The effect of cake waste addition to alfalfa silage on silage quality and fermentation properties

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of addition of cake waste, which is a food industry waste, to alfalfa silage as a readily soluble carbohydrate source on silage quality, fermentation properties, in vitro organic matter digestion and in vitro CH4 values. In the study, while silage group without additives constituted the control group, silages with 1%, 2%, 4% and 6% cake waste additions constituted the test groups. Statistically significant differences were found in crude protein (CP), crude ash (CA), dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), in vitro organic matter digestion (IVOMD), metabolizable energy (ME) and in vitro CH4 values of silages (P<0.05). When IVOMD, ME and in vitro CH4 values of silages were examined, increases were observed in all groups with additive compared to the control group. When the pH, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N/TN), carbon dioxide (CO2), lactic acid (LA) and acetic acid (AA) values of the silages were examined, while the highest values were found in the control group, the lowest values were found in the silage group to which 6% cake waste was added (P<0.05). While propionic acid (PA) was detected in the control group, it was not detected due to the addition of cake waste. While butyric acid (BA) values were controlled and found due to 1% cake waste addition, it was not found in the other test groups. As compared to the control group, the silage's yeast values declined as cake waste increased. While mold values of the silages were controlled and found in the control group with 1% cake waste addition, it was not found in the other test groups. As a result, it was determined that the addition of 6% cake waste as a readily soluble carbohydrate source had a positive effect on silage quality and fermentation properties.

Keywords

• Alfalfa
• fermentation
• silage additives
• waste

Yonca Silajına Pasta Atığı İlavesinin Silaj Kalitesi ve Fermantasyon Özellikleri Üzerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışmada gıda sanayi atığı olan pasta atığının kolay eriyebilir karbonhidrat kaynağı olarak yonca silajına ilavesinin silaj kalitesi, fermantasyon özellikleri, in vitro organik madde sindirimi ve in vitro CH4 değerleri üzerine etkilerinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmada katkısız silaj grubu kontrol grubunu oluştururken, %1, %2, %4 ve %6 pasta atığı ilaveli silajlar deneme gruplarını oluşturmuştur. Silajların kuru madde (DM), ham kül (CA), ham protein (CP), asit deterjan fiber (ADF), nötral deterjan fiber (NDF), in vitro organik madde sindirimi (IVOMS), metabolize olabilir enerji (ME) ve in vitro CH4 değerlerinde gruplar arasında istatistiki olarak önemli farklılıklar bulunmuştur (P<0.05). Silajların IVOMD, ME ve in vitro CH4 değerleri incelendiğinde kontrol grubuna kıyasla tüm katkılı gruplarda artışlar gözlemlenmiştir (P<0.05). Silajların pH, amonyak azotu (NH3-N/TN), karbondioksit (CO2), lactic asit (LA) ve asetik asit (AA) değerleri incelendiğinde, en yüksek değerler kontrol grubunda tespit edilirken, en düşük %6 pasta atığı ilave edilen silaj grubunda tespit edilmiştir(P<0.05). Silajların propiyonik asit (PA) kontrol grubunda tespit edilirken pasta atığı ilavesine bağlı olarak tespit edilmemiştir. Bütirik asit (BA) değerleri kontrol ve % 1 pasta atığı ilavesine bağlı olarak tespit edilirken diğer deneme gruplarında tespit edilmemiştir. Silajların maya değerleri kontrol grubuna kıyasla pasta atığı artışına bağlı olarak düşüş gözlemlenmiştir. Silajların küf değerleri ise kontrol ve %1 pasta atığı ilaveli grupta tespit edilirken diğer deneme gruplarında tespit edilmemiştir. Sonuç olarak kolay eriyebilir karbonhidrat kaynağı olarak % 6 oranında pasta atığı ilavesinin yonca silaj kalitesi ve fermantasyon özellikleri üzerine olumlu etkisinin olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Atık
• fermantasyon
• silaj katkıları
• yonca

Kaynakça

1. Canbolat Ö, Yıldırım HK, Filya İ. (2013). The Use of Honey Locust Pods as A Silage Additive for Alfalfa Forage. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 19(2): 291-297.
2. Zahal S, Kaya Ş. (2020). Determination of Nutrient Contents of Some Roughages Produced in Hatay. OKÜ Fen Bil Enst Derg. 3(2): 83-89.
3. Atalay Aİ. (2009). Investigation on the Use of Molasses and Laurus nobilis Mixture in Alfalfa Silage and the Effect on the Silage Quality. Master’s Thesis. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kahramanmaraş.
4. Gürsoy E, Kara E, Sürmen M. (2021). The Effects of Different Cutting Stage and Crushed Barley Applications on Silage Properties of Annual Forage Crops Mixture. Turk J Agric Res. 8(3): 273-281.
5. İrez Şerbetçi M. (2020). Effects of Wafer Addition on Fermentation Properties, Aerobic Stability and Feed Value of Alfalfa Silages. Master's Thesis, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Tekirdağ.
6. Burgu L. (2021). Determination of Silage Yield and Quality Traits of Different Silage Maize Varieties Sown as Second Crop in Bilecik Ecological Conditions. Master's Thesis, Bilecik Şeyh Edebali University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Bilecik.
7. Şahin İF, Zaman M. (2010). An Important Cattle Feed: Silage. Doğu Coğrafya Derg. 15(23): 1-18.
8. Ergün A, Tuncer ŞD, Çolpan İ, et al. (2013). Feeds, Feed Hygiene and Technology. 5. edn, Pozitif Baskı, Ankara.

