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MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 305 - 337, 23.03.2023

Mehmet Karanfiloğlu , Murat Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1189656

Öz

The acceleration of digitalization and post-truth debates due to the pandemic process focuses on technology and its effects. As the order evolves from the known universe to the Metaverse, individuals are also in the middle of a centralization where one single instrument controls everything with technological proximity. Centralization forces everyone into a more accessible and efficient communication process by consolidating many possibilities into a single device, but it also makes the spread of information faster and more uncontrolled than ever, diminishing the importance of truth. This post-truth world creates individuals who create their reality, impacting the growth of individuals the most. Cyberbullying emerges at this point, endangering children and teenagers' development and mental health. From a media perspective, technological advancements do not guarantee correct information dissemination. As the spread rate and opportunities increase, so do false information and news. It triggers the spread of false information, fake news, and cyberbullying when the truth is irrelevant. Therefore, the need for verifying information arises. Fact-checking methods are directly related to digital literacy and media literacy problems. Understanding how to verify the information and protect against false, deceptive, and fake news is crucial. The study examines two information verification platforms. Research findings reveal that news is verified by various methods and techniques using numerous tools by platforms, primarily by photo or video content, resulting in the detection of information distortions such as false connection and fabricated-manipulated content. The study also found that various photo/video verification tools and anonymous websites were frequently used.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Media Literacy Cyberbullying Information Verification Fact-Checking

Kaynakça

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  • ARICAK, Osman Tolga; SİYAHHAN, Sinem; UZUNHASANOGLU, Ayşegül; Saribeyoglu, SEVDA; Ciplak, SONGÜL; YİLMAZ, Nesrin ve
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  • BAUMAN, Sheri. (2014). Cyberbullying: What Counselors Need to Know, New Mexico: John Wiley and Sons.
  • BAYAR, Yusuf (2010). Okul Sosyal İklimi ile Geleneksel ve Sanal Zorbalık Arasındaki İlişkiler: Genellenmiş Akran Algısının Aracı Rolü, Yüksek lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • BELSEY, Bill. (2008). “Always on, Always Aware,” http://www.cyberbullying.org/ Retrieved from the address on 01.03.2021.
  • BERAN, Tenya N. and LI, Qing (2005). "Cyber-Harassment: A Study of New Method for an Old Behavior", Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32 (3), p.265-277.
  • BEYAZIT, Utku; ŞİMŞEK, Şükran ve AYHAN, Aynur Bütün (2017). “An Examination of the Predictive Factors of Cyberbullying in Adolescents”, Social Behavior and Personality, 45(9), p.1511-1522.
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  • BHAT, Christine Suniti, CHANG, Shih-Hua and RAGAN, Moira A. (2013). "Cyberbullying in Asia", Education about Asia, 18(2), p.36-39.
  • BONANNO, Rina. A. and HYMEL, Shelley (2013). "Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, p.685-697.
  • BUCKINGHAM, David (2003). Questioning the Media: A Guide for Students. UNESCO.
  • BUCKINGHAM, David (2007). "Media Education Goes Digital: An Introduction", Special Issue. Learning, Media, and Technology, 32(2), p.111-119.
  • CAMPBELL, Marilyn. A. (2005). "Cyber-Bullying an Old Problem in a New Guise?”, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, p.68–76.
  • CHANG, Fong Ching; LEE, Ching Mei; CHIU, Chiung-Hui; HSI, Wen Yun; HUANG, Tzu-Fu and PAN, Yun-Chieh (2013). “Relationships among Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Mental Health in Taiwanese Adolescents”, Journal of School Health, 83(6), p.454-462.
  • COLLEONI, Elanor, ALESSANDRO, Rozza and ARVIDSSON, Adam (2014). "Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data", Journal of Communication, 64(2), p.317-332.
  • CONSIDINE, David M. (2002). "Media Literacy: National Developments and İnternationals Origins", Journal of Popular Film and Television. 30(1), p.7-15.
  • DREDGE, Rebecca; GLEESON, John and DE LA PIEDAD GARCIA, Xochitl (2014). "Cyberbullying in Social Networking Sites: An Adolescent Victim's Perspective", Computers in Human Behavior, 36, p.13-20.
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MEDYA OKURYAZARLIĞI, DOĞRULUK KONTROLÜ VE SİBER ZORBALIK: BİLGİ DOĞRULAMA YÖNTEMLERİ

