Next Generation Vaccines

Öz

For centuries, mankind has been aware that prevention is more valuable than cure and has sought appropriate ways to do so. The adventure of vaccination, known as the most effective protection method, began with studies against smallpox. It continued when Edward Jenner administered the vaccinia virus to a child in 1796, which he received from a woman infected by a cow. Louis Pasteur observed that the virus administered in 1798 eliminated the smallpox virus after a few months, so the smallpox vaccine was first discovered and applied. The concept of inactivated vaccines emerged during the collaboration between Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur. Inactivated vaccines against plague, cholera, and typhoid emerged around the end of the nineteenth century. In 1948, the first combined vaccine against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis was produced. After the second half of the 20th century, new applications began to be introduced. Then, cell culture studies for viral vaccines started. The effect of advancing technology began to be felt in vaccines over time and new generation vaccine studies started. With cloning, the foundation of recombinant vaccines and thus new-generation vaccines was laid. Scientists focused on next-generation vaccine studies and introduced vaccines such as viral vector-based vaccines, RNA-based vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Virus-like particle vaccines and Marker vaccines into vaccine technology.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• New generation vaccines
• recombinant protein
• vaccine types

YENİ NESİL AŞILAR

Öz

İnsanlık yüzyıllardır önlemenin tedavi etmekten daha iyi olduğunu biliyor ve bunu başarmanın yollarını arıyor. En etkili korunma yöntemi olarak kabul edilen aşılama serüveni çiçek hastalığına ilişkin çalışmalarla başladı. Bu durum, 1796'da Edward Jenner'ın, bir inekten enfekte olan bir kadından aldığı aşı virüsünü bir çocuğa vermesiyle devam etti. Louis Pasteur 1798 yılında uygulanan virüsün çiçek virüsünü birkaç ay sonra ortadan kaldırdığını gözlemlemiş ve böylece ilk kez çiçek aşısı bulunup kullanılmıştır. Robert Koch ve Louis Pasteur tarafından sürdürülen bu süreç, inaktive aşı kavramının ortaya çıkmasına yol açtı. 19. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru veba, kolera ve tifoya karşı inaktif aşılar geliştirildi. 1948 yılında difteri, tetanoz ve boğmacaya karşı ilk kombine aşı üretildi. 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından sonra yeni uygulamalar ortaya çıktı. Viral aşılar için hücre kültürü çalışmaları başladı. Zamanla teknolojik gelişmelerin aşılar üzerindeki etkisi hissedildi ve yeni nesil aşılar üzerinde çalışmalar başladı. Klonlama, rekombinant aşıların ve yeni nesil aşıların temelini attı. Bilim insanları yeni nesil aşı çalışmalarına odaklanarak viral vektör bazlı aşılar, RNA bazlı aşılar, alt birim aşılar, virüs benzeri parçacıklı aşılar ve marker aşılar gibi aşıları aşı teknolojisine kazandırdı.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aşı çeşitleri
• rekombinant protein
• yeni nesil aşılar.

Kaynakça

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