Host Shifts Related to Genetic Changes in Viruses

Abstract

Viruses are the most dynamic micro beings in ecology. In terms of their structure and replication strategies, they need a host to survive in nature. This circumstance that viruses have performed in the host to survive usually creates unfavorable conditions. The proteins that the virus get to its structure and synthesized in the host cell are disease triggering factors for the host cell. Altering balances and conditions in ecology cause a continuous change in the host-virus relationship. In particular, changes in the genomic structure affect the host affinity of the viruses. These changes occurring in the virus genome are of great importance for the most developed living things in ecology, that is, human and animal health. One of the most recent examples of this is the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) outbreak and its agent, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although it is not exactly known where or from which creature the SARS-CoV-2 originated, genetic analyzes revealed that it was close to coronaviruses found in some bat and pangolin species. This result strengthens the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2 may be a virus with a high probability of changing the host as a result of mutations. In this context, in the review, viruses whose host affinity changed after a genetic difference was mentioned over time. In addition, considering these changes that occurred in the past, new host changes that may occur in the future and predictions about possible disease outbreaks are also included in our current review.

Keywords

• CoV
• CPV
• HIV
• host shift
• mutation

Viruslarda Genetik Değişiklere Bağlı Konakçı Değişimleri

Öz

Viruslar ekolojide en dinamik mikro varlıklardır. Yapısı ve replikasyon stratejileri itibarıyla doğada varlıklarını sürdürmek için bir konakçıya ihtiyaç duyarlar. Viruslar genellikle replikasyon sırasında konakçısında olumsuz durumlar meydana getirirler. Virusun yapısına katacağı konakçı hücresinde sentezlenen proteinler konakçı hücre için hastalık tetikleyici unsurlar olmaktadırlar. Ekolojide değişen dengeler ve koşullar konakçı-virus ilişkisi üzerinde de sürekli bir değişime yol açmaktadır. Özellikle genomik yapıda meydana gelen değişimler virusların konakçı affinitesini de etkilemektedir. Virus genomunda meydana gelen bu değişikler ekolojide yer alan en gelişmiş canlılar olan insanların ve hayvanların sağlığı için büyük önem taşırlar. Buna en güncel örneklerden biri Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) salgını ve etkeni olan Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)’dir. SARS-CoV-2 orijin olarak nereden veya hangi canlıdan köken aldığı kesin olarak bilinmese de yapılan genetik analizler sonucu bazı yarasa ve pangolin türlerinde bulunan coronaviruslara yakınlık gösterdiği ortaya konmuştur. Bu sonuç SARS-CoV-2’nin mutasyonlar sonucu konakçı değiştirme ihtimali yüksek olan bir virus olabileceği hipotezini güçlendirmektedir. Bu kapsamda, derlemede, zaman içerisinde genetik farklılık geçirdikten sonra konakçı affinitesi değişen viruslardan bahsedilmiştir. Ayrıca geçmiş dönemde meydana gelen bu değişiklikler göz önünde bulundurularak gelecekte meydana gelebilecek yeni konakçı değişimleri ve muhtemel hastalık salgınları hakkında da öngörüler derlememizde konu edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• CoV
• CPV
• HIV
• konakçı değişimi
• mutasyon

Kaynakça

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