An Evaluation of Ornamental Plant Production on a Global and Turkish Scale

Öz

This review provides a comprehensive evaluation of the ornamental plant production sector at both global and Turkish scales, focusing on the current situation, production volume, technological advancements, and key challenges faced by the industry. Ornamental plants stand out not only for their aesthetic functions but also for their contributions to urban ecosystem enhancement, environmental sustainability, and economic development. Recently, the increasing adoption of biotechnology, digital agriculture, and sustainability-oriented practices has improved productivity and quality while also helping to reduce environmental impacts. Although Turkey possesses significant production potential thanks to its rich biodiversity and favorable climate, the sector faces various structural challenges, including small-scale and fragmented production, lack of technical infrastructure, marketing difficulties, and regulatory issues. To enhance international competitiveness, it is essential to implement planned investments, support R&D and innovation, promote native species, strengthen regulatory and support mechanisms, and develop effective marketing strategies. This study can provide guidance for sustainable development by analyzing global and national trends in the ornamental plant production sector.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Ornamental plants
• Türkiye
• global sector
• technological innovations
• sustainability
• sectoral challenges

Küresel ve Türkiye Ölçeğinde Süs Bitkisi Üretimi Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Bu derleme çalışmasında, süs bitkisi üretim sektöründe küresel ve Türkiye ölçeğinde güncel durum, üretim hacmi, teknolojik gelişmeler ve karşılaşılan temel sorunlar bütüncül bir yaklaşımla ele alınmıştır. Süs bitkileri; estetik işlevlerinin yanı sıra kent ekosistemlerinin geliştirilmesi, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik katkıları ile dikkat çekmektedir. Son yıllarda sektörde biyoteknoloji, dijital tarım ve sürdürülebilirlik temelli uygulamaların yaygınlaşması, üretimde verimlilik ve kaliteyi artırırken çevresel etkilerin azaltılmasına da katkı sağlamaktadır. Türkiye, zengin biyolojik çeşitliliği ve uygun iklim koşullarıyla önemli bir üretim potansiyeline sahip olsa da küçük ölçekli ve dağınık üretim, teknik altyapı eksiklikleri, pazarlama ve mevzuat sorunları gibi çeşitli yapısal zorluklarla karşı karşıyadır. Sektörün uluslararası rekabet gücünü artırabilmesi için planlı yatırımlar, Ar-Ge ve inovasyonun desteklenmesi, yerli türlerin teşviki, mevzuat ve destek mekanizmalarının güçlendirilmesi ile pazarlama stratejilerinin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu çalışma, süs bitkisi üretim sektöründeki küresel ve ulusal eğilimleri analiz ederek, sürdürülebilir gelişim için yol gösterici öneriler sunabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Süs bitkileri
• Türkiye
• küresel sektör
• teknolojik yenilikler
• sürdürülebilirlik
• sektörel sorunlar

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın son okumasını gerçekleştirerek görüş ve önerileriyle katkı sağlayan Prof. Dr. Emrah ÇİÇEK’e teşekkürlerimi sunarım.

Kaynakça

1. Aida, R., Ohmiya, A., & Onozaki, T. (2018). Current researches in ornamental plant breeding. Breed Sci, 68(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.68.1
2. Aktaş Çimen, Z., & Sarıçoban, K. (2024). Türkiye’nin süs bitkileri ihracatındaki rekabet gücü. Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari İncelemeler Dergisi (44), 151-168. https://doi.org/10.18092/ulikidince.1460236
3. Anonim. (2023). Türkiye süs bitkileri ve mamulleri sektör raporu. S. B. v. M. İ. Birliği. http://www.susbitkileri.org.tr/images/d/library/98e54002-0285-47c4-ad9f-09d2fddb7f65.pdf
4. Anonim. (2024). Türkiye süs bitkileri yetiştiriciliğinde önemli avantajlara sahip. Tarım ve Orman Dergisi, 281 (Ocak-Şubat 2024), 70-73.
5. Azadi, P., Bagheri, H., Nalousi, A. M., Nazari, F., & Chandler, S. F. (2016). Current status and biotechnological advances in genetic engineering of ornamental plants. Biotechnol Adv, 34(6), 1073-1090. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.06.006
6. Beruto, M. (2011). Introduction of new ornamental plants and production technologies: Case studies. VII International Symposium on New Floricultural Crops, ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1000, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
7. Bhattarai, K., & Van Huylenbroeck, J. (2022). Breeding, genetics, and genomics of ornamental plants. Horticulturae, 8(2), 148. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8020148
8. Bika, R., Baysal-Gurel, F., & Jennings, C. (2020). Botrytis cinerea management in ornamental production: a continuous battle. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 43(3), 345-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/07060661.2020.1807409