9. Orak A, Gökkaya G. (2014). Alfalfa Farming. 2. edn, İlgi Matbaacılık, Ankara.
10. Yayla D, Soycan Önenç S. (2021). The Effects of Waste Jam Mixture on Silage Fermentation, and in Vitro Digestibility of Alfalfa Silages. Turkish J Agric Food Sci Technol. 9(2): 301-307.
11. Kızılsimsek M, Keklik K, Günaydın T. (2020). Using Possibilities of New Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolates as Microbial Inoculant on Different Dry Matter Containing Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Silage. KSU J Agric Nat. 23(5), 1331-1339.
12. Yakışır BÖ, Aksu T. (2019). The Effect of Different Levels of Molasses’s Dried Sugar Beet Pulp on the Quality of Alfalfa Silage. Van Vet J. 30(2): 71-76.
13. Canbolat Ö, Yıldırım HK, Karaman Ş, Filya İ. (2010). The Investigation of Possibility of Grape Pomace as Carbohydrate Source in Alfalfa Silages. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg. 16(2): 269-276.
14. Playne MJ, McDonald P. (1966). The Buffering Constituents of Herbage and of Silage. J Sci Food Agric. 17(6): 264-268.
15. Broderick GA, Kang JH. (1980). Automated Simultaneous Determination of Ammonia and Total Amino Acids in Ruminal Fluid and In Vitro Media. J Dairy Sci. 63(1): 64-75.
16. Suzuki M, Lund CW. (1980). Improved Gas-Liquid Chromatography for Simultaneous Determination of Volatile Fatty Acids and Lactic Acid in Silage. J Agric Food Chem. 28(5): 1040-1041.
17. Ashbell G, Weinberg ZG, Azrieli A, Hen Y, Horev B. (1991). A Simple System to Study the Aerobic Determination of Silages. Can Agric Eng. 34: 171-175.
18. AOAC. (2005). Official Methods of Analysis. 18th edn. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA, USA.
19. Van Soest PV, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. (1991). Methods For Dietary Fiber, Neutral Detergent Fiber, and Nonstarch Polysaccharides in Relation to Animal Nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 74(10): 3583-3597.
20. Menke KH, Steingass H. (1988). Estimation of the Energetic Feed Value Obtained From Chemical Analysis and in vitro Gas Production Using Rumen Fluid. Anim Res Dev. 28: 7-55.
21. Menke KH, Raab L, Salewski A, Steingass H, Fritz D, Schneider W. (1979). The Estimation of the Digestibility and Metabolizable Energy Content of Ruminant Feedingstuffs From the Gas Production When They are İncubated With Rumen Liquor in vitro. J Agric Sci. 93(1): 217-222.
22. Filya I, Ashbell G, Hen Y, Weinberg ZG. (2000). The Effect of Bacterial Inoculants on the Fermentation and Aerobic Stability of Whole Crop Wheat Silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 88(1-2): 39-46.
23. SPSS Inc. (1991). SPSS Statistical Algorithms. SPSS Incorporated.
24. Kamal MT, Hashem MA, Al Mamun M, Hossain MM, Razzaque MA, Ritu JH. (2020). Investigating the Quality of Commercial Beef Cattle Feeds and feed İngredients Used in Bangladesh. SAARC J Agric. 18(1): 197-208.
25. Özkan Ö. (2021). Determination of Suitable Mixture Ratios for High Forage Yield and Quality in Forage Pea (Pisum arvense L.)-Triticale (xTriticosecale Wittmack) Mixed Sowings. Master’s Thesis, Akdeniz University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Antalya.
26. Okuyucu B, Özdüven ML, Koç F. (2018). The Effects of Lactic Acid Bacterial with Enzymes Inoculants on the Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and in vitro Digestibility of Wet Brewers Grain Silages. Alinteri J Agric Sci. 33(2): 145-151.
27. Yayla D. (2019). The Effects of Waste Jam Mixture on Silage Fermentation, Aerobic Stability and in vitro Digestibility of Alfalfa Silages. Master's Thesis. Namık Kemal University Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Tekirdağ.
28. Basmacıoğlu H, Ergül M. (2002). Silage Microbiology. J Anim Prod. 43(1): 12-24.
29. Yakışır BÖ. (2018). The Effect of Different Levels of Molasses Dried Sugar Pulp on the Quality of Alfalfa Silage. Master Thesis. Yüzüncü Yıl University. Graduate School of Health Sciens, Van.