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Çin’in Kalkınma Yaklaşımının Evrimini Anlamak: Hibrit Bir Kalkınma Model İnşası

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 53 - 78, 29.06.2021

Öz

Çin 1978 yılında geniş çaplı ekonomik reformlara başlamıştır. O zamandan beri Çin ekonomisi aralıksız ve yüksek oranda büyümektedir. Çin 40 yıl önce dünyanın en fakir ülkeleri arasında yer alırken, günümüzde yüksek orta gelirli ülkelerden biri haline gelmiştir. Çin’in bu kadar kısa sürede böyle büyük başarıyı nasıl elde ettiği dünya genelinde tartışma
onusudur. Neoliberaller Çin’in neoliberal ekonomi politikalarını uygulaması sayesinde kalkındığını öne sürerken, Kalkınmacı Devlet iktisatçıları ise Çin’in komşu Asya ülkelerinin kalkınma modelini izlediğini ve bu sayede kalkındığını öne sürmektedirler. Diğer taraftan ise 2000’li yılların başlarına Post Washington Konsensüsü ortaya çıkmış ve bu Konsensüsün önde gelen temsilcileri Çin’in Post Washington Konsensüsün ekonomi politikalarını uyguladığını savunmaktadırlar. Bunların dışında Pekin Konsensüsü terimini oluşturan Ramo ise Çin’in diğer kalkınma modellerinden bağımsız olarak kendine has bir model izlediğini öne sürmektedir. Bu çalışma Çin’in reform başlangıcından beri hangi kalkınma modellerinin hangi ekonomi politikalarını izlediğini tespit etmeye ve bunları anlamaya çalışmaktadır. Bunun için öncelikle Washington Konsensüsü, Kalkınmacı Devlet ve Post Washington Konsensüslerinin temel argümanlarını, varsayımlarını ve önerdiği ekonomi politikalarını incelemektedir. Sonrasında ise Çin’in bunlardan hangi zaman diliminde hangilerini ne derecede uyguladığını ve hangilerini uygulamadığını örnekleri ile anlatmaktadır. Ayrıca Çin’in uyguladığı ekonomi politikaları ile bu kalkınma modellerinin önerdiği ekonomi politikaları arasındaki benzerlikler ve farkları da anlatmaktadır. Bu makalenin bulgularına göre Çin hiçbir Konsensüs veya kalkınma modelini tamamıyla uygulamamıştır. Farklı zaman dilimlerinde farklı kalkınma modellerinden kendine uygun gördüğü ekonomi politikalarını seçmiştir. Tüm bunların sonucunda ise Çin kendine has eklektik, inovatif, esnek ve pragmatik bir hibrit kalkınma modelini oluşturmuştur.

Kaynakça

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  • Brown, Michael, ve Pavneet Singh. 2018. "China’s Technology Transfer Strategy." Defense Innovation Unit Experimental: 3. https://admin.govexec.com/media/diux_chinatechnologytransferstudy_jan_2018_(1).pdf
  • Chunmei, Wang, ve Lin Zhaolan. 2010. "Environmental policies in China over the past 10 years: progress, problems and prospects." Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 1701-1712. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.181
  • Dünya Bankası. 2019. “Doing Business 2020: China’s Strong Reform Agenda Places it in the Top 10 Improver List for the Second Consecutive Year.” 24 Ekim 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/10/24/doing-business-2020-chinas-strong-reform-agenda-places-it-in-the-top-10-improver-list-for-the-secondconsecutive-year
  • Dünya Bankası. 2019. “GINI index (World Bank estimate) – China.” Erişim: 20.11.2019. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?end=2015&locations=CN&start=1990 &view=chart
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  • Dünya Bankası. 2021. “China Trade Statistics, World Integrated Trade Solutions.” Erişim: 05.01.2021 https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/CHN
  • Dünya Bankası. 2021. “Foreign DirectInvestment, Net Inflows (% of GDP).” Erişim: 10.01.2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=CN
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Understanding the Evolution of China’s Development Approach: Building a Hybrid Development Model

