Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Güney Afrika'daki Kasaba Ekonomilerinin Gelişimi İçin Düzenleyici Çerçeve ve Sürdürülebilir Destek Mekanizmalarının İncelenmesi.

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 68 - 82, 26.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/dssh.1691431

Öz

Güney Afrika'daki kasaba ekonomileri, apartheid döneminin mirası olarak önemli bir rol oynamaya devam etmektedir. Ekonomik katkıları kabul edilse de, sürdürülebilirlik ve büyüme için yeterli destek sağlanmamıştır. Bu çalışma, kasaba ekonomilerinin gelişimi için gerekli düzenleyici çerçeve ve destek mekanizmalarını incelemektedir. Literatür ve verilerin analiziyle ana zorluklar ve fırsatlar belirlenmiştir. Bulgular, hükümet düzenlemelerinin kasaba işletmelerinin büyümesini engellediğini, birçok işletme sahibinin düzenlemelere uyum sağlamakta zorlandığını ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, belediyelerdeki kapasite eksiklikleri ve yetersiz finansal destek, yerel kalkınmayı olumsuz etkilemektedir. Çalışma, düzenleyici çerçevelerin rolünü inceleyerek sürdürülebilirliği artırmaya yönelik politika önerileri sunmaktadır. Bu araştırma, kasaba ekonomilerini güçlendirmenin yanı sıra yerel ekonomik kalkınmayı teşvik etme potansiyelini vurgulamaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Auditor-General South Africa. (2025, April 11). MFMA 2023–24: Local government audit outcomes, Tabling presentation. Pretoria: AGSA.
  • Auditor-General South Africa. (2024, August 28). Consolidated general report on the local government audit outcomes: MFMA 2022–23. Pretoria: AGSA.
  • Aliber, M., & Hall, R. (2012). Support for Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Challenges of Scale and Strategy. Development Southern Africa, 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2012.715441.
  • Battersby, J., Marshak, M., & Mngqibisa, N. (2016). Mapping the invisible: the informal food economy of Cape Town, South Africa. URBAN FOOD SECURITY SERIES NO. 24. Cape Town: AFSUN and HCP
  • Battersby, J. (2017). Food system transformation in the absence of food system planning: The case of supermarket and shopping mall retail expansion in Cape Town, South Africa. Built Environment, 43(3), 417–430. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.43.3.417
  • Battersby, J., & Watson, V. (2018). Addressing food security in African cities. Nature Sustainability, pp. 1, 153–155.
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library & Information Science Research, 38(1), 3-9.
  • Berthoud, L. & Schenk, M. (2016, July). How to Set Up a CubeSat Project–Preliminary Survey Results. In Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.(AIAA).
  • Bhorat, H., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2012). Poverty, Inequality, and the Nature of Economic Growth in South Africa. Development and Poverty Research Unit Working Paper 12/151. University of Cape Town, Faculty of Commerce.
  • Brown, K., Bacq, S., & Charman, A. (2018). Supermarkets, informal micro-enterprises, and household consumption: an assessment of the food systems implications in the case of Philippi East. In Working Draft. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation and Centre for Excellence in Food Security.
  • Charman, A, Tonkin, C., Denoon-Stevens, S. P., & Demeestere, R. (2017). Post-apartheid spatial inequality: obstacles of land use management on township micro-enterprise formalization. A report by the Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
  • Charman, A. (2012). Is informality being disallowed by the government? Econ3x3. REDI3x3. http://www.econ3x3.org/article/informality-being-disallowed-government. Accessed 10 February 2025.
  • Charman, A., Petersen, L., & Piper, L. (2012). From local survivalism to foreign entrepreneurship: transforming the spaza sector in Delft, Cape Town. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 78(1), 47–73.
  • Chomane, P. P., & Biljohn, M. I. (2023). South African local economic development policy approaches and challenges: Finding a sustainable approach in social innovation. Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation, 4(0), a147. https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v4i0.147
  • Competition Commission South Africa. (2019). Grocery Retail Market Inquiry: Final report. Pretoria: Competition Commission South Africa.
  • Department of Small Business Development (South Africa). (2024). Annual report 2023/2024. Pretoria: DSBD.
  • DiMaggio, P.J. & Powell, W.W. (2000). The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. In Economics meets sociology in strategic management (pp. 143-166). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • EWN. (2018). Ramaphosa vows that the government will boost township economies. 2018. https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/27 /ramaphosa-vows-govt-will-boost-township-economies. Accessed 20 January 2025.
