THE EFFECT OF INDIVIDUAL CREATIVITY ON COPING ATTITUDES: A RESEARCH ON ELITE LEVEL INDIVIDUAL AND TEAM SPORTS ATHLETES

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 1, 63 - 74, 27.02.2023

Nuh Osman Yıldız , Hale Kula , Zülbiye Kaçay , Fikret Soyer

Öz

The main purpose of the study was to examine whether there was a significant relationship between the individual creativity characteristics and coping attitudes of elite sports (individual/team) athletes.
The method of the research was determined based on the causal comparison and relational screening model. The sample group of the research was represented by a total of 158 national athletes, 96 males and 62 females, each of whom were doing elite sports in their own branch (individual/team). In the research, “Individual Creativity Scale (ICS)” adapted to Turkish culture by Yıldız et al. (2022), and “Coping Attitudes Evaluation Scale (COPE)” developed and adapted into Turkish by Dicle and Ersanlı (2015) were used. As a result of the findings, no significant difference was determined between the age variable and the duration of doing sports, and individual creativity, coping attitudes (p>0.05). Also, there was no significant difference between the coping attitudes of the participants who did sports at the elite level and the gender variable (p>0.05). In the study, a positive relationship was determined between individual creativity and coping attitudes (p<0.05). In addition, as a result of the research, the mean level of individual creativity of females was determined to be higher than that of males according to the gender variable (p<0.05). Finally, as a result of the findings obtained from this relationship, it is thought that the significant difference in the creativity levels of females compared to males can also affect their coping attitudes in a positive and meaningful way.

Anahtar Kelimeler

creativity, cope with, elite athlete, attitude

Bireysel Yaratıcılığın Başa Çıkma Tutumları Üzerine Etkisi: Elit Düzeyde Bireysel ve Takım Sporu Yapan Sporcular Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Öz

Araştırmanın temel amacı, elit düzeyde sporla uğraşan (bireysel/takım) kişilerin bireysel yaratıcılık özellikleri ve başa çıkma tutumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişkinin olup olmadığını incelemektir.
Araştırmanın yöntemi nedensel karşılaştırma ve ilişkisel tarama modeline dayanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklem grubunu her biri kendi branşında (bireysel/takım) elit düzeyde spor yapan 96 erkek ve 62 kadın olmak üzere toplamda 158 milli sporcu temsil etmektedir. Araştırmada elit sporcuların bireysel yaratıcılık ve başa çıkma tutum düzeylerini ortaya koymak için Yıldız vd. (2022) tarafından Türk kültürüne uyarlanan “Bireysel Yaratıcılık Ölçeği (BYÖ)”, ile Dicle ve Ersanlı (2015) tarafından geliştirilen ve Türkçeye uyarlanan “Başa Çıkma Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeği (BÇTDÖ)” kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular sonucunda çalışmada yaş değişkeni ve spor yapma süresi ile bireysel yaratıcılık ve başa çıkma tutumları arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilememişken (p>0,05), elit düzeyde spor yapan katılımcıların başa çıkma tutumları ile cinsiyet değişkenine ilişkin anlamlı bir fark tespit edilmemiştir (p>0,05). Araştırmada, bireysel yaratıcılık ile başa çıkma tutumları arasında pozitif bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir (p<0.05). Ayrıca araştırma sonucunda, cinsiyet değişkenine göre kadınların bireysel yaratıcılık düzey ortalamaları erkeklere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0.05). Sonuç olarak bu ilişkiden yola çıkarak elde edilen bulgular neticesinde kadınların erkeklere göre yaratıcılık düzeylerindeki anlamlı farklılığın başa çıkma tutumlarını da pozitif ve anlamlı bir yönde etkileyebileceği sonucuna ulaşabileceği düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Spor, yaratıcılık, başa çıkma, elit sporcu, tutum, Sport, creativity, cope with, elite athlete, attitude