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 1, 53 - 78, 29.06.2021

Öz

In 1978 China started large-scale economic reforms and since then its economy has been growing without interruption at high rates. Before 40 years China was one of the poorest countries in the World, but today it is a high middle-income country. It is widely that how did China achieve such success in such a short time. While neoliberals argue that China developed thanks to neoliberal economic policies, representatives of the Developmental State argue that China followed the development model of the neighboring East Asian states and developed thanks to it. On the other hand, in the early 2000s Post Washington Consensus emerged and representatives of this consensus argue that China followed prescriptions of this development model. Apart from these, Ramo who coined the term Beijing Consensus argues that China didn’t follow any other development models, but created its own one. This article tries to figure out and understand which economic policies of which development models has China followed since the beginning of its economic reforms. To do this, the first basic assumptions and arguments of Washington Consensus, Post Washington Consensus, and Developmental State are introduced. Afterward, it is described with
examples which of these assumptions and arguments were applied to what extend or not applied at all by China. This article also describes similarities and differences between
the policies applied by China and those proposed by the aforementioned development models. The findings of this article show that China didn’t apply economic policies of
any Consensus or development models fully. It applied different economic policies of different development models, which were suitable for its needs in different periods. As a result of this, China developed an eclectic, innovative, flexible and pragmatic hybrid model, which is unique to itself.