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 305 - 337, 23.03.2023

Mehmet Karanfiloğlu , Murat Sağlam

https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1189656

Öz

Pandemi süreciyle birlikte hızlanan dijitalleşme ve post-truth tartışmaları, teknoloji ve etkilerine odaklanmaktadır. Düzen, bugün bilinen evrenden Metaverse'e evrilirken, diğer açılardan da bireyler, tek bir enstrümanın teknolojik yakınsama ile her şeyi kontrol ettiği bir merkezileşmenin içindedir. Merkezileşme, pek çok olasılığı tek bir cihazda toplayarak herkesi daha erişilebilir ve daha etkin bir iletişim sürecine zorlasa da bilgi/haber yayılımını hiç olmadığı kadar hızlı ve kontrolsüz hale getirmektedir. Hız ve kontrol eksikliği hakikati önemsizleştirerek; bu post-truth dünyasında bahsi geçen kendi gerçeğini üreten-yaşayan bireyleri ve toplumları yaratmaktadır. Bu durumdan en çok büyüyen ve gelişen bireyler olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Siber zorbalık tam bu noktada ortaya çıkmakta, maruz bıraktıkları ile çocuk ve ergen gelişimini ve psikolojik sağlığını tehlikeye atmaktadır. Medya açısından değerlendirildiğinde teknolojik gelişmeler, doğru bilginin dolaşımını garanti etmemektedir. Dolaşım ivmesi ve olanaklar arttıkça, yanlış bilgilerin/haberlerin yayılması da artmaktadır. Bu da hakikatin önemsizleştiği bir ortamda yanlış bilgilerin, sahte haberlerin yayılmasını, aynı şekilde siber zorbalığı da tetikleyebilmektedir. Bu nedenle, bilgiyi/haberi doğrulama gerekliliği ortaya çıkmaktadır. Doğrulama kontrol yöntemleri, dijital okuryazarlık ve medya okuryazarlığı sorunlarıyla doğrudan ilişkilidir. Hangi bilgilerin nasıl doğrulanacağını; yanlış, hileli ve sahte haberlere karşı nasıl korunacağını anlamak çok önemlidir. Çalışma bu eksende iki bilgi doğrulama platformunu mercek altına alarak çeşitli sonuçlar elde etmiştir. Araştırma bulguları; haberlerin platformlar tarafından çeşitli yöntem ve tekniklerle birçok araç kullanılarak, çoğunlukla fotoğraf veya video içeriklerinin, doğrulamaya tabi tutulduğu, bunun sonucunda hatalı ilişkilendirme, uydurma ve manipülasyon gibi bilgi bozukluk kategorilerinin tespit edildiği ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca çalışmada; sıklıkla çeşitli web sitelerinin, foto/video gibi doğrulama araçlarının kullanıldığı tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Medya Okuryazarlığı Siber Zorbalık Bilgi Doğrulama Teyit

Kaynakça

  • AKÇA, Emel Baştürk; SAYIMER, İdil; SALI, Jale Balaban ve BAŞAK, Bircan Ergün (2014). “Okulda Siber Zorbalığın Nedenleri, Türleri ve Medya Okuryazarlığı Eğitiminin Önleyici Çalışmalardaki Yeri”, Elektronik Mesleki Gelişim ve Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2(2), p.17-30.
  • ALLCOTT, Hunt and GENTZKOW, Matthew (2017). "Social Media and Fake News in the 2016 Election", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 31(2), p.211-236.
  • ALTUN, Adnan ve PEMBECİOĞLU, Nilüfer (2018). Medya Okuryazarlığı, Ankara: Millî Eğitim Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • ARICAK, Osman Tolga (2011). “Siber Zorbalık: Gençlerimizi Bekleyen Yeni Tehlike”, Kariyer Penceresi Dergisi, 2(6), p.10-12.
  • ARICAK, Osman Tolga; SİYAHHAN, Sinem; UZUNHASANOGLU, Ayşegül; Saribeyoglu, SEVDA; Ciplak, SONGÜL; YİLMAZ, Nesrin ve
  • MEMMEDOV, Cemil (2008). "Cyberbullying among Turkish adolescents”, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(3), p.253-261.
  • BAUMAN, Sheri. (2014). Cyberbullying: What Counselors Need to Know, New Mexico: John Wiley and Sons.
  • BAYAR, Yusuf (2010). Okul Sosyal İklimi ile Geleneksel ve Sanal Zorbalık Arasındaki İlişkiler: Genellenmiş Akran Algısının Aracı Rolü, Yüksek lisans Tezi, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
  • BELSEY, Bill. (2008). “Always on, Always Aware,” http://www.cyberbullying.org/ Retrieved from the address on 01.03.2021.
  • BERAN, Tenya N. and LI, Qing (2005). "Cyber-Harassment: A Study of New Method for an Old Behavior", Journal of Educational Computing Research, 32 (3), p.265-277.
  • BEYAZIT, Utku; ŞİMŞEK, Şükran ve AYHAN, Aynur Bütün (2017). “An Examination of the Predictive Factors of Cyberbullying in Adolescents”, Social Behavior and Personality, 45(9), p.1511-1522.
  • BHAT, Christine Suniti, CHANG, Shih-Hua and LINSCOTT, Jamie A. (2010). “Addressing Cyberbullying as a Media Literacy Issue”, New Horizons in Education, 58(3), p.34-43.
  • BHAT, Christine Suniti, CHANG, Shih-Hua and RAGAN, Moira A. (2013). "Cyberbullying in Asia", Education about Asia, 18(2), p.36-39.
  • BONANNO, Rina. A. and HYMEL, Shelley (2013). "Cyber Bullying and Internalizing Difficulties: Above and Beyond the Impact of Traditional Forms of Bullying", Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42, p.685-697.
  • BUCKINGHAM, David (2003). Questioning the Media: A Guide for Students. UNESCO.
  • BUCKINGHAM, David (2007). "Media Education Goes Digital: An Introduction", Special Issue. Learning, Media, and Technology, 32(2), p.111-119.
  • CAMPBELL, Marilyn. A. (2005). "Cyber-Bullying an Old Problem in a New Guise?”, Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 15, p.68–76.
  • CHANG, Fong Ching; LEE, Ching Mei; CHIU, Chiung-Hui; HSI, Wen Yun; HUANG, Tzu-Fu and PAN, Yun-Chieh (2013). “Relationships among Cyberbullying, School Bullying, and Mental Health in Taiwanese Adolescents”, Journal of School Health, 83(6), p.454-462.
  • COLLEONI, Elanor, ALESSANDRO, Rozza and ARVIDSSON, Adam (2014). "Echo Chamber or Public Sphere? Predicting Political Orientation and Measuring Political Homophily in Twitter Using Big Data", Journal of Communication, 64(2), p.317-332.
  • CONSIDINE, David M. (2002). "Media Literacy: National Developments and İnternationals Origins", Journal of Popular Film and Television. 30(1), p.7-15.
  • DREDGE, Rebecca; GLEESON