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A JOURNEY FROM THE COFFEE AS A BEVERAGE OF AGE OF ENLIGHTENMENT, TO THE COFFEE AS A GLOBAL CONSUMPTION ACTOR IN POSTMODERN AGE: THE CASE OF LONDON

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 239 - 269, 29.03.2019

Alper Değerli , Başak Değerli

https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.434752

Öz

In today’s liquid and connected world, the thought that globalization idea would contribute to diminish the economic and social class hierarchies gave way to a more rational reality in time. Expanding in the meaning of comprehensiveness on consumption of global products, globalization made consumption to be taken out of the local control boundaries and experienced in global scale. Besides consumption is now getting beyond meeting the individual needs and the individual tends to identify him/herself over the the products that he/she consumes. However these products are not the rare ones. On the contrary, they are the most sold and preferred. Belonging to majority, which emotion of having global products brings along, supercedes the physical experiencing of them. Individuals become special by only differentiating themselves from those who are not members of this community, whose distinction stems from its quantity. As an example of that, the meaning of coffee has also changed today in the context of global coffee chains. As a reflection of the ideal beverage representation of The Age of Reason, the course that coffee has taken in the process of commodification had parallels with the inversion from the idea of enlightenment to capitalism. Coffee transformed from being a bourgeois public sphere drink which has the sobering and rasing the perception level features to a global consumption actor. Within this context, on the purpose of observation the effects of comsumption products in global scale, the emotion of involvement to global tendency investigated if it takes effect more intensely beyond the national boundaries and the results were tried to be interpreted in the scope of short-time visitors in London. Participants were adressed two separate questionnaires in the temporal context including quantitative and open-ended questions, and coffee consumption preferences were observed to take part in more "global" coffee chains side.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Coffee Globalization Consumption Society