Kaynakça

• Anshel, M. H., & Si, G. (2008). Coping styles following acute stress in sport among elite Chinese athletes: A test of trait and transactional coping theories. Journal of Sport Behavior, 31, 3-21.
• Bali, A. (2015). Psychological factors affecting sports performance. International Journal of Physical Education, Sports and Health, 1(6): 92-95
• Brennan, M. A.(1983). Dance creativity measures: A reliability study. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 54(3), 293-295
• Bahramizade, H., & Besharat, M.A. (2010). The impact of styles of coping with stress on sport achievement. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5, 764-769
• Bayraktar, B., & Kurtoğlu, M. (2009). Sporda performans, etkili faktörler, değerlendirilmesi ve artırılması. Klinik Gelişim Dergisi, 22(1),16-24
• Benedek, M., Bruckdorfer, R., Jauk, E. (2019). Motives for creativity: Exploring the what and why of everyday creativity. Journal of Creative Behavior, 54(3), 610-625
• Bernacka, R. E., Sawicki, B., Mazurek-Kusiak, A., & Hawlena, J. (2016). Conforming and nonconforming personality and stress coping styles in combat athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics, 51, 225-233
• Bournelli, P., Makri, A., & Mylonas, K. (2009). Motor creativity and self-concept. Creativity Research Journal, 21, 104-110.
• Campen, C., & Roberts, D. C. (2001). Coping strategies of runners: Perceived effectiveness and match to pre-competitive anxiety. Journal of Sport Behavior, 24, 144-161.
• Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 26-283.
• Çetinkaya, T., Kırtepe, A. (2018). The investıgatıon of attitudes to cope with stress in terms of different variables of physical education and sports students. Turkish Journal of Sport and Exercises, 20(12), 74-80
• Crust L., & Clough P. J. (2011). Developing mental toughness: From research to practice. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 2, 21-32,
• Côté J., Baker J., & Abernethy B. (2003). From Play to Practice: A Developmental Framework for the Acquisition of Expertise in Team Sports. In J.L. Starkes, K.A. Ericsson (Eds). Expert Performance in Sports: Advances in Research on Sport Expertise (pp. 89-113). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics
• Cosh, Z., & Tully, P. (2015). Stressors, coping, and support mechanisms for student athletes combining elite sport and tertiary education: Implications for practice. Sport Psychologist, pp. 1-10
• Cosma, G., Chıracu, A., Stepan, R., Cosma, A., Nanu, C., & Pâunescu, C. (2020). Impact of coping strategies on sport performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 20(3), 1380-1385
• Cowden R.G. (2017). Mental toughness and success in sport: A review and prospect. The Open Sports Sciences Journal, 10, 1-14
• Dennis, J. P. ve Vander Wal, J. S. V. (2010). The cognitive flexibility inventory: Instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 34(3), 241-253
• Dewhurst, S.A., Anderson, R.J., Cotter, G., Crust, L., & Clough, P.J.(2012). Identifying the cognitive basis of mental toughness: Evidence from the directed forgetting paradigm. Personality and Individual Differences, 53(5), 587-590
• Dicle A.N., ve Ersanlı K. (2015). Başa Çıkma Tutumlarını Değerlendirme Ölçeğinin Türkçeye Uyarlama Geçerlilik Güvenirlik Çalışması. Akademik Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 3(16), 111-126
• Dias, C., Cruz, J. F., & Fonseca, A. M. (2010). Coping strategies, multidimensional competitive anxiety and cognitive threat appraisal: Diffrerences across sex, age, and of sport, Serbian Journal of Sports Sciences, 4(1), 23-31
• Dollen, M., Grove, R.J., Pepping, G.J. (2015). A comparison of coping-styles of individual and team athletes of Australia and the Netherlands. International Sports Studies, 37(2), 26-48
• Field, A. (2009). Discovering Statistics Using SPSS (Third Edition). SAGE Publications, London
• Fredrickson, B. L. (2001). The role of positive emotions in positive psychology: The broadenand-build theory of positive emotions. American Psychologist, 56, 218-226
• Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1988). Coping as a mediator of emotion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(3), 466–475.
• Gabrys, R. L., Tabri, N., Anisman, H., & Matheson, K. (2018). Cognitive control and flexibility in the context of stress and depressive symptoms: The cognitive control and flexibility questionnaire. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-19.
• Goyen, M. J., & Anshel, M. H. (1998). Sources of acute competitive stress and use of coping strategies as a function of age and gender. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 19(3), 469-486.
• Gürbüz, S. (2021). Amos ile Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesi Temel İlkeler ve Uygulamalı Analizler. 2. Baskı, Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara
• Gürbüz, S., ve Şahin (2018). Sosyal Bilimlerde Araştırma Yöntemleri. Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara
• Holt, N.L., & Hogg, J.M. (2002). Perceptions of stress and coping during preparations for the 1999 women’s soccer world cup finals. Sport Psychologist, 16, 251-271
• Igorov, M., Predoıu, R., Predoıu, A., & Igorov, A. (2015). Creativity, resistance to mental fatigue and coping strategies in junior women handball players. 5th. International Congress of Physical Education Sports and Kinetotherapy, Bucrates, pp.10-13
• Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2002). What is this thing called mental toughness? An investigation of elite performers. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14, 205–218.
• Jones, G., Hanton, S., & Connaughton, D. (2007). A framework of mental toughness in the world’s best performers. The Sport Psychologist, 21, 243-264