9. Cardoso, J. C., & Vendrame, W. A. (2022). Innovation in propagation and cultivation of ornamental plants. Horticulturae, 8(3), 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030229
10. Chachar, S., Ahmed, N., & Hu, X. (2025a). Drought-induced aesthetic decline and ecological impacts on ornamentals: mechanisms of damage and innovative strategies for mitigation. Plant Biol (Stuttg). https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.70074
11. Chachar, S., Ahmed, N., & Hu, X. (2025b). Future-proofing ornamental plants: Cutting-edge strategies for drought resistance and sustainability. Physiol Plant, 177(3), 70255. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppl.70255
12. Çanakçıoglu, H., & Ülgentürk, S. (2004). Scale insect pests on ornamental plants in urban habitats in Turkey. Journal of Pest Science, 77(2), 79-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-003-0031-4
13. Çelik, Y., & Arisoy, H. (2013). Competitive analysis of outdoor ornamental plants sector: a case study of Konya province, Turkey. Journal of Horticultural Research, 21(2), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.2478/johr-2013-0016
14. D. Howland, A., & Quintanilla, M. (2023). Plant-parasitic Nematodes and their effects on ornamental plants: A Review. Journal of Nematology, 55(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.2478/jofnem-2023-0007
15. Darras, A. (2020). Implementation of sustainable practices to ornamental plant cultivation worldwide: A critical review. Agronomy-Basel, 10(10), 1570. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101570
16. Datta, S. K. (2020). Induced mutations: technological advancement for development of new ornamental varieties. Nucleus-India, 63(2), 119-129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-020-00310-7
17. Datta, S. K. (2021). Breeding of ornamentals: success and technological status. The Nucleus, 65(1), 107-128. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13237-021-00368-x
18. Francini, A., Romano, D., Toscano, S., & Ferrante, A. (2022). The contribution of ornamental plants to urban ecosystem services. Earth, 3(4), 1258-1274. https://doi.org/10.3390/earth3040071
19. Gabellini, S., & Scaramuzzi, S. (2022). Evolving consumption trends, marketing strategies, and governance settings in ornamental horticulture: A grey literature review. Horticulturae, 8(3), 234. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8030234
20. Guaita-Pradas, I., Rodríguez-Mañay, L. O., & Marques-Perez, I. (2023). Competitiveness of Ecuador's flower industry in the global market in the period 2016-2020. Sustainability, 15(7). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15075821
21. Hammond, J., Huang, Q., Jordan, R., Meekes, E., Fox, A., Vazquez-Iglesias, I., Vaira, A. M., Copetta, A., & Delmiglio, C. (2023). International trade and local effects of viral and bacterial diseases in ornamental plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol, 61, 73-95. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-021621-114618
22. Hinsley, A., Hughes, A. C., van Valkenburg, J., Stark, T., van Delft, J., Sutherland, W., & Petrovan, S. O. (2025). Understanding the environmental and social risks from the international trade in ornamental plants. Bioscience, 75(3), 222-239. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biae124
23. Hoseinpoor, A., Moghaddasi, R., & Yazdani, S. (2019). The comparative Advantage in the main exporting countries, flower and ornamental plant sector. 26, 39-54. https://doi.org/10.14665/1614-4007-26-004
24. IPCC. (2014). Urban Areas Climate Change 2014—Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability: Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects: Working Group II Contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (0098-7921).
25. Kalendar, O. V., Vishegurov, S. K., Buglova, L. V., Kaigalov, I. V., Sarlaeva, M. Y., Yudanova, S. S., Vasilyeva, O. Y., & Dorogina, O. V. (2022). Ecological characteristics of ornamental plants and their use in landscape architecture. Samara Journal of Science, 11(3), 56-63. https://doi.org/10.55355/snv2022113106
26. Karakayacı, Z., Polat, A. T., Çelik, Y., & Eşitken, A. (2019). Using geographical information systems in determination of production areas of ornamental plants Konya, Turkey. Selcuk Journal of Agricultural and Food Sciences, 33(2), 137-147. https://doi.org/10.15316/sjafs.2019.167
27. Kayıkçı, S., & Güzel, Y. (2023). Evaluation of local wild plants, including recently discovered endemics, as Ornamentals: the EXPO-2021 Hatay, Türkiye Example. ANADOLU Journal of Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, 33(1), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.18615/anadolu.1300188