  • Fin24. (2016). Another step in Gauteng township economy revitalization. October 27, 18 https://www.fin24. Com/Entrepreneurs/Resources/another-step-in-gauteng-township-economy-revitalisation-20161027. Accessed on 20 January 2025.
  • Fourie, F. C. V. N. (2018). The South African informal sector: creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press http://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/12253. Accessed 20 January 2025.
  • Gcezengana, G., Peter, B., Rulashe, T., & Coka, Z. (2022). An investigation of a nexus between employee skills development and competence in the Eastern Cape Department of Education. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 10(1), 9 doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v10i1.651
  • Gertler, P.J., Martinez, S., Premand, P., Rawlings, L.B. & Vermeersch, C.M. (2016). Impact evaluation in practice. World Bank Publications.
  • Harrison, P., Geyer, M., & Patel, R. (2018). Townships and the informal economy: South Africa's spatial transformation challenges. Urban Forum.
  • International Finance Corporation. (2020). The MSME Voice: Growing South Africa’s Small Business Sector. Washington, DC: World Bank Group/IFC.
  • ILO. (2016). The cost of red tape: an assessment of administrative barriers and regulatory costs for SMEs in South Africa. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
  • Jam, A., Bayat, M. S., & Rulashe, T. (2024). Exploring Ethics in South African Municipal Procurement: Professionalism, Compliance, and Ethical Dimensions Interface. HOLISTICA Journal of Business and Public Administration, 15(1), 73-95.
  • Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC). (2025, June 19). Hustler Fund: Government reaffirms commitment to deepening financial inclusion.
  • Kenya National Treasury & Economic Planning. (2025). 2025 Budget Policy Statement. National Treasury & Economic Planning.
  • KPMG. (2016). The challenges of corruption in South Africa’s local government. KPMG International.
  • Kuhlengisa, I.R., Rulashe, T. & Jakoet-Salie, A. (2024). A critical analysis of the impact of indigent policies on socio-economic inequalities in South Africa: A case of Amathole District Municipality. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 4(3), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.53378/irssr.353079
  • Lerrick, A. (2005). Aid to Africa at risk: Covering up corruption. International Economics Report.
  • Mahajan, S. (2014). Economics of South African townships: particular focus on Diepsloot. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Malefane, S. R. (2013). Small, medium and micro-enterprise and local economic-based restructuring—a South African local government perspective. Journal of Public Administration, 48(4), 671–690.
  • Mavhungu, T.C. (2011). The non-payment for municipal services in the Vhembe District Municipality (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
  • Micro & Small Enterprises Authority (MSEA). (2024, November). Hustler Fund: Frequently Asked Questions. Nairobi: MSEA.
  • Miggels, A., & Rulashe, T. (2022). Organisational change as a tool for transforming governance in a local municipality, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in the Eastern Cape. Journal of Public Administration, 57(3), 508-528
  • Ministry of Co-operatives & MSME Development. (2025, August 4). Press statement on the Hustler Fund report by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
  • Munzhedzi, P.H. (2015). South African local economic development: issues, challenges and opportunities. Conference proceeding of the South African Association of Public Administration and Management Limpopo Chapter, The Park Hotel, Mokopane, October 2014.
  • National Treasury, Cities Support Programme. (2018). Township Economies Series #1: Why is there so little economic development in South Africa’s townships? Pretoria: National Treasury.
  • Nkwanyana, N.S. & Agbenyegah, A.T. (2020). The effect of supply chain management in governance: Public sector perspectives. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 14(1),1-9.
  • OECD. (2025). OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa 2025. OECD Publishing.
  • Okafor, C., Smith, L.M. & Ujah, N.U., (2014). Kleptocracy, nepotism, kakistocracy: impact of corruption in Sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 5(2),97-115.
  • Omarjee, L. (2016). Township businesses are key to the economy—Anglo American. Fin24. 10 November 2016 https://www.fin24.com/Economy/township-businesses-are-key-to-the-economy-anglo-american20161110. Accessed on 20 January 2025.
