiv. 1968i. “Special Commissioner of the GDR Government in Egypt, Scholz, to Deputy Chairman of the GDR Council of Ministers, Weiß, 24 Apr 1968.” File BArch, DC 20/13002. Berlin.
50. Bundesarchiv. 1968j. “Delivery document/acceptance protocol of aircraft (04 Oct 1968) and subsequent report by Major General Fleißner to Deputy Chairman Weiß (15 Oct 1968).” Files BA-MA, VA-01/14094 and BArch, DC 20/13002. Berlin.
51. Bundesarchiv. n.d. “Archive of the Former Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party (SAPMO).” File DY 30/3665. Berlin.
52. Bundesarchiv. 1969a. “GDR MFA, Minister Winzer, to GDR MoND, Minister Hoffmann, 04 Oct 1969.” File PA-AA, MfAA, C 1349/76. Berlin.
53. Bundesarchiv. 1969b. “Report by Weiß (Strictly Confidential) to Ulbricht, Stoph, Honecker and Axen, 01 Jul 1969.” File BArch, DC 20/4537. Berlin.
54. Bundesarchiv. 1969c. “GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht to Soviet Secretary General Leonid Brezhnev, 27 Oct 1969 (German and Russian versions).” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
55. Bundesarchiv. 1969d. “Walter Ulbricht to Erich Honecker, 17 Oct 1969, and Erich Honecker’s response, 24 Oct 1969.” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
56. Bundesarchiv. 1970a. “GDR Head of State and Secretary General Walter Ulbricht to Soviet Ambassador in East Berlin, Pyotr Abrasimov, 03 Feb 1970 (German and Russian versions).” File SAPMO-BArch, DY 30/3666. Berlin.
57. Bundesarchiv. 1970b. “GDR MoND, Minister Hoffmann, to GDR Head of State, Ulbricht, 05 Aug 1970.” File BArch, DVW 1/114478. Berlin.
58. Bundesarchiv. 1977. “MoND, General of the Army Hoffmann, to Central Committee of the Socialist Unity Party SED, Paul Verner, 21 Apr 1977.” File AZN 32656. Berlin.
59. Bundesarchiv. 1978. “GDR MoND, Minister Hoffmann, to MoD USSR, Minister Ustinov, 21 Feb 1978.” File BArch, AZN 30552. Berlin.
60. Political Archive of the German Foreign Office (Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes, PA-AA), Berlin
61. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1965a. “UAR Commercial representation in East Berlin to GDR MFA, 17 May 1965.” File MfAA/A 13305. Berlin.
62. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1965b. “GDR MFA, Minister Winzer, to MoND, Minister Hoffmann (31 May 1965); Hoffmann’s answer (08 Jun 1965); and MFA to UAR Commercial representation (14 Jun 1965).” File MfAA/A 13305. Berlin.
63. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966a. “GDR Commercial representation Conakry to GDR MFA, 04 May 1966.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
64. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966b. “GDR MFA, Kohrt to MoND, Minister Hoffmann, 13 May 1966.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
65. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966c. “GDR Commercial representation Conakry, Reports of 26 Sep 1966 and 11 Oct 1966.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
66. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966d. “UAR Consul General in East Berlin to GDR MFA, 01 Oct 1966.” File MfAA/C 1349/76. Berlin.
67. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966e. “GDR MFA, Kiesewetter, to GDR MoND, Major General Fleißner, 26 Oct 1966.” File MfAA/C 1349/76 (also in BArch, VA-01/14094, p. 266). Berlin.
68. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1966f. “GDR MoND, Minister Hoffmann to UAR Minister of War, 28 Sep 1966.” File MfAA/C 1349/76. Berlin.
69. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1967a. “GDR Commercial representation Conakry, Report of 06 Oct 1967.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
70. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1967b. “GDR MFA, Africa Div., to GDR Commercial representation Conakry, 20 Jun 1967.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
71. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1967c. “GDR Commercial representation Conakry, [no date, probably February/March 1967].” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
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73. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1967e. “GDR MFA, Kiesewetter, 18 Apr 1967.” File MfAA/C 1264/73. Berlin.
74. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1968a. “East German Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Africa Div. to MoND, International Relations Dept, 30 May 1968.” File MfAA/C 755/74. Berlin.
75. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1968b. “East German Consulate Zanzibar, note on talks with Zanzibar Chief of the Army on 03 Jul 1968, 09 Jul 1968.” File MfAA/C 755/74. Berlin.
76. PA-AA (Political Archive of the German Foreign Office). 1968c. “GDR Consulate Zanzibar, note on talks with Consul of USSR, 02 Jul 1968.” File MfAA/C 755/74. Berlin.
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