Kaynakça

  • Baek, Seung-Wook. 2005. "Does China follow “the East Asian development model”?." Journal of Contemporary Asia 35.4 : 485-498. DOI: 10.1080/00472330580000281
  • Beeson, Mark. 2004. "The rise and fall (?) of the developmental state: The vicissitudes and implications of East Asian interventionism." Developmental states: relevancy, redundancy or reconfiguration : 1-12. ISBN-10: 1594541434
  • Beeson, Mark. 2009. "Developmental states in East Asia: a comparison of the Japanese and Chinese experiences." Asian Perspective 33.2 : 5-39. DOI: 10.1353/apr.2009.0016
  • Bell, Daniel. 2018. “China’s political meritocracy versus Western democracy” The Economist. 12 Haziran 2018. https://www.economist.com/open-future/2018/06/12/chinaspolitical-meritocracy-versus-western-democracy
  • Birdsall, Nancy, ve Francis Fukuyama. 2011. "The Post-Washington Consensus." Foreign Affairs. https://cpb-us-e2.wpmucdn.com/sites.uci.edu/dist/b/1981/files/2014/12/The-PostWashington-Consensus-Foreign-Affairs.pdf
  • Breslin, Shaun. 2011. "The ‘China model’and the global crisis: from Friedrich List to a Chinese mode of governance?." International Affairs 87.6: 1323-1343. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2346.2011.01039.x
  • Brown, Michael, ve Pavneet Singh. 2018. "China’s Technology Transfer Strategy." Defense Innovation Unit Experimental: 3. https://admin.govexec.com/media/diux_chinatechnologytransferstudy_jan_2018_(1).pdf
  • Chunmei, Wang, ve Lin Zhaolan. 2010. "Environmental policies in China over the past 10 years: progress, problems and prospects." Procedia Environmental Sciences 2: 1701-1712. DOI: 10.1016/j.proenv.2010.10.181
  • Dünya Bankası. 2019. “Doing Business 2020: China’s Strong Reform Agenda Places it in the Top 10 Improver List for the Second Consecutive Year.” 24 Ekim 2019. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2019/10/24/doing-business-2020-chinas-strong-reform-agenda-places-it-in-the-top-10-improver-list-for-the-secondconsecutive-year
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  • Dünya Bankası. 2021. “China Trade Statistics, World Integrated Trade Solutions.” Erişim: 05.01.2021 https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/CHN
  • Dünya Bankası. 2021. “Foreign DirectInvestment, Net Inflows (% of GDP).” Erişim: 10.01.2021. https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/BX.KLT.DINV.WD.GD.ZS?locations=CN
  • Ferchen, Matt. 2013. "Whose China model is it anyway? The contentious search for consensus." Review of International Political Economy 20.2: 390-420. DOI: 10.1080/09692290.2012.660184
  • Fine, Ben, Jyoti Saraswati, ve Daniela Tavasic. 2013. Beyond the developmental state: Industrial policy into the 21st century. Pluto. ISBN: 9780745331669
  • Fortune. 2019. “Fortune Global 500.” Erişim: 10.12.2019. https://fortune.com/global500/2019/search/?hqcountry=China
  • Garnaut, Ross, Ligang Song, ve Cai Fang, der. 2018. China’s 40 years of reform and development: 1978–2018. ANU Press. DOI: 10.22459/CYRD.07.2018
  • Garnaut, Ross, Ligang Song, ve Cai Fang. 2013. China: A new model for growth and development. ANU Press. DOI: 10.22459/CNMGD.07.2013
  • Grice, Andrew. 2009. "Financial crisis 'caused by white men with blue eyes'" The Independent. 27 Mart 2009. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/politics/financialcrisis-caused-by-white-men-with-blue-eyes-1655354.html
  • Gupta, Kulwant Rai, der. 2008. Special economic zones: issues, laws and procedures. Vol. 2. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. ISBN-10: 8126908858
  • Haggard, Stephan. 2018. Developmental states. Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/9781108552738
  • Hayami, Yujiro. 2003. "From the Washington consensus to the post-Washington consensus: Retrospect and prospect." Asian Development Review 20.2: 40-65. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.3477&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Heilmann, Sebastian, ve Lea Shih. 2013. "The rise of industrial policy in China, 1978-2012." Harvard-Yenching Institute Working Paper Series 17.7: 1-24. http://chinapolitik.org/files/no_100.pdf
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  • Huang, Yasheng. 2011. "Rethinking the Beijing consensus." Asia Policy 11: 1-26. DOI: 10.1353/asp.2011.0001
  • Ignatius, David. 2008. “We’re all Chinese now.” The Denver Post. 15 Ekim 2018. https://www.denverpost.com/2008/10/15/were-are-all-chinese-now/
  • Jain-Chandra, Ms Sonali, Niny Khor, Rui Mano, Johanna Schauer, Mr Philippe Wingender, ve Juzhong Zhuang. 2018. “Inequality in China–trends, drivers and policy remedies.” International Monetary Fund, 2018. https://www.elibrary.imf.org/doc/IMF001/25174-9781484357538/25174-9781484357538/Other_formats/Source_PDF/25174-9781484360972.pdf
  • Johnson, Chalmers. 1999. "The developmental state: Odyssey of a concept." The developmental state: 32-60. https://www.darryljarvis.com/uploads/2/2/6/9/22690064/09.woocumingsmeredith_the_developmental_state_odyssey_of_a_concept.pdf
  • Kennedy, Scott. 2010. "The myth of the Beijing Consensus." Journal of Contemporary China 19.65: 461-477. DOI: 10.1080/10670561003666087
  • Keo, Bernard Z. "Crossing the River by Feeling the Stones Deng Xiaoping in the Making of Modern China." Education About ASIA 25.2 (2020). https://www.asianstudies.org/wpcontent/uploads/crossing-the-river-by-feeling-the-stones-deng-xiaoping-in-the-making-ofmodern-china.pdf
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  • Krogstad, Erlend. 2007. "The Post-Washington Consensus: Brand New Agenda or Old Wine in a New Bottle?." Challenge 50.2: 67-85. DOI: 10.2753/0577-5132500205
  • Kyung-Sup, Chang, Ben Fine, ve Linda Weiss, der. 2012. Developmental politics in transition: The neoliberal era and beyond. Springer. ISBN: 978-1-137-02830-3
  • Lee, Keun, ve John A. Mathews. 2010. "From Washington consensus to best consensus for world development." Asian‐Pacific Economic Literature 24.1: 86-103. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8411.2010.01251.x
  • Lee, Keun, ve Wing Woo. 2001. "Business groups in China: compared with Korean chaebols." The post-financial Crisis Challenges for Asian Industrialization, Elsevier Sciences 721-747. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288281156_Business_groups_in_China_compared_with_Korean_chaebols
