Koyunlarda Kızılötesi Termografi ile Ölçülen Vücut Sıcaklığı ve Rektal Sıcaklık Arasındaki İlişki: Rektal Ölçüme Alternatif, Daha Az İnvaziv Bölgelerin Belirlenmesi

Öz

Vücut sıcaklığının ölçümü, klinik değerlendirmenin önemli bir bileşenidir ve klinisyene hayvanın sağlığı ve homeostatik durumu hakkında fikir verir. Bu çalışmaya kırk sağlıklı dişi Ghezel koyunu dahil edilmiştir. Rektal sıcaklık (RT) ve koltuk altı sıcaklığı (AT) dijital termometre ile ölçülmüştür. Oküler sıcaklık (OT) ve koroner bant sıcaklığı (CBT), kızılötesi termografi (IRT) kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Uyum derecesini hesaplamak için Bland-Altman yöntemi kullanılmış ve RT referans sıcaklık olarak kullanılmıştır. Vücudun dört farklı bölgesinden toplam 160 ölçüm alınmıştır. RT−AT, RT−OT ve RT−CBT arasındaki farklar için ortalama farklar ve %95 uyum sınırları sırasıyla 0.13°C (− 0.44°C – 0.70°C), 1.30°C (0.06°C – 2.53°C) ve 15.30°C (1.93°C – 28.66°C) olarak bulundu. AT, OT ve CBT değerleri sırasıyla koyunların %55.6'sında, %33'ünde ve %11.1'inde RT'nin ±0.5°C'si içindeydi. AT ölçümü, klinisyenler için kolay erişilebilir bir cihazla sıcaklık okumaları sağladığı ve görüntü yorumlama ve analiz bulguları için ek zaman gerektirmediği için daha uygulanabilir ve alakalı olabilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Göz
• kızılötesi termografi
• koltuk altı
• koroner bant
• koyun

Relationship Between Body Temperature Measured by Infrared Thermography and Rectal Temperature in Sheeps: Identifying Less-Invasive Alternative Sites to Rectal Measurement

Öz

The measurement of body temperature is a crucial component of the clinical evaluation and provides the clinician with insights into the animal's health and homeostatic condition. This study included fourty healty female Ghezel sheep. The rectal temperature (RT) and axillary temperature (AT) were collected by digital thermometer. Ocular temperature (OT) and coronary band temperature (CBT) were assessed using infrared thermography (IRT). The Bland–Altman method was used to calculate the degree of agreement, with RT serving as the reference temperature. A total of 160 measurements were obtained from four distinct parts of the body. The mean differences and their 95% limits of agreement for the dfferences between RT−AT, RT−OT, and RT−CBT were 0.13°C (− 0.44°C – 0.70°C), 1.30°C (0.06°C – 2.53°C) and 15.30°C (1.93°C – 28.66°C), respectively. The AT, OT, and CBT values were within ±0.5°C of RT for 55.6%, 33%, and 11.1% of sheep, respectively. AT measurement may be more applicable and relevant as it provides temperature readings with an easily accessible device for clinicians and does not necessitate additional time for image interpretation and analysis findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Axillary
• coronary band
• eye
• infrared thermography
• sheep

Kaynakça

1. Okur S, Değirmençay Ş, Senocak MG, Ersöz U, Yanmaz LE et al. (2022). The agreement of rectal temperature with gingival, ocular and metacarpal pad temperatures in clinically healthy dogs. NZ Vet J., 70(3):159–164.
2. Zhang Y, Liu G, Wang J (2025). Automated detection of sheep eye temperature using thermal images and improved YOLOv7. Comput Electron Agric., 230:1–15.
3. Hymczak H, Golab A, Mendrala K, Plicner D, Darocha T et al. (2021). Core temperature measurement-principles of correct measurement, problems, and complications. Int J Environ Res Public Health., 18(20):10606.
4. Vesterdorf K, Beatty D, Barnes A, Maloney S (2022). Rumen temperature is a reliable proxy of core body temperature in sheep (Ovis aries). Anim Prod Sci., 62(17):1671–1682.
5. Goig M, Godino J, Tejedor MT, Burgio F (2023). Correlation of temperature-sensing microchip and rectal temperature measurements in cats. Front Vet Sci., 10:1–9.
6. Lim C, Byrne C, Lee JKW (2008). Human thermoregulation and measurement of body temperature in exercise and clinical settings. Ann Acad Med Singapore., 37(4):347–353.
7. Bewley JM, Einstein ME, Grott MW, Schutz MM (2008). Comparison of reticular and rectal core body temperatures in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci., 91(12):4661–4672.
8. Soerensen DD, Pedersen LJ (2015). Infrared skin temperature measurements for monitoring health in pigs: A review. Acta Vet Scand., 57(1):1–11.