  • Parnell, S., & Pieterse, E. (2010). The ‘Right to the City’: Institutional imperatives of a developmental state. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(1),146-162.
  • Republic of Kenya. (2022, November 23). The Public Finance Management (Financial Inclusion Fund) Regulations, 2022 (Legal Notice No. 213 of 2022). Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 190. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  • Republic of South Africa. (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2000). Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (No. 32 of 2000). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2003). The Black Economic Empowerment Act (No. 53 of 2003). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (1996). The National Small Business Act (No. 102 of 1996). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2013). The Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (No. 16 of 2013). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2003). The Municipal Finance Management Act (No. 56 of 2003). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2010). The New Growth Path (NGP). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2008). The Companies Act (No. 71 of 2008). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Rogerson, C. M. (2009). Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Application of Public Procurement. Urban Forum, 15(3),180-210.
  • Rulashe, T., & Ijeoma, E. (2022). An exploration of public accountability and service delivery at the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 10(1), 12 doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v10i1.535
  • Rulashe, T., & Ramolobe, K. (2024). Local Economic Development as a Catalyst for Agricultural Growth and Poverty Relief Strategy: A Rural Eastern Cape Perspective. In Exploring Effective Municipal Planning and Implementation (pp. 77-108). IGI Global.
  • Scheba, A., & Turok, I. (2019). Strengthening township economies in South Africa: The case for better regulation and policy innovation. Urban Forum, 31(1),77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09391-7.
  • Scott, W.R. (2008). Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, 37, 427-442.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Quarter 4: 2024 (Statistical release P0211). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2023). Survey of Employers and the Self-Employed, 2023 (Statistical release P0276). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2020). National Household Travel Survey, 2020 (Statistical release P0320). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). South Africa’s informal sector: A lifeline for millions. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. (QLFS Q4:2024 summary
  • Statistics South Africa. (2023). Survey of Employers and the Self-Employed, 2023 (P0276). Pretoria: Stats SA.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). South Africa’s informal economy: A lifeline for millions (SESE 2023 highlights). Pretoria: Stats SA. article).
  • Swanepoel, D. L. (2018). How have world shocks affected the business cycles of Africa’s frontier economies? [Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town]. University of Cape Town.
  • Swanepoel, B. (2018). Where the jobs summit fell short. Business Day Live. 2018. https://www.businesslive. Co. Za/bd/opinion/2018-10-15-where-the-jobs-summit-fell-short/.
  • Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation. (2016). South Africa’s informal economy: Research findings from nine townships. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
  • The Citizen. (2018). Rural, township economies 'vehicles for radical economic transformation.' 21 May 2018. https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1933837/rural-township-economies-vehicles-for-radical-economictransformation/. Accessed on 22 July 201
  • Thornhill, C. (2012). Improving local government transformation in South Africa. Administratio Publica, 20(3), 128-143.
  • Todes, A., & Turok, I. (2018). Spatial inequalities and policies in South Africa: place-based or people-cantered? Progress in Planning, 123(July), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2017.03.001.
  • Turner, T. & Ryan, L. (2023). Shaping political orientations: testing the effect of unemployment on ideological beliefs and voting behaviour. Irish Political Studies, 38(2),189-209.
  • Williams, C.C. & Horodnic, I.A. (2018). Evaluating the prevalence and distribution of dependent self‐employment: some lessons from the European Working Conditions Survey. Industrial Relations Journal, 49(2), pp.109-127.
  • Williams, C.C. & Shahid, M.S. (2016). Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: Explaining the varying degrees of (in) formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(1-2),1-25.