• Kaiseler, M.N. (2010). Gender and personality differences in coping in sport. Doctoral Thesis, The University of Hull, UK.
• Karlıdağ, İ. (2018). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin yaratıcılık kavramına ilişkin görüşleri. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(56), 362-369
• Krane, V., & Baird, S. M. (2005). Using ethnography in applied sport psychology. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 17(2), 87-107
• Kent, S., Devonport, T.J., Lane, A.M., Nicholls, W., & Friesen, A.P. (2018). The effects of coping interventions on ability to perform under pressure, Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 17, 40-55
• Kopp A., & Jekauc D. (2018). The influence of emotional intelligence on performance in competitive sports: A meta-analytical investigation. Sports, Basel, 6(4), 175
• Lazarus, R.S., & Folkman, S. (1984). Stress, appraisal, and coping. New York: Springer Publishing Company, Inc. https://books.google.com.tr/books?id=iySQQuUpr8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Stress,+appraisal,+and+coping.&hl=tr&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Stress%2C%20appraisal%2C%20and%20coping.&f=false
• Lazarus, R. S. (2000). How emotions influence performance in competitive sports. The Sport Psychologist, 14, 229- 252.
• Lewis, C., & Lovatt, P. J. (2013). Breaking away from set patterns of thinking: Improvisation and divergent thinking. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 9, 4-58.
• Li, H. (2020). Study on the influence of psychological intervention on mood state and coping styles for high-level athletes: A case study for wushu sport in China. SAGE Open, pp.1-10
• Logan, M.L. (2016). Creativity and coping: A measure of self-motivated creation and coping mechanisms https://www.mckendree.edu/academics/scholars/issue-26.php
• Memmert, D., Baker, J., & Bertsch, C. (2010). Play and practice in the development of sport-specific creativity in team ball sports. High Ability Studies, June, 21(1), 3-18
• Nicholls, A.R., & Polman R.C.J. (2007). Coping in sport: A systematic review. Journal of Sports Sciences, January, 25(1): 11-31
• Nicholls, A.R., Taylor, N., Carroll, S., & Perry, J. L. (2016.).The development of a new sport-specific classification of coping and a-meta analysis of the relationship between different coping strategies and moderators on sporting outcomes. Frontiers in Psychology, November, 7 (1674), 1-14
• Philippe, R. A., Seiler, R., & Mengisen, W. (2004). Relationships of coping styles with type of sport. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 98, 479-486.
• Purcell, R., Gwyther, K., & Rice, S.M. (2019). Mental health in elite athletes: Increased awareness requires an early intervention framework to respond to athlete needs. Sports Medicine-Open, 5(46), 2-8
• Richard, V., Abdulla A.M., & Runco, M.A. (2017). Influence of skill level, experience, hours of training, and other sport participation on the creativity of elite athletes. Journal of Genius and Eminence, 2(1), 65-76
• Richard, V., Lebeaua, J.C., Beckera, F., Inglisa, E.R., Tenenbaum, G. (2018). Do more creative people adapt better? An investigation into the association between creativity and adaptation. Psychology of Sport & Exercise, 38, 80-89
• Richard, V., Yang, Y., Runco, M., Abdulla, A.M., & Tenenbaum, G. (2019). Does engaging in creative activities influence the use of coping. SIAFOR Journal of Psychology & The Behavioral Sciences, Special Issue on Creavity, 5- SI-Autumn
• Robinson, M. J., Schmeichel, B. & Inzlicht, M. (2010). A cognitive control perspective of self-control strength and its depletion. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4,189-200
• Runco, M. A. (2004). Creativity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55, 657-687
• Santos, S.D.L., Memmert, D., Sampaio, J., & Leitte, N. (2016). The spawns of creative behavior in team sports: A creativity developmental framework. Frontiers in Psychology, August, 7(1282), 1-14
• Schmalz, D. L., & Kerstetter, D. L. (2006). Girlie girls and manly men: Children’s stigma consciousness of gender in sports and physical activities. Journal of Leisure Research, 38, 536-557.
• Stough, C., Clements, M., Wallish, L., & Downey, L. (2009). Emotional intelligence in sport: Theoretical linkages and preliminary empirical relationships from basketball. In C. Stough, D.H. Saklofske, & J.D.A. Parker (Eds.), Assessing emotional intelligence: Theory, research, and applications (pp. 291-305). Springer Science, Business Media
• Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using Multivariate Statistics (6th ed.). MA: Pearson, Boston
• Tenenbaum, G., Edmonds, W.A., Eccles, D.W. (2008). Emotions, Coping Strategies, and Performance: and Performance: A Conceptual Framework for Defining Affect-Related Performance Zones. Mil Psychol , 20(1): 11-37
• Walton, A. (2003). The impact of interpersonal factors on creativity. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 9, 146-162.
• Yıldız, N.O., Kaçay, Z, & Soyer, F. (2022). Adaptation of individual creativity scale to turkish culture, validity and reliability study. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 12(3), 712-729.
• Yeşilyurt, E. (2020). Yaratıcılık ve yaratıcı düşünme: Tüm boyut ve paydaşlarıyla kapsayıcı bir derleme çalışması, OPUS Uluslararası Toplum Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(25), 3875-3915
• Yoo, J. (2001). Coping profile of korean competitive athletes. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 32, 290-303
• Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2001). When job dissatisfaction leads to creativity: encouraging the expression of voice. Academy of Management Journal, 44(4), 682-696.
• Zuckerman, M., & Gagne, M. (2003). The cope revised: Proposing a 5 factor model of coping strategies. Journal of Research in Personality, 37,169-204