  • Li, Xin, Kjeld Erik Brødsgaard, ve Michael Jacobsen. 2010. "Redefining Beijing Consensus: ten economic principles." China Economic Journal 2.3: 297-311. DOI: 10.1080/17538960903529535
  • Lin, Bo Qiang. 2003. "Economic growth, income inequality, and poverty reduction in People's Republic of China." Asian development review 20.2 : 105-124. http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.1538&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • McGregor, Richard. 2018. “Forget Texas, China came out when Deng tipped his hat to Japan” South China Morning Post. 1 Aralık 2018. https://www.scmp.com/weekasia/opinion/article/2175446/forget-texas-china-came-out-when-deng-tipped-his-hat-japan
  • McKinnon, Ronald I. 2010. "China in Africa: the Washington consensus versus the Beijing consensus." International Finance 13.3: 495-506. DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2362.2010.01270.x
  • Naughton, Barry. 1993. "Deng Xiaoping: the economist." The China Quarterly 135: 491-514. DOI: 10.1017/S0305741000013886
  • Normile, Dennis. 2018. “Surging R&D spending in China narrows gap with United States” Science Mag. 10 Ekim 2018 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2018/10/surging-rdspending-china-narrows-gap-united-states
  • OECD. 2006. “ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEW OF CHINA.” Erişim: 15.11.2019. https://www.oecd.org/env/country-reviews/37657409.pdf
  • Öniş, Ziya, ve Fikret Şenses. 2005. "Rethinking the emerging post‐Washington consensus." Development and change 36.2: 263-290. DOI: 10.1111/j.0012-155X.2005.00411.x
  • Painter, Anthony. 2009. "The Washington consensus is dead". The Guardian. 10 Nisan 2009. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2009/apr/09/obama-g20-natoforeign-policy
  • Perotti, Enrico C., Laixiang Sun, ve Liang Zou. 1999. "State-owned versus township and village enterprises in China." Comparative Economic Studies 41.2-3: 151-179. DOI: 10.1057/ces.1999.11
  • Qasem, Islam, Teun Van Dongen, ve Marjolein de Ridder. 2011. "The Beijing Consensus: An Alternative Approach to Development." World Foresight Forum, Issue Brief. No. 2. https://hcss.nl/sites/default/files/files/reports/WFF02_Issue_Brief_The_Beijing_Consensus02.pdf
  • Radice, Hugo. 2008. "The developmental state under global neoliberalism." Third World Quarterly 29.6: 1153-1174. DOI: 10.1080/01436590802201121
  • Ralston, David A., vd. 2006. "Today's state‐owned enterprises of China: are they dying dinosaurs or dynamic dynamos?." Strategic Management Journal 27.9: 825-843. DOI: 10.1002/smj.545
  • Ramo, Joshua Cooper. 2004. "The Beijing Consensus" The Foreign Policy Centre. ISBN10: 1903558352
  • Rodrik, Dani. 2006. "Goodbye Washington consensus, hello Washington confusion? A review of the World Bank's economic growth in the 1990s: learning from a decade of reform." Journal of Economic literature 44.4: 973-987. DOI: 10.1257/jel.44.4.973
  • Santander Trade Markets. 2021. “China: Foreign Investment.” Erişim: 15.01.2021. https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/establish-overseas/china/foreign-investment
  • Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1998. More instruments and broader goals: moving toward the postWashington consensus. Helsinki: UNU/WIDER. https://www.wider.unu.edu/sites/default/files/AL02-1998.pdf
  • Stiglitz, Joseph. 2004. "The post Washington Consensus." The Initiative for Policy Dialogue: 1-15. http://policydialogue.org/files/events/Stiglitz_Post_Washington_Consensus_Paper.pdf
  • Swanson, Ana, Alexandra Stevenson ve Jeanna Smialek. 2019. “China’s Currency Moves Escalate Trade War, Rattling Markets” The New York Times. 5 Ağustos 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/05/business/economy/us-china-yuan-renminbitrump.html
  • Tan, Weizhen. 2019. “About half of China’s loans to developing countries are ‘hidden,’ study finds” CNBC. 12 Temmuz 2019 https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/12/chinas-lendingto-other-countries-jumps-causing-hidden-debt.html
  • The Economist. 1997. “China adopts the chaebol.” 5 Haziran 1997. https://www.economist.com/business/1997/06/05/china-adopts-the-chaebol
  • Tisdell, Clem. 2009. "Economic reform and openness in China: China’s development policies in the last 30 years." Economic Analysis and Policy 39.2: 271-294. DOI: 10.1016/S0313-5926(09)50021-5
  • Vogel, Ezra F. 2011. Deng Xiaoping and the transformation of China. Vol. 10. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. eISBN: 978-0-674-06283-2
  • WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization.) 2019. “World Intellectual Property Indicators: Filings for Patents, Trademarks, Industrial Designs Reach Record Heights in 2018”. Erişim: 15.11.2019. 16 Ekim 2019. https://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2019/article_0012.html
  • Williamson, John. 2000. "What should the World Bank think about the Washington Consensus?." The World Bank Research Observer 15.2: 251-264. DOI: 10.1093/wbro/15.2.251
  • Williamson, John. 2004. "The Washington Consensus as policy prescription for development." Challenges in the 1990s: leading policy makers speak from experience.33-53.
  • Williamson, John. 2012. "Is the “Beijing Consensus” now dominant?." Asia Policy 13: 1-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/24905162?seq=1
  • Yao, Yang. 2011. "Beijing Consensus or Washington Consensus: What Explains China’s Economic Success?." Development Outreach 13.1: 26-31. DOI: 10.1596/1020- 797X_13_1_26
  • Zhiyong, Li. “17 A policy review on watershed protection and poverty alleviation by the Grain for Green Programme in China” Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations. Erişim: 01.12.2019. http://www.fao.org/3/ae537e/ae537e0j.htm
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Siyaset Bilimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Dovletgeldi Myradov Bu kişi benim 0000-0003-0927-0333

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Haziran 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

Chicago Myradov, Dovletgeldi. “Çin’in Kalkınma Yaklaşımının Evrimini Anlamak: Hibrit Bir Kalkınma Model İnşası”. Diplomasi Ve Strateji Dergisi, sy. 1 (Haziran 2021): 53-78.

Diplomasi ve Strateji Çalışmaları Derneği kurumsal yayınıdır.