Contact Lens that Enabled Early Diagnosis for Diseases Induced by Oxidative Stress and Potassium Ion (K+) in Ocular Tissues
Abstract
The present study used sensor technology to design a lens that could replace a docto.r It consists of an oxidative stress sensor, a (K+) ion sensor and a pressure sensor placed on a Lotrafilcon A silicone hydrogel lens for early diagnosis, as well as a recording and display device that the user can use on their own, recording 24 hours a day and alerting when needed. Additionally, power will be provided to the sensors for data transmission via an external wireless power transfer device. The oxidative stress sensor detects oxidative stress in the structures of the eye and indicates that the patient may have an abnormal condition like diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and cataracts. Likewise, the (K +) ion sensor detects the (K +) ion concentration in the ocular cells and detects abnormal conditions where the concentration is elevated. The pressure sensor allows the intraocular pressure of patients diagnosed with glaucoma to be kept under control. This way, diseases can be diagnosed early, and continuous monitoring and control of the disease will be ensured. This will prevent the user from having to make frequent visits to the hospital, while also reducing the workload.
Keywords
Cataract, Contact lens, Diabetic retinopathy, Migraine, Oxidative stress, Potassium ion (K+) sensor
References
- [1] Hunkyu Seo, Won Gi Chung, Yong Won Kwon, Sumin Kim, Yeon-Mi Hong, Wonjung Park, Enji Kim, Jakyoung Lee, Sanghoon Lee, Moohyun Kim, Kyeonghee Lim, Inhea Jeong, Hayoung Song, and Jang-Ung Park, “Smart Contact Lenses as Wearable Ophthalmic Devices for Disease Monitoring and Health Management”, Chem. Rev. vol.123, no19, pp 11488−11558, 2023
- [2] Shirzaei Sani, E. Xu, C. Wang, C. Song, Y. Min, J. Tu, J. Solomon, S. A. Li, J. Banks, J. L. Armstrong, D. G. Gao, W. “ A Stretchable Wireless Wearable Bioelectronic System for Multiplexed Monitoring and Combination Treatment of Infected Chronic Wounds”. Science Advances, 2023. 9 (12), No. eadf7388,
- [3] Wang, M.; Yang, Y.; Min, J.; Song, Y.; Tu, J.; Mukasa, D.; Ye, C.; Xu, C.; Heflin, N.; McCune, J. S.; Hsiai, T. K.; Li, Z.; Gao, W. A “Wearable Electrochemical Biosensor for the Monitoring of Metabo-lites and Nutrients”. Nat. Biomed. Eng. 2022, 6 (11), 1225−1235.
- [4] De la Paz, E.; Maganti, N. H.; Trifonov, A.; Jeerapan, I.; Mahato, K.; Yin, L.; Sonsa-ard, T.; Ma, N.; Jung, W.; Burns, R.; Zarrinpar, A.; Wang, J.; Mercier, P. P. A “Self-Powered Ingestible Wireless Biosensing System for Real-Time in Situ Monitoring of Gastrointestinal Tract Metabolites”. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13 (1), 7405.
- [5] Song, J. W.; Ryu, H.; Bai, W.; Xie, Z.; Vázquez-Guardado, A.; Nandoliya, K.; Avila, R.; Lee, G.; Song, Z.; Kim, J.; Lee, M.-K.; Liu, Y.; Kim, M.; Wang, H.; Wu, Y.; Yoon, H.-J.; Kwak, S. S.; Shin, J.; Kwon, K.; Lu, W.; Chen, X.; Huang, Y.; Ameer, G. A.; Rogers, J. A. “Bioresorbable, Wireless, and Battery-Free System for Electrotherapy and Impedance Sensing at Wound Sites”. Science Advances 2023, 9 (8), No. eade4687.
- [6] Jiang, Y.; Trotsyuk, A. A.; Niu, S.; Henn, D.; Chen, K.; Shih, C.-C.; Larson, M. R.; Mermin Bunnell, A. M.; Mittal, S.; Lai, J.-C.; Saberi, A.; Beard, E.; Jing, S.; Zhong, D.; Steele, S. R.; Sun, K.; Jain, T.; Zhao, E.; Neimeth, C. R.; Viana, W. G.; Tang, J.; Sivaraj, D.; Padmanabhan, J.; Rodrigues, M.; Perrault, D. P.; Chattopadhyay, A.; Maan, Z. N.; Leeolou, M. C.; Bonham, C. A.; Kwon, S. H.; Kussie, H. C.; Fischer, K. S.; Gurusankar, G.; Liang, K.; Zhang, K.; Nag, R.; Snyder, M. P.; Januszyk, M.; Gurtner, G. C.; Bao, Z. “Wireless, Closed-Loop, Smart Bandage with Integrated Sensors and Stimulators for Advanced Wound Care and Accelerated Healing”. Nat. Biotechnol. 2023, 41 (5), 652−662.
- [7] An, B. W.; Shin, J. H.; Kim, S.-Y.; Kim, J.; Ji, S.; Park, J.; Lee, Y.; Jang, J.; Park, Y.-G.; Cho, E.; Jo, S.; Park, J.-U. “Smart Sensor Systems for Wearable Electronic Devices”. Polymers 2017, 9 (8), 303.
- [8] Grace E Dunbar Bailey Yuguan Shen Ahmad A Aref . “The Sensimed Triggerfish contact lens sensor: efficacy, safety, and patient perspectives”. Clinical Ophthalmology 2017:11 875–882 8 May 2017
- [9] Renu Agarwal, Igor Iezhitsa, Puneet Agarwal, Alexander Spasov, “Magnesium deficiency: Does it have a role to play in cataractogenesis?”, Experimental Eye Research 101 (2012) 82-89.
- [10] Bara M, Guiet-Bara A, Durlach J (1993) “Regulation of sodium and potassium pathways by magnesium in cell membranes.” Magnes Res 6(2):167–177