28. Khade, M. S., & Awsarikar, D. D. (2025). A Study of Cross-Industry Collaborations in Floricultural Marketing: Models, Benefits, and Strategic Implications. Allana Management Journal of Research, 15(01), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.62223/amjr.2025.150104
29. Khamare, Y., Marble, S. C., Pearson, B. J., Chen, J., & Devkota, P. (2023). Effect of weed competition on growth of container grown ornamentals plants in four different container sizes. Horticulturae, 9(3), 317. https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/3/317
30. Koukounaras, A. (2021). Advanced Greenhouse Horticulture: New Technologies and Cultivation Practices. Horticulturae, 7(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7010001
31. Kuligowska, K., Lutken, H., & Muller, R. (2016). Towards development of new ornamental plants: status and progress in wide hybridization. Planta, 244(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2493-7
32. Kuligowska, K., Lütken, H., & Müller, R. (2016). Towards development of new ornamental plants: status and progress in wide hybridization. Planta, 244, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-016-2493-7
33. Külek, B., & Beyhan, Ö. (2024). Sakarya’da dış mekân süs bitkileri yetiştiriciliği potansiyeli, problem ve çözüm önerileri. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology, 5(2), 87-95. https://doi.org/10.58728/joinabt.1499571
34. Leotta, L., Toscano, S., Ferrante, A., Romano, D., & Francini, A. (2023). New strategies to increase the abiotic stress tolerance in woody ornamental plants in Mediterranean climate. Plants (Basel), 12(10), 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12102022
35. Mehbub, H., Akter, A., Akter, M. A., Mandal, M. S. H., Hoque, M. A., Tuleja, M., & Mehraj, H. (2022). Tissue culture in ornamentals: Cultivation factors, propagation techniques, and its application. Plants (Basel), 11(23), 3208. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11233208
36. Mekapogu, M., Kwon, O. K., Song, H. Y., & Jung, J. A. (2022). Towards the improvement of ornamental attributes in chrysanthemum: Recent progress in biotechnological advances. Int J Mol Sci, 23(20). https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232012284
37. Mekapogu, M., Song, H. Y., Lim, S. H., & Jung, J. A. (2023). Genetic engineering and genome editing advances to enhance floral attributes in ornamental plants: An update. Plants (Basel), 12(23), 3983. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12233983
38. Mircea, D. M., Boscaiu, M., Sestras, R. E., Sestras, A. F., & Vicente, O. (2025). Abiotic stress tolerance and invasive potential of ornamental plants in the mediterranean area: Implications for sustainable landscaping. Agronomy-Basel, 15(1), 52. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15010052
39. Monder, M. J., Pacholczak, A., & Zajaczkowska, M. (2024). Directions in ornamental herbaceous plant selection in the central European temperate zone in the time of climate change: Benefits and threats. Agriculture-Basel, 14(12), 2328. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture14122328
40. Mou, S. S., Haus, M. J., Hayden, Z. D., Patterson, E. L., & Saha, D. (2025). Climate-driven challenges in weed management for ornamental crop production in the United States: a review. Frontiers in Agronomy, 7, 1556418. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2025.1556418
41. Mubarok, S., Suminar, E., Karyani, T., Rufaidah, F., Sari, D. N., & Rahmat, B. P. N. (2023). An overview of the increasing ornamental plant business in indonesia post-COVID-19 pandemic as a result of social media and its future perspective. Sustainability, 15(19), 14211. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151914211
42. Naing, A. H., Adedeji, O. S., & Kim, C. K. (2021). Protoplast technology in ornamental plants: Current progress and potential applications on genetic improvement. Scientia Horticulturae, 283, 110043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scienta.2021.110043
43. Nishihara, M., Tasaki, K., Sasaki, N., & Takahashi, H. (2018). Development of basic technologies for improvement of breeding and cultivation of Japanese gentian. Breed Sci, 68(1), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1270/jsbbs.17074
44. Orloci, L., & Fekete, A. (2023). Ornamental plants and urban gardening. Plants (Basel), 12(24), 4096. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12244096
45. Pagariya, M. C., Jadhav, P. R., Gawade, N. S., Sarode, D. K., Karkute, S. G., Kardile, H. B., Deshmukh, R., Penna, S., & Kawar, P. G. (2025). Advancing ornamental plant breeding through genomic technologies: opportunities, challenges, and future directions. Funct Integr Genomics, 25(1), 140. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10142-025-01640-y
