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ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 49, 279 - 318, 30.12.2023

Öz

Technological developments, the internet and social media have made it easier to access and share news, information and ideas. These developments have also led to opportunities for unlawful interference with freedom of expression. Online platforms are constantly being loaded with an overwhelming amount of content. Regarding these contents, content personalization and content moderation are carried out through artificial intelligence, especially in search engines and social media. For this reason, internet users’ freedom of expression is limited and they have access to more limited information. Additionally, users can be manipulated for political or commercial purposes with disinformation through artificial intelligence. This use of artificial intelligence poses a potential risk of violation of freedom of expression guaranteed by international regulations. States, companies that produce or use artificial intelligence technology, the media and users have duties against these risks. In this article, artificial intelligence, forms of artificial intelligence, ways of interfering with freedom of expression through artificial intelligence, current and possible problems and solution suggestions are discussed.

Kaynakça

  • ARTICLE 19: Privacy and Freedom of Expression In the Age of Artificial Intelligence (FE in AI), April 2018. https://www.article19.org/resources/privacy-freedom-expression-age-artificial-intelligence/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • ARTICLE 19: The Global Principles on Protection of Freedom of Expression and Privacy (Principles of FE), March 2017. https://www.article19.org/resources/the-global-principles-on-protection-of-freedom-of-expression-and-privacy/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • BARBER, Alex: Freedom of expression meets deepfakes, Synthese, 202, Article No. 40, 20 July 2023, s.1-2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-023-04266-4 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • BOZDAG, Engin: Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol:15, Issue:3, 2013, s.209–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • BOZKURT, Enver - DOST, Süleyman: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarında İfade Özgürlüğü ve Türkiye, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Cilt:7, Sayı:1, 2002.
  • BRKAN, Maja: Freedom of expression and Artificial Intelligence: on personalisation, disinformation and (lack of) horizontal effect of the Charter, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3354180 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023)
  • CONN, Ariel: Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence, 14 November 2015. https://futureoflife.org/ai/benefits-risks-of-artificial-intelligence/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • CORTIZ, Diogo – ZUBIAGA, Arkaitz: Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech, International Review of Information Ethics (IRIE), Vol. 29/03, 2021.
  • ELTİMUR, Dilara Yüzer: İnsan Haklarının Korunması Bağlamında Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları, AkdHFD, Y Aralık 2022 C.12 S.2, 2022, s.559-594.
  • ESKENS, Sarah – HELBERGER, Natali – MOELLER, Judith: Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information, Journal of Media Law, Vol:9, No:2, 2017, s.259-284, https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • GILLESPIE, Tarleton: The Relevance of Algorithms, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • HELBERGER, Natali and OTHERS: Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression, Council of Europe, 28-29 May 2020, s.17 https://rm.coe.int/cyprus-2020-ai-and-freedom-of-expression/168097fa82 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • KAYA, Mehmet Bedii: İnsan Hakları Ekseninde İnternetin Kontrolü ve Hukuki Sorumluluk Rejimi, Anayasa Yargısı, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 2, 2020, s.159–203.
  • KAYE, David: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, New York: United Nations General Assembly, (A/73/348), 2018, s.1-22. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1643488 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • KILIÇASLAN, Seda Kara: Yapay Zekânın Hukuki Statüsü ve Hukuki Kişiliği Üzerine Tartışmalar, YBHD, Yıl:4 Sayı:2019/2, s.363-389.
  • KOLAREVİC, Emina: The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to Freedom of Expression, LAW - Theory and Practice, vol. 39, no. 1, 2022. s.111-126.