A Review of The Regulatory Framework and Sustainable Support Mechanisms for The Development of Township Economies in South Africa

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 68 - 82, 26.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.62425/dssh.1691431

Öz

Township economies in South Africa, a lasting legacy of the apartheid era, continue to play an important role in the country’s socio-economic landscape. While their contributions to economic activity and employment have been widely acknowledged since the advent of democracy, these economies have yet to receive sufficient, structured support to ensure their long-term sustainability and growth. This study critically examines the regulatory framework and sustainable support mechanisms essential for the development of township economies in South Africa. Through a comprehensive autopsy and review of literature and existing data, alongside a qualitative approach and an exploratory design, the study examines key challenges and opportunities. The findings reveal that government regulations often hinder the growth of township enterprises, with many business owners lacking the knowledge and resources to navigate complex regulatory requirements. Additionally, capacity constraints within municipalities negatively impact local economic development, while financial support mechanisms remain insufficient. Many township businesses face challenges with long-term sustainability due to a lack of institutional support. The study explores the role of regulatory frameworks in either facilitating or obstructing the development of township enterprises and provides targeted recommendations for policy interventions to enhance their viability. By emphasising the importance of effective support mechanisms, this research highlights their potential to not only strengthen township economies but also promote broader local economic development across South Africa.

Kaynakça

  • Auditor-General South Africa. (2025, April 11). MFMA 2023–24: Local government audit outcomes, Tabling presentation. Pretoria: AGSA.
  • Auditor-General South Africa. (2024, August 28). Consolidated general report on the local government audit outcomes: MFMA 2022–23. Pretoria: AGSA.
  • Aliber, M., & Hall, R. (2012). Support for Smallholder Farmers in South Africa: Challenges of Scale and Strategy. Development Southern Africa, 29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0376835X.2012.715441.
  • Battersby, J., Marshak, M., & Mngqibisa, N. (2016). Mapping the invisible: the informal food economy of Cape Town, South Africa. URBAN FOOD SECURITY SERIES NO. 24. Cape Town: AFSUN and HCP
  • Battersby, J. (2017). Food system transformation in the absence of food system planning: The case of supermarket and shopping mall retail expansion in Cape Town, South Africa. Built Environment, 43(3), 417–430. https://doi.org/10.2148/benv.43.3.417
  • Battersby, J., & Watson, V. (2018). Addressing food security in African cities. Nature Sustainability, pp. 1, 153–155.
  • Bengtsson, M. (2016). Content analysis: A flexible methodology. Library & Information Science Research, 38(1), 3-9.
  • Berthoud, L. & Schenk, M. (2016, July). How to Set Up a CubeSat Project–Preliminary Survey Results. In Annual AIAA/USU Conference on Small Satellites. American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics Inc.(AIAA).
  • Bhorat, H., & van der Westhuizen, C. (2012). Poverty, Inequality, and the Nature of Economic Growth in South Africa. Development and Poverty Research Unit Working Paper 12/151. University of Cape Town, Faculty of Commerce.
  • Brown, K., Bacq, S., & Charman, A. (2018). Supermarkets, informal micro-enterprises, and household consumption: an assessment of the food systems implications in the case of Philippi East. In Working Draft. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation and Centre for Excellence in Food Security.
  • Charman, A, Tonkin, C., Denoon-Stevens, S. P., & Demeestere, R. (2017). Post-apartheid spatial inequality: obstacles of land use management on township micro-enterprise formalization. A report by the Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
  • Charman, A. (2012). Is informality being disallowed by the government? Econ3x3. REDI3x3. http://www.econ3x3.org/article/informality-being-disallowed-government. Accessed 10 February 2025.
  • Charman, A., Petersen, L., & Piper, L. (2012). From local survivalism to foreign entrepreneurship: transforming the spaza sector in Delft, Cape Town. Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, 78(1), 47–73.
  • Chomane, P. P., & Biljohn, M. I. (2023). South African local economic development policy approaches and challenges: Finding a sustainable approach in social innovation. Journal of Local Government Research and Innovation, 4(0), a147. https://doi.org/10.4102/jolgri.v4i0.147
  • Competition Commission South Africa. (2019). Grocery Retail Market Inquiry: Final report. Pretoria: Competition Commission South Africa.
  • Department of Small Business Development (South Africa). (2024). Annual report 2023/2024. Pretoria: DSBD.
  • DiMaggio, P.J. & Powell, W.W. (2000). The iron cage revisited institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields. In Economics meets sociology in strategic management (pp. 143-166). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