9. Katsoulos PD, Athanasiou LV, Karatzia MA, Valasi I, Boscos C, Karatzias H (2016). Comparison of a non-contact infrared thermometer with a rectal digital thermometer for use in ewes. Small Rumin Res., 143:84–88.
10. Gomart S, Allerton F, Gommeren K (2014). Accuracy of different temperature reading techniques and associated stress response in hospitalized dogs. J Vet Emerg Crit Care., 24(3):279–285.
11. Hall E, Carter AJ (2017). Comparison of rectal and tympanic membrane temperature in healthy exercising dogs. Comp Exerc Physiol., 13(1):37–44.
12. Alayed Y, Kilani MA, Hommadi A, Alkhalifah M, Alhaffar D, Bashir M (2022). Accuracy of the axillary temperature screening compared to core rectal temperature in infants. Glob Pediatr Health., 9:1–7.
13. Choudhury S, Samal S, Chhotray P, Dash A, Shantanu E et al. (2025). Comparison and calibration of axillary and esophageal temperature measurements in critically ill ICU patients. Cuest Fisioter., 54(3):1201–1210.
14. Abigaba R, Sianangama P, Chibinga O, Gulaita N, Muloongo S et al. (2023). Comparison of rectal thermometry with the alternative undertail. Online J Anim Feed Res., 13(5):384–390.
15. Bakker M, Milano G, Fernandez J, Alvarado P, Nadin L (2024). Lack of agreement among analysers of infrared thermal images in the temperature of eye regions in sheep. J Therm Biol., 126:104021.
16. Joy A, Taheri S, Dunshea FR, Leury BJ, DiGiacomo K et al. (2022). Non-invasive measure of heat stress in sheep using machine learning techniques and infrared thermography. Small Rumin Res., 207:106592.
17. Giannetto C, Di Pietro S, Falcone A, Pennisi M, Giudice E et al. (2021). Thermographic ocular temperature correlated with rectal temperature in cats. J Therm Biol., 102:103104.
18. McManus C, Bianchini E, Do T, Paim P, Gontijo de Lima F et al. (2015). Infrared thermography to evaluate heat tolerance in different genetic groups of lambs. Sensors., 15(7):17258–17273.
19. McManus C, Tanure CB, Peripolli V, Seixas L, Fischer V et al. (2016). Infrared thermography in animal production: An overview. Comput Electron Agric., 123:10–16.
20. Lewis Baida BE, Baumert M, Kushwaha A, Swinbourne AM, Leu ST et al. (2022). Validation of indwelling vaginal sensor to monitor body temperature in ewes. Anim Biotelemetry., 10(6):1–6.
21. Arfuso F, Acri G, Piccione G, Sansotta C, Fazio F et al. (2022). Eye surface infrared thermography as a noninvasive method of measuring stress response in sheep during shearing: Correlations with serum cortisol and rectal temperature. Physiol Behav., 250:113781.
22. LokeshBabu DS, Vasant PJ, Jeyakumar S, Manimaran A, Kumaresan A et al. (2018). Monitoring foot surface temperature using infrared thermal imaging for assessment of hoof health in cattle: A review. J Therm Biol., 78:10–21.
23. Poikalainen V, Praks J, Veermäe I, Kokin E (2012). Infrared temperature patterns of cows' body as an indicator for health control in precision cattle farming. Agron Res., 10(1):187–194.
24. Vega W, Silveira R, Freitas de ACB, Quirino CR (2024). Efficiency of infrared pyrometer and infrared thermography for assessing body surface temperature in hair sheep. Res Vet Sci., 181:105450.
25. Bland J, Altman D (1986). Statistical methods for assessing agreement between two methods of clinical measurement. Lancet., 327:307–310.
26. Goh NWJ, Poh JJ, Yeo JY, Aw BJJ, Lai SC et al. (2021). Design and development of a low-cost, non-contact infrared thermometer with range compensation. Sensors., 21(11):3817.
27. Schmid SM, Büscher W, Steinhoff-Wagner J (2021). Suitability of different thermometers for measuring body core and skin temperatures in suckling piglets. Animals., 11(4):1004.
28. Goic JB, Reineke EL, Drobatz KJ (2014). Comparison of rectal and axillary temperatures in dogs and cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc., 244(10):1170–1175.
29. Giannetto C, Acri G, Pennisi M, Piccione G, Arfuso F et al. (2022). Use of infrared thermometers for cutaneous temperature recording: Agreement with rectal temperature in Felis catus. Animals., 12(10):1275.
30. Abecia J, Pascual-Alonso M, Aguayo-Ulloa LA, Maria GA (2015). Comparison of several devices to measure body temperature in sheep. Eur Conf Precision Livestock Farming, pp. 221–229.
31. Johnson SR, Rao S, Hussey SB, Morley PS, Traub-Dargatz JL (2011). Thermographic eye temperature as an index to body temperature in ponies. J Equine Vet Sci., 31(2):63–66.
32. Yanmaz L, Dogan E, Okumus Z, Senocak M (2015). Comparison of rectal, eye and ear temperatures in Kangal breed dogs. Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg., 21(4):615–617.
33. Bobic T, Mijic P, Gregic M, Gantner V (2024). Evaluation of hoof temperature variations depending on lesion presence, measurement points and leg position. Vet Med., 69(6):185–190.
34. Gloster J, Ebert K, Gubbins S, Bashiruddin J, Paton DJ (2011). Normal variation in thermal radiated temperature in cattle: Implications for foot-and-mouth disease detection. BMC Vet Res., 7:73.