46. Partap, M., Verma, V., Thakur, M., & Bhargava, B. (2023). Designing of future ornamental crops: a biotechnological driven perspective. Hortic Res, 10(11), uhad192. https://doi.org/10.1093/hr/uhad192
47. Ristvey, A. G., Belayneh, B. E., & Lea-Cox, J. D. (2019). A comparison of irrigation-water containment methods and management strategies between two ornamental production systems to minimize water security threats. Water, 11(12), 2558. https://doi.org/10.3390/w11122558
48. Roberto, S. R., & Colombo, R. C. (2020). Innovation in propagation of fruit, vegetable and ornamental plants. Horticulturae, 6(2), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae6020023
49. Rocha, C. S., Rocha, D. C., Kochi, L. Y., Carneiro, D. N. M., Dos Reis, M. V., & Gomes, M. P. (2022). Phytoremediation by ornamental plants: a beautiful and ecological alternative. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 29(3), 3336-3354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17307-7
50. Salachna, P. (2022). Trends in ornamental plant production. Horticulturae, 8(5), 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8050413
51. Sarı, Ö., & Çelikel, F. (2022). Karadeniz bölgesinin il düzeyinde süs bitkileri üretiminin incelenmesi. International Journal of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, 5(3), 436-458. https://doi.org/10.38001/ijlsb.1090043
52. Souza, J. N. C., Diniz, J. W. M., Silva, F. A. O., & Almeida, N. D. R. (2020). Economic overview of ornamental flowers and plants in Brazil. Scientific Electronic Archives, 13(5), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.36560/1352020943
53. Tian, X. L., & Ma, Y. P. (2022). Horticultural applications of natural hybrids as an accelerating way for breeding woody ornamental plants. Front Genet, 13, 1047100. https://doi.org/10.3389/fgene.2022.1047100
54. Titiz, S., Çakıroğlu, N., Yıldırım, T., & Çakmak, S. (2000). Süs bitkileri üretim ve ticaretindeki gelişmeler. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği, 5, 709-740.
55. Traversari, S., Cacini, S., Galieni, A., Nesi, B., Nicastro, N., & Pane, C. (2021). Precision agriculture digital technologies for sustainable fungal disease management of ornamental plants. Sustainability, 13(7), 3707. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13073707
56. UN. (2018). World urbanization prospects: The 2018 revision. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division: New York, USA, 1-126.
57. Ürgenç, S. (1998). Ağaç ve süs bitkileri fidanlık ve yetiştirme tekniği. İ.Ü. Orman Fakültesi Yayını, İstanbul.
58. Wang, Z., Poudyal, S., Kopp, K., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Response of ornamental plants to salinity: impact on species-specific growth, visual quality, photosynthetic parameters, and ion uptake. Front Plant Sci, 16, 1611767. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2025.1611767
59. Wani, M. A., Din, A., Nazki, I. T., Rehman, T. U., Al-Khayri, J. M., Jain, S. M., Lone, R. A., Bhat, Z. A., & Mushtaq, M. (2023). Navigating the future: exploring technological advancements and emerging trends in the sustainable ornamental industry. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 11, 1-22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2023.1188643
60. Wani, M. A., Nazki, I. T., Din, A., Iqbal, S., Wani, S. A., Khan, F. U., & Neelofar. (2018). Floriculture sustainability initiative: The dawn of new era. In E. Lichtfouse (Ed.), Sustainable Agriculture Reviews, 27, 91-127. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-75190-0_4
61. Wei, X., Khachatryan, H., Hodges, A., Hall, C., Palma, M., Torres, A., & Brumfield, R. (2023). Exploring market choices in the US ornamental horticulture industry. Agribusiness, 39(1), 65-109. https://doi.org/10.1002/agr.21769
62. Wise, K. A., Mueller, D. S., & Buck, J. W. (2004). Quarantines and ornamental rusts. American Pathological Society, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1094/APSnetFeature-2004-0204
63. Yasemin, S., & Beruto, M. (2024). A review on flower bulb micropropagation: Challenges and opportunities. Horticulturae, 10 (3). https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae10030284
64. Zencirkıran, M., & Gurbuz, I. (2009). Turkish ornamental plants sector in the European Union screening process. Journal of fruit and ornamental plant research, 17(2), 235-250.
65. Zitácuaro-Contreras, I., Vidal-Álvarez, M., Hernández y Orduña, M. G., Zamora-Castro, S. A., Betanzo-Torres, E. A., Marín-Muñíz, J. L., & Sandoval-Herazo, L. C. (2021). Environmental, economic, and social potentialities of ornamental vegetation cultivated in constructed wetlands of Mexico. Sustainability, 13(11), 6267. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13116267