  • EWN. (2018). Ramaphosa vows that the government will boost township economies. 2018. https://ewn.co.za/2018/10/27 /ramaphosa-vows-govt-will-boost-township-economies. Accessed 20 January 2025.
  • Fin24. (2016). Another step in Gauteng township economy revitalization. October 27, 18 https://www.fin24. Com/Entrepreneurs/Resources/another-step-in-gauteng-township-economy-revitalisation-20161027. Accessed on 20 January 2025.
  • Fourie, F. C. V. N. (2018). The South African informal sector: creating jobs, reducing poverty. HSRC Press http://repository.hsrc.ac.za/handle/20.500.11910/12253. Accessed 20 January 2025.
  • Gcezengana, G., Peter, B., Rulashe, T., & Coka, Z. (2022). An investigation of a nexus between employee skills development and competence in the Eastern Cape Department of Education. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 10(1), 9 doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v10i1.651
  • Gertler, P.J., Martinez, S., Premand, P., Rawlings, L.B. & Vermeersch, C.M. (2016). Impact evaluation in practice. World Bank Publications.
  • Harrison, P., Geyer, M., & Patel, R. (2018). Townships and the informal economy: South Africa's spatial transformation challenges. Urban Forum.
  • International Finance Corporation. (2020). The MSME Voice: Growing South Africa’s Small Business Sector. Washington, DC: World Bank Group/IFC.
  • ILO. (2016). The cost of red tape: an assessment of administrative barriers and regulatory costs for SMEs in South Africa. Geneva: International Labour Organisation.
  • Jam, A., Bayat, M. S., & Rulashe, T. (2024). Exploring Ethics in South African Municipal Procurement: Professionalism, Compliance, and Ethical Dimensions Interface. HOLISTICA Journal of Business and Public Administration, 15(1), 73-95.
  • Kenya Broadcasting Corporation (KBC). (2025, June 19). Hustler Fund: Government reaffirms commitment to deepening financial inclusion.
  • Kenya National Treasury & Economic Planning. (2025). 2025 Budget Policy Statement. National Treasury & Economic Planning.
  • KPMG. (2016). The challenges of corruption in South Africa’s local government. KPMG International.
  • Kuhlengisa, I.R., Rulashe, T. & Jakoet-Salie, A. (2024). A critical analysis of the impact of indigent policies on socio-economic inequalities in South Africa: A case of Amathole District Municipality. International Review of Social Sciences Research, 4(3), 25-51. https://doi.org/10.53378/irssr.353079
  • Lerrick, A. (2005). Aid to Africa at risk: Covering up corruption. International Economics Report.
  • Mahajan, S. (2014). Economics of South African townships: particular focus on Diepsloot. Washington: The World Bank.
  • Malefane, S. R. (2013). Small, medium and micro-enterprise and local economic-based restructuring—a South African local government perspective. Journal of Public Administration, 48(4), 671–690.
  • Mavhungu, T.C. (2011). The non-payment for municipal services in the Vhembe District Municipality (Doctoral dissertation, University of South Africa).
  • Micro & Small Enterprises Authority (MSEA). (2024, November). Hustler Fund: Frequently Asked Questions. Nairobi: MSEA.
  • Miggels, A., & Rulashe, T. (2022). Organisational change as a tool for transforming governance in a local municipality, Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in the Eastern Cape. Journal of Public Administration, 57(3), 508-528
  • Ministry of Co-operatives & MSME Development. (2025, August 4). Press statement on the Hustler Fund report by the Kenya Human Rights Commission. Nairobi: Government of Kenya.
  • Munzhedzi, P.H. (2015). South African local economic development: issues, challenges and opportunities. Conference proceeding of the South African Association of Public Administration and Management Limpopo Chapter, The Park Hotel, Mokopane, October 2014.
  • National Treasury, Cities Support Programme. (2018). Township Economies Series #1: Why is there so little economic development in South Africa’s townships? Pretoria: National Treasury.
  • Nkwanyana, N.S. & Agbenyegah, A.T. (2020). The effect of supply chain management in governance: Public sector perspectives. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 14(1),1-9.
  • OECD. (2025). OECD Economic Surveys: South Africa 2025. OECD Publishing.
  • Okafor, C., Smith, L.M. & Ujah, N.U., (2014). Kleptocracy, nepotism, kakistocracy: impact of corruption in Sub-Saharan African countries. International Journal of Economics and Accounting, 5(2),97-115.
  • Omarjee, L. (2016). Township businesses are key to the economy—Anglo American. Fin24. 10 November 2016 https://www.fin24.com/Economy/township-businesses-are-key-to-the-economy-anglo-american20161110. Accessed on 20 January 2025.
  • Parnell, S., & Pieterse, E. (2010). The ‘Right to the City’: Institutional imperatives of a developmental state. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 26(1),146-162.
  • Republic of Kenya. (2022, November 23). The Public Finance Management (Financial Inclusion Fund) Regulations, 2022 (Legal Notice No. 213 of 2022). Kenya Gazette Supplement No. 190. Nairobi: Government Printer.