Kaynakça

  • ADORNO, Theodor W. ve HORKHEIMER Max (2014). Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği, (Çev: Nihat Ülner ve Elif Öztarhan Karadoğan), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • APPADURAI, Arjun. (2003). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value, (Editör) Arjun Appadurai. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, İngiltere: Cambridge University Press, p.3-63.
  • BAINBRIDGE, Jane. (2005, Nisan 14). Sector insight: Coffee shops - off the boil. https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/sector-insight-coffee-shops-off-boil/470754 (4 Kasım 2017).
  • BAUDRILLARD, Jean. (1999). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. İngiltere: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt. (2014). Küreselleşme, (Çev: Abdullah Yılmaz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt. (2015). Akışkan Modern Dünyada Kültür, (Çev: İhsan Çapcıoğlu ve Fatih Ömek), İstanbul: Atıf Yayınları.
  • BUSINESS WIRE. (2009). Research and Markets: Between Mid-2005 and Late 2008, the Number of UK Coffee Shops Operated Under the Top 12 Brands Rose By 74.9%. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090731005215/en/Research-Markets-Mid-2005-Late-2008-Number-UK (30 Ekim 2009).
  • CAFFÈ NERO. (t.y). https://caffenero.com/uk/en/about-us/our-story/ (18 Aralık 2017).
  • DOUGLAS, Mary ve ISHERWOOD Brian (1996). The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption, New York: Routledge.
  • ELLIOTT, Anthony ve LEMERT, Charles. (2011). Yeni Bireycilik: Küreselleşmenin Duygusal Bedelleri, (Çev: Başak Kıcır), İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • FEATHERSTONE, Mike. (2013). Postmodernizm ve Tüketim Kültürü, (Çev: Mehmet Küçük), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony. (2014). Modernliğin Sonuçları, (Çev: Ersin Kuşdil), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • GOODMAN, Douglas J. (2007). Globalization and Consumer Culture, (Editör) George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Singapur: Blackwell Publishing, p.330-351.INTERNATIONAL COFFEE ORGANIZATION. (t.y.). Country Data on the Global Coffee Trade. http://www.ico.org/profiles_e.asp (15 Ekim 2017).
  • KJELDGAARD, Dannie; HEMETSBERG, Andrea; LUOMOLA, Harri; MASTRANGELO, Dania; ÖSTBERG, Jacob; PECORARO, Maria (2005). “Revisiting the Euroconsumer: Transnational History of European Coffee Consumption”, European Advances in Consumer Research. 9, p.367-372.
  • KUMAR, Krishan. (2013). Sanayi Sonrası Toplumdan Post-modern Topluma: Çağdaş Dünyanın Yeni Kuramları, (Çev: Mehmet Küçük), Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • KUMAR Shirley. (2005). “Branded Coffee Shops are Filtering Out the Independent Operators”, Hotels And Restaurants. 194 (4365), p.12.
  • LATOUCHE, Serge. (1989). Dünyanın Batılaşması, (Çev: Temel Keşoğlu), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS. (2013). 2011 Census: Non-UK born short-term residents in England and Wales. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/nonukbornshorttermresidentsinenglandandwales/2013-03-26 (10 Ekim 2017).
  • RITZER, George. (2011). Küresel Dünya, (Çev: Melih Pekdemir), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • SCHILLER, Herbert. (1993). Zihin Yönlendirenler, (Çev: Cevdet Cerit), İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • STANDAGE, Tom. (2012). Altı Bardakta Dünya Tarihi, (Çev: Ahmet Fethi), İstanbul: Turkuvaz Kitap.
  • STARBUCKS. (2000). FY99 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/1999/102640_financials2_99.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2001). FY00 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2000/2000ar_financial.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2002). FY01 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2001/ar01_financials.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2003). FY02 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2002/ar02_financials.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2004). FY03 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2003/Annual_Report_2003_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2005). FY04 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2004/Annual_Report_2004_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2006). FY05 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2005/Annual_Report_2005_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).STARBUCKS. (2007). FY06 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2006/10K_A_10K_2006.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2008). FY07 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2007/200710K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2009). FY08 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2008/SBUX2008ARv5_2008.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2010). FY09 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2009/SBUX_AR_2009.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2011). FY10 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2010/FY10-Annual-Report.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2012). FY11 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2011/FY11-Annual-Report.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2013). FY12 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2012/SBUX-2012-Annual-Report_FINAL-from-RRD_web.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2014). FY13 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2013/Starbucks-Fiscal-2013-Annual-Report-FINAL.PDF (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2015). FY14 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2014/Starbucks-Fiscal-2014-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2016). FY15 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2015/Starbucks-Fiscal-2015-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2017). FY16 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2016/FY16-Annual-Report-on-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2013, Şubat). Coffee consumption in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2009 to 2012* (in million bags). http://www.statista.com/statistics/283321/coffee-consumption-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2014). Cities with the largest number of Starbucks stores worldwide as of May 2014. https://www.statista.com/statistics/306896/cities-with-the-largest-number-of-starbucks-stores-worldwide/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016a). Number of Costa coffee shops worldwide from fiscal year 2008/09 to 2016/17. https://www.statista.com/statistics/429250/costa-coffee-store-numbers/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016b). Revenue of selected leading coffeehouse chains worldwide in 2015 (in million U.S. dollars). https://www.statista.com/statistics/270091/coffee-house-chains-ranked-by-revenue/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016c). Coffeehouse industry - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1670/coffeehouse-chain-market/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2017a). Number of international and United States Starbucks stores from 2005 to 2017. https://www.statista.com/statistics/218366/number-of-international-and-us-starbucks-stores/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2017b). Leading coffee shop chains ranked by number of outlets in the United Kingdom (UK) as of December 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/297863/leading-coffee-shop-chains-in-the-united-kingdom-uk-store-number/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • THOMAS, Nathalie. (2014). Why coffee shops are replacing pubs in Britain. The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/11084328/Why-coffee-shops-are-replacing-pubs-in-Britain.html (17 Kasım 2017).
  • TOMLINSON, John. (2007). Cultural Globalization, (Editör) George. Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Singapur: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, p.352-366.
  • TOMLINSON, John. (2013). Küreselleşme ve Kültür, (Çev: Arzu Eker), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • YAYLAGÜL, Levent. (2013). Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.

AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ

Yıl 2019, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1, 239 - 269, 29.03.2019

Alper Değerli , Başak Değerli

https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.434752

Öz

Günümüzün akışkan ve bağlantılı dünyasında küreselleşme ideasının ekonomik ve sınıfsal hiyerarşilerin azalımına katkıda bulunacağı düşüncesi zamanla yerini daha rasyonel bir gerçekliğe bırakmıştır. Küreselleşme; küresel ürünlerin tüketiminin kapsayıcılığı anlamında genişleyerek, tüketimin yerel kontrol sınırlarının dışına taşmasını ve küresel boyutlarda deneyimlenmesini beraberinde getirmiştir. Bununla birlikte tüketim artık bireyin kişisel ihtiyaçlarının giderilmesinin ötesine geçmekte, birey kendini tükettiği şeyler üzerinde tanımlamaya yönelmektedir. Ancak bu ürünler en nadir olanlar değil, tam tersine en çok satılan, en fazla tercih edilen olmaktadır. Küresel ürünlere sahip olma duygusunun beraberinde getirdiği çoğunluğa ait olma hazzı, ürünün fiziksel deneyimlenişi ile yer değiştirmekte ve birey, seçkinliği niceliğine içkin bu topluluğa ait olmayanlardan farklılaşarak özelleşmektedir. Bunun bir örneği olarak günümüzde kahvenin taşıdığı anlam da küresel kahve zincirleri bağlamında farklılaşmıştır. Kahvenin metalaşma sürecinde izlediği yol Akıl Çağı’nın ideal içeceği temsilinin bir yansıması olarak Aydınlanma düşüncesinin kapitalizme evrilişine paralellik göstermiş; ayıltıcı ve algıyı yükseltici özelliği ile burjuva kamusal alanının içeceği, küresel bir tüketim aktörüne dönüşmüştür. Bu bağlamda çalışma kapsamında tüketim ürünlerinin etkisinin küresel düzeyde etkilerini gözlemleyebilmek amacıyla küresel eğilime dahil olma duygusunun ulusal sınırların dışında etkisini daha da yoğun bir biçimde gösterip göstermediği incelenmiş, Londra’yı ziyaret eden bireyler kapsamında yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır. Katılımcılara niceliksel ve açık uçlu soruların yer aldığı zamansal bağlamda iki ayrı anket yöneltilmiş ve kahve tüketim tercihlerinin daha “küresel” olan kahve zincirleri tarafında şekillendiği gözlemlenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kahve Küreselleşme Tüketim Toplumu