  • LLANSO, Emma: No amount of “AI” in content moderation will solve filtering’s priorrestraint problem, 23 April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720920 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • MAAS, Mathijs M: International Law Does not Compute Artificial Intelligence And The Development, Displacement or Destruction of the Global Legal Order, Melbourne Journal of International Law (MelbJlIntLaw) 3 V 20 (1), 2019, s.1-29.
  • MARTINEZ, Rex: Artificial Intelligence: Distinguishing Between Types & Definitions, Nev. L.J. 19, 2019, s.1015-1042.
  • NUNEZ, Fernando: Disinformation Legislation and Freedom of Expression, UC Irvine Law Review, vol.10, no.2, March 2020, s.783-798.
  • OLIVA, Thiago Dias: ContentModeration Technologies:Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Law Review, Vol.20/4, 2020, s.607–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaa032 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • ROUMATE, Fatima: Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and International Human Rights Law, International Review of Information Ethics (IRIE), Vol:29/03, 2021. https://doi.org/10.29173/irie422 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • SEARS, Alan M: Algorithmic Speech and Freedom of Expression, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 53, no. 4, October 2020, s.1327-1376.
  • SIRODA, Sati - SURIKOVA, Jülija: Does The Dependence Of Brand Voice On AI Restrict Freedom Of Expression In Social Media?, Acta Prosperitatis, 14, 2023, s.155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.37804/1691-6077-2023-14-155-165 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • SİNGİL, Nesrin: Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), 42(1), 2022, s.121–158. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • SURDEN, Harry: Artificial Intelligence and Law: An Overview, Ga. St. U. L. Rev. V35/4/8, 2019, s.1306-1337. https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/gsulr/vol35/iss4/8 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • VOLOKH, Eugene - LEMLEY Mark A. - HENDERSON, Peter: Freedom Of Speech and AI Output, Journal of Free Speech Law, Vol.3, Issue.2, 2023, s.651-660.
  • WELLS-EDWARDS, Bryn: What’s in a Voice? The Legal Implications of Voice Cloning, Arizona Law Review, vol. 64, no. 4, 2022, s.1213-1240.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • EU European Comission: Tackling online disinformation, 2022, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • EU European Commission High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence: A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines (EU definition of AI), 8 April 2019, s.1. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_definition_of_ai_18_december_1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • EU European Parliament: Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), P9_TA(2023)0236, 14 June 2023. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2023-0236_EN.html (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • EU European Parliament: Artificial intelligence: questions of interpretation and application of international law, P9_TA(2021)0009, (2020/2013(INI)) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0009_EN.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2023).
  • OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe): Joint declaration on freedom of expression and “fake news”, disinformation and propaganda, 3 March 2017 https://www.osce.org/fom/302796 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • UNESCO: Protecting Freedom of Expression during the COVID-19 crisis: UNESCO issues Guidelines for Judicial Operators, 15 September 2020, https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/protecting-freedom-expression-during-covid-19-crisis-unesco-issues-guidelines-judicial-operators (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • Yargı Kararları
  • Ahmet Yıldırım v. Turkey, Application no. 3111/10, ECHR, 18 March 2013.
  • C‑131/12 Google Spain ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.
  • Case C-314/12 UPC Telekabel Wien, ECLI:EU:C:2014:192.
  • Case C‑360/10 SABAM ECLI:EU:C:2012:85.
  • Case C-70/10 Scarlet Extended ECLI:EU:C:2011:771.
  • Dink v. Turkey, Applications no. 2668/07, 6102/08, 30079/08, 7072/09 ve 7124/09, ECHR, 14 September 2010.
  • Handyside v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 5493/72, ECHR, 7 December 1976.
  • Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden, Application no. 23883/06, ECHR, 16 December 2008.
  • Lingens v. Austria, Application no. 9815/82, ECHR, 8 July 1986.
  • Ouranio Toxo And Others v. Greece, Application no. 74989/01, ECHR, 20 October 2005.
  • Özgür Gündem v. Turkey, Application no. 23144/93, ECHR, 16 March 2000.
  • The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 6538/74, ECHR, 26 April 1979.
  • Times Newspapers Ltd v. The United Kingdom, Applications no. 3002/03 and 23676/03, ECHR, 10 March 2009.

YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 49, 279 - 318, 30.12.2023

Öz

Teknolojik gelişmeler, internet ve sosyal medya, haber, bilgi ve düşüncelere ulaşma ve paylaşmayı daha kolay hale getirmiştir. Yaşanan bu gelişmeler aynı zamanda, hukuka aykırı bir şekilde ifade özgürlüğüne müdahale fırsatlarına da yol açmıştır. Çevirim içi platformlara sürekli bir şekilde insanın üstesinden gelemeyeceği miktarda içerik yüklenmektedir. Bu içeriklerle ilgili olarak özellikle arama motorları ve sosyal medyada yapay zeka yoluyla içerik kişiselleştirme ve içerik denetimi yapılmaktadır. Bu nedenle internet kullanıcılarının hem ifade özgürlüğü sınırlanmakta hem de daha sınırlı bilgiye ulaşmaktadır. Ayrıca kullanıcılar, yapay zeka yoluyla yapılan dezenformasyon ile politik veya ticari amaçlar için manipüle edilebilmektedir. Yapay zekanın bu şekilde kullanımı, uluslararası düzenlemelerle güvence altına alınan ifade özgürlüğüne karşı potansiyel ihlal riski oluşturmaktadır. Bu risklere karşı devletlerin, yapay zeka teknolojisi üreten veya kullanan şirketlerin, medyanın ve kullanıcıların görevleri bulunmaktadır. İşbu makalede, yapay zeka, yapay zeka formları, yapay zeka yoluyla ifade özgürlüğüne müdahale yolları ile mevcut ve muhtemel sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri ele alınmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • ARTICLE 19: Privacy and Freedom of Expression In the Age of Artificial Intelligence (FE in AI), April 2018. https://www.article19.org/resources/privacy-freedom-expression-age-artificial-intelligence/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • ARTICLE 19: The Global Principles on Protection of Freedom of Expression and Privacy (Principles of FE), March 2017. https://www.article19.org/resources/the-global-principles-on-protection-of-freedom-of-expression-and-privacy/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • BARBER, Alex: Freedom of expression meets deepfakes, Synthese, 202, Article No. 40, 20 July 2023, s.1-2. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11229-023-04266-4 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • BOZDAG, Engin: Bias in algorithmic filtering and personalization, Ethics and Information Technology, Vol:15, Issue:3, 2013, s.209–227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-013-9321-6 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • BOZKURT, Enver - DOST, Süleyman: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi Kararlarında İfade Özgürlüğü ve Türkiye, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi, Cilt:7, Sayı:1, 2002.
  • BRKAN, Maja: Freedom of expression and Artificial Intelligence: on personalisation, disinformation and (lack of) horizontal effect of the Charter, https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3354180 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023)
  • CONN, Ariel: Benefits & Risks of Artificial Intelligence, 14 November 2015. https://futureoflife.org/ai/benefits-risks-of-artificial-intelligence/ (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • CORTIZ, Diogo – ZUBIAGA, Arkaitz: Ethical and technical challenges of AI in tackling hate speech, International Review of Information Ethics (IRIE), Vol. 29/03, 2021.
  • ELTİMUR, Dilara Yüzer: İnsan Haklarının Korunması Bağlamında Yapay Zekâ Uygulamaları, AkdHFD, Y Aralık 2022 C.12 S.2, 2022, s.559-594.
  • ESKENS, Sarah – HELBERGER, Natali – MOELLER, Judith: Challenged by news personalisation: five perspectives on the right to receive information, Journal of Media Law, Vol:9, No:2, 2017, s.259-284, https://doi.org/10.1080/17577632.2017.1387353 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • GILLESPIE, Tarleton: The Relevance of Algorithms, 2014. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/9780262525374.003.0009 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • HELBERGER, Natali and OTHERS: Implications of AI-driven tools in the media for freedom of expression, Council of Europe, 28-29 May 2020, s.17 https://rm.coe.int/cyprus-2020-ai-and-freedom-of-expression/168097fa82 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • KAYA, Mehmet Bedii: İnsan Hakları Ekseninde İnternetin Kontrolü ve Hukuki Sorumluluk Rejimi, Anayasa Yargısı, Cilt: 37, Sayı: 2, 2020, s.159–203.
  • KAYE, David: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression, New York: United Nations General Assembly, (A/73/348), 2018, s.1-22. https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/1643488 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • KILIÇASLAN, Seda Kara: Yapay Zekânın Hukuki Statüsü ve Hukuki Kişiliği Üzerine Tartışmalar, YBHD, Yıl:4 Sayı:2019/2, s.363-389.
  • KOLAREVİC, Emina: The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on the Right to Freedom of Expression, LAW - Theory and Practice, vol. 39, no. 1, 2022. s.111-126.
  • LLANSO, Emma: No amount of “AI” in content moderation will solve filtering’s priorrestraint problem, 23 April 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951720920 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • MAAS, Mathijs M: International Law Does not Compute Artificial Intelligence And The Development, Displacement or Destruction of the Global Legal Order, Melbourne Journal of International Law (MelbJlIntLaw) 3 V 20 (1), 2019, s.1-29.
  • MARTINEZ, Rex: Artificial Intelligence: Distinguishing Between Types & Definitions, Nev. L.J. 19, 2019, s.1015-1042.
  • NUNEZ, Fernando: Disinformation Legislation and Freedom of Expression, UC Irvine Law Review, vol.10, no.2, March 2020, s.783-798.