  • Republic of South Africa. (1996). The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa. Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2000). Local Government: Municipal Systems Act (No. 32 of 2000). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2003). The Black Economic Empowerment Act (No. 53 of 2003). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (1996). The National Small Business Act (No. 102 of 1996). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2013). The Spatial Planning and Land Use Management Act (No. 16 of 2013). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2003). The Municipal Finance Management Act (No. 56 of 2003). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2010). The New Growth Path (NGP). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Republic of South Africa. (2008). The Companies Act (No. 71 of 2008). Government Printer, Pretoria.
  • Rogerson, C. M. (2009). Local Economic Development in South Africa: The Application of Public Procurement. Urban Forum, 15(3),180-210.
  • Rulashe, T., & Ijeoma, E. (2022). An exploration of public accountability and service delivery at the Buffalo City Metropolitan Municipality in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Africa’s Public Service Delivery & Performance Review, 10(1), 12 doi: https://doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v10i1.535
  • Rulashe, T., & Ramolobe, K. (2024). Local Economic Development as a Catalyst for Agricultural Growth and Poverty Relief Strategy: A Rural Eastern Cape Perspective. In Exploring Effective Municipal Planning and Implementation (pp. 77-108). IGI Global.
  • Scheba, A., & Turok, I. (2019). Strengthening township economies in South Africa: The case for better regulation and policy innovation. Urban Forum, 31(1),77-94. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12132-019-09391-7.
  • Scott, W.R. (2008). Approaching adulthood: the maturing of institutional theory. Theory and Society, 37, 427-442.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). Quarterly Labour Force Survey, Quarter 4: 2024 (Statistical release P0211). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2023). Survey of Employers and the Self-Employed, 2023 (Statistical release P0276). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2020). National Household Travel Survey, 2020 (Statistical release P0320). Pretoria: Statistics South Africa.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). South Africa’s informal sector: A lifeline for millions. Pretoria: Statistics South Africa. (QLFS Q4:2024 summary
  • Statistics South Africa. (2023). Survey of Employers and the Self-Employed, 2023 (P0276). Pretoria: Stats SA.
  • Statistics South Africa. (2024). South Africa’s informal economy: A lifeline for millions (SESE 2023 highlights). Pretoria: Stats SA. article).
  • Swanepoel, D. L. (2018). How have world shocks affected the business cycles of Africa’s frontier economies? [Master’s thesis, University of Cape Town]. University of Cape Town.
  • Swanepoel, B. (2018). Where the jobs summit fell short. Business Day Live. 2018. https://www.businesslive. Co. Za/bd/opinion/2018-10-15-where-the-jobs-summit-fell-short/.
  • Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation. (2016). South Africa’s informal economy: Research findings from nine townships. Cape Town: Sustainable Livelihoods Foundation.
  • The Citizen. (2018). Rural, township economies 'vehicles for radical economic transformation.' 21 May 2018. https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1933837/rural-township-economies-vehicles-for-radical-economictransformation/. Accessed on 22 July 201
  • Thornhill, C. (2012). Improving local government transformation in South Africa. Administratio Publica, 20(3), 128-143.
  • Todes, A., & Turok, I. (2018). Spatial inequalities and policies in South Africa: place-based or people-cantered? Progress in Planning, 123(July), 1–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progress.2017.03.001.
  • Turner, T. & Ryan, L. (2023). Shaping political orientations: testing the effect of unemployment on ideological beliefs and voting behaviour. Irish Political Studies, 38(2),189-209.
  • Williams, C.C. & Horodnic, I.A. (2018). Evaluating the prevalence and distribution of dependent self‐employment: some lessons from the European Working Conditions Survey. Industrial Relations Journal, 49(2), pp.109-127.
  • Williams, C.C. & Shahid, M.S. (2016). Informal entrepreneurship and institutional theory: Explaining the varying degrees of (in) formalization of entrepreneurs in Pakistan. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 28(1-2),1-25.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Kamu Sektörü Organizasyonu ve Yönetimi
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Xolisa Makubalo Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-0464-1337

Tando Rulashe 0000-0001-5967-2766

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 26 Eylül 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 26 Eylül 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 5 Eylül 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Makubalo, X., & Rulashe, T. (2025). A Review of The Regulatory Framework and Sustainable Support Mechanisms for The Development of Township Economies in South Africa. Dynamics in Social Sciences and Humanities, 6(2), 68-82. https://doi.org/10.62425/dssh.1691431

Content of this journal is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 4.0 International License

29924