Kaynakça

  • ADORNO, Theodor W. ve HORKHEIMER Max (2014). Aydınlanmanın Diyalektiği, (Çev: Nihat Ülner ve Elif Öztarhan Karadoğan), İstanbul: Kabalcı Yayınevi.
  • APPADURAI, Arjun. (2003). Introduction: Commodities and the Politics of Value, (Editör) Arjun Appadurai. The Social Life of Things: Commodities in Cultural Perspective, İngiltere: Cambridge University Press, p.3-63.
  • BAINBRIDGE, Jane. (2005, Nisan 14). Sector insight: Coffee shops - off the boil. https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/sector-insight-coffee-shops-off-boil/470754 (4 Kasım 2017).
  • BAUDRILLARD, Jean. (1999). The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures. İngiltere: SAGE Publications Ltd.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt. (2014). Küreselleşme, (Çev: Abdullah Yılmaz), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • BAUMAN, Zygmunt. (2015). Akışkan Modern Dünyada Kültür, (Çev: İhsan Çapcıoğlu ve Fatih Ömek), İstanbul: Atıf Yayınları.
  • BUSINESS WIRE. (2009). Research and Markets: Between Mid-2005 and Late 2008, the Number of UK Coffee Shops Operated Under the Top 12 Brands Rose By 74.9%. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090731005215/en/Research-Markets-Mid-2005-Late-2008-Number-UK (30 Ekim 2009).
  • CAFFÈ NERO. (t.y). https://caffenero.com/uk/en/about-us/our-story/ (18 Aralık 2017).
  • DOUGLAS, Mary ve ISHERWOOD Brian (1996). The World of Goods: Towards an Anthropology of Consumption, New York: Routledge.
  • ELLIOTT, Anthony ve LEMERT, Charles. (2011). Yeni Bireycilik: Küreselleşmenin Duygusal Bedelleri, (Çev: Başak Kıcır), İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • FEATHERSTONE, Mike. (2013). Postmodernizm ve Tüketim Kültürü, (Çev: Mehmet Küçük), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • GIDDENS, Anthony. (2014). Modernliğin Sonuçları, (Çev: Ersin Kuşdil), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • GOODMAN, Douglas J. (2007). Globalization and Consumer Culture, (Editör) George Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Singapur: Blackwell Publishing, p.330-351.INTERNATIONAL COFFEE ORGANIZATION. (t.y.). Country Data on the Global Coffee Trade. http://www.ico.org/profiles_e.asp (15 Ekim 2017).
  • KJELDGAARD, Dannie; HEMETSBERG, Andrea; LUOMOLA, Harri; MASTRANGELO, Dania; ÖSTBERG, Jacob; PECORARO, Maria (2005). “Revisiting the Euroconsumer: Transnational History of European Coffee Consumption”, European Advances in Consumer Research. 9, p.367-372.
  • KUMAR, Krishan. (2013). Sanayi Sonrası Toplumdan Post-modern Topluma: Çağdaş Dünyanın Yeni Kuramları, (Çev: Mehmet Küçük), Ankara: Dost Kitabevi.
  • KUMAR Shirley. (2005). “Branded Coffee Shops are Filtering Out the Independent Operators”, Hotels And Restaurants. 194 (4365), p.12.
  • LATOUCHE, Serge. (1989). Dünyanın Batılaşması, (Çev: Temel Keşoğlu), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • OFFICE FOR NATIONAL STATISTICS. (2013). 2011 Census: Non-UK born short-term residents in England and Wales. https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/internationalmigration/articles/nonukbornshorttermresidentsinenglandandwales/2013-03-26 (10 Ekim 2017).
  • RITZER, George. (2011). Küresel Dünya, (Çev: Melih Pekdemir), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • SCHILLER, Herbert. (1993). Zihin Yönlendirenler, (Çev: Cevdet Cerit), İstanbul: Pınar Yayınları.
  • STANDAGE, Tom. (2012). Altı Bardakta Dünya Tarihi, (Çev: Ahmet Fethi), İstanbul: Turkuvaz Kitap.
  • STARBUCKS. (2000). FY99 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/1999/102640_financials2_99.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2001). FY00 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2000/2000ar_financial.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2002). FY01 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2001/ar01_financials.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2003). FY02 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2002/ar02_financials.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2004). FY03 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2003/Annual_Report_2003_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2005). FY04 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2004/Annual_Report_2004_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2006). FY05 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2005/Annual_Report_2005_part2.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).STARBUCKS. (2007). FY06 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2006/10K_A_10K_2006.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2008). FY07 Annual Report - Finalcials. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2007/200710K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2009). FY08 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2008/SBUX2008ARv5_2008.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2010). FY09 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2009/SBUX_AR_2009.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2011). FY10 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2010/FY10-Annual-Report.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2012). FY11 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2011/FY11-Annual-Report.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2013). FY12 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2012/SBUX-2012-Annual-Report_FINAL-from-RRD_web.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2014). FY13 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2013/Starbucks-Fiscal-2013-Annual-Report-FINAL.PDF (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2015). FY14 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2014/Starbucks-Fiscal-2014-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2016). FY15 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2015/Starbucks-Fiscal-2015-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STARBUCKS. (2017). FY16 Annual Report. https://s22.q4cdn.com/869488222/files/doc_financials/annual/2016/FY16-Annual-Report-on-Form-10-K.pdf (23 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2013, Şubat). Coffee consumption in the United Kingdom (UK) from 2009 to 2012* (in million bags). http://www.statista.com/statistics/283321/coffee-consumption-in-the-united-kingdom-uk/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2014). Cities with the largest number of Starbucks stores worldwide as of May 2014. https://www.statista.com/statistics/306896/cities-with-the-largest-number-of-starbucks-stores-worldwide/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016a). Number of Costa coffee shops worldwide from fiscal year 2008/09 to 2016/17. https://www.statista.com/statistics/429250/costa-coffee-store-numbers/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016b). Revenue of selected leading coffeehouse chains worldwide in 2015 (in million U.S. dollars). https://www.statista.com/statistics/270091/coffee-house-chains-ranked-by-revenue/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2016c). Coffeehouse industry - Statistics & Facts. https://www.statista.com/topics/1670/coffeehouse-chain-market/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2017a). Number of international and United States Starbucks stores from 2005 to 2017. https://www.statista.com/statistics/218366/number-of-international-and-us-starbucks-stores/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • STATISTA. (2017b). Leading coffee shop chains ranked by number of outlets in the United Kingdom (UK) as of December 2016. https://www.statista.com/statistics/297863/leading-coffee-shop-chains-in-the-united-kingdom-uk-store-number/ (26 Aralık 2017).
  • THOMAS, Nathalie. (2014). Why coffee shops are replacing pubs in Britain. The Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/leisure/11084328/Why-coffee-shops-are-replacing-pubs-in-Britain.html (17 Kasım 2017).
  • TOMLINSON, John. (2007). Cultural Globalization, (Editör) George. Ritzer. The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, Singapur: Blackwell Publishing, 2007, p.352-366.
  • TOMLINSON, John. (2013). Küreselleşme ve Kültür, (Çev: Arzu Eker), İstanbul: Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • YAYLAGÜL, Levent. (2013). Kitle İletişim Kuramları, Ankara: Dipnot Yayınları.
Toplam 49 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Alper Değerli 0000-0002-8104-6232