  • OLIVA, Thiago Dias: ContentModeration Technologies:Applying Human Rights Standards to Protect Freedom of Expression, Human Rights Law Review, Vol.20/4, 2020, s.607–640. https://doi.org/10.1093/hrlr/ngaa032 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • ROUMATE, Fatima: Artificial Intelligence, Ethics and International Human Rights Law, International Review of Information Ethics (IRIE), Vol:29/03, 2021. https://doi.org/10.29173/irie422 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • SEARS, Alan M: Algorithmic Speech and Freedom of Expression, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, vol. 53, no. 4, October 2020, s.1327-1376.
  • SIRODA, Sati - SURIKOVA, Jülija: Does The Dependence Of Brand Voice On AI Restrict Freedom Of Expression In Social Media?, Acta Prosperitatis, 14, 2023, s.155-165. http://dx.doi.org/10.37804/1691-6077-2023-14-155-165 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • SİNGİL, Nesrin: Yapay Zekâ ve İnsan Hakları, Public and Private International Law Bulletin (PPIL), 42(1), 2022, s.121–158. https://doi.org/10.26650/ppil.2022.42.1.970856 (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • SURDEN, Harry: Artificial Intelligence and Law: An Overview, Ga. St. U. L. Rev. V35/4/8, 2019, s.1306-1337. https://readingroom.law.gsu.edu/gsulr/vol35/iss4/8 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • VOLOKH, Eugene - LEMLEY Mark A. - HENDERSON, Peter: Freedom Of Speech and AI Output, Journal of Free Speech Law, Vol.3, Issue.2, 2023, s.651-660.
  • WELLS-EDWARDS, Bryn: What’s in a Voice? The Legal Implications of Voice Cloning, Arizona Law Review, vol. 64, no. 4, 2022, s.1213-1240.
  • İnternet Kaynakları
  • EU European Comission: Tackling online disinformation, 2022, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/online-disinformation (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • EU European Commission High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence: A definition of AI: Main capabilities and scientific disciplines (EU definition of AI), 8 April 2019, s.1. https://ec.europa.eu/futurium/en/system/files/ged/ai_hleg_definition_of_ai_18_december_1.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • EU European Parliament: Artificial Intelligence Act (EU AI Act), P9_TA(2023)0236, 14 June 2023. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2023-0236_EN.html (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • EU European Parliament: Artificial intelligence: questions of interpretation and application of international law, P9_TA(2021)0009, (2020/2013(INI)) https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/TA-9-2021-0009_EN.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 07.10.2023).
  • OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe): Joint declaration on freedom of expression and “fake news”, disinformation and propaganda, 3 March 2017 https://www.osce.org/fom/302796 (Erişim tarihi:03.11.2023).
  • UNESCO: Protecting Freedom of Expression during the COVID-19 crisis: UNESCO issues Guidelines for Judicial Operators, 15 September 2020, https://www.unesco.org/en/articles/protecting-freedom-expression-during-covid-19-crisis-unesco-issues-guidelines-judicial-operators (Erişim tarihi: 03.11.2023).
  • Yargı Kararları
  • Ahmet Yıldırım v. Turkey, Application no. 3111/10, ECHR, 18 March 2013.
  • C‑131/12 Google Spain ECLI:EU:C:2014:317.
  • Case C-314/12 UPC Telekabel Wien, ECLI:EU:C:2014:192.
  • Case C‑360/10 SABAM ECLI:EU:C:2012:85.
  • Case C-70/10 Scarlet Extended ECLI:EU:C:2011:771.
  • Dink v. Turkey, Applications no. 2668/07, 6102/08, 30079/08, 7072/09 ve 7124/09, ECHR, 14 September 2010.
  • Handyside v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 5493/72, ECHR, 7 December 1976.
  • Khurshid Mustafa and Tarzibachi v. Sweden, Application no. 23883/06, ECHR, 16 December 2008.
  • Lingens v. Austria, Application no. 9815/82, ECHR, 8 July 1986.
  • Ouranio Toxo And Others v. Greece, Application no. 74989/01, ECHR, 20 October 2005.
  • Özgür Gündem v. Turkey, Application no. 23144/93, ECHR, 16 March 2000.
  • The Sunday Times v. The United Kingdom, Application no. 6538/74, ECHR, 26 April 1979.
  • Times Newspapers Ltd v. The United Kingdom, Applications no. 3002/03 and 23676/03, ECHR, 10 March 2009.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Bilişim ve Teknoloji Hukuku, Hukuk, Bilim ve Teknoloji
Bölüm Kamu Hukuku
Yazarlar

Süleyman Dost 0000-0003-0317-6389

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Aralık 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 49

Kaynak Göster

APA Dost, S. (2023). YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 28(49), 279-318.
AMA Dost S. YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ. DÜHFD. Aralık 2023;28(49):279-318.
Chicago Dost, Süleyman. “YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28, sy. 49 (Aralık 2023): 279-318.
EndNote Dost S (01 Aralık 2023) YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28 49 279–318.
IEEE S. Dost, “YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ”, DÜHFD, c. 28, sy. 49, ss. 279–318, 2023.
ISNAD Dost, Süleyman. “YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 28/49 (Aralık 2023), 279-318.
JAMA Dost S. YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ. DÜHFD. 2023;28:279–318.
MLA Dost, Süleyman. “YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ”. Dicle Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 28, sy. 49, 2023, ss. 279-18.
Vancouver Dost S. YAPAY ZEKA VE İFADE ÖZGÜRLÜĞÜ. DÜHFD. 2023;28(49):279-318.