Başak Değerli Bu kişi benim 0000-0002-4514-9277

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Mart 2019
Gönderilme Tarihi 19 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Cilt: 7 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Değerli, A., & Değerli, B. (2019). AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 7(1), 239-269. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.434752
AMA Değerli A, Değerli B. AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ. e-gifder. Mart 2019;7(1):239-269. doi:10.19145/e-gifder.434752
Chicago Değerli, Alper, ve Başak Değerli. “AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 7, sy. 1 (Mart 2019): 239-69. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.434752.
EndNote Değerli A, Değerli B (01 Mart 2019) AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 7 1 239–269.
IEEE A. Değerli ve B. Değerli, “AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ”, e-gifder, c. 7, sy. 1, ss. 239–269, 2019, doi: 10.19145/e-gifder.434752.
ISNAD Değerli, Alper - Değerli, Başak. “AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 7/1 (Mart 2019), 239-269. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.434752.
JAMA Değerli A, Değerli B. AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ. e-gifder. 2019;7:239–269.
MLA Değerli, Alper ve Başak Değerli. “AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, c. 7, sy. 1, 2019, ss. 239-6, doi:10.19145/e-gifder.434752.
Vancouver Değerli A, Değerli B. AYDINLANMA ÇAĞININ İÇECEĞİ KAHVEDEN POSTMODERN DÖNEMİN KÜRESEL TÜKETİM AKTÖRÜ KAHVEYE BİR YOLCULUK: LONDRA ÖRNEĞİ. e-gifder. 2019;7(1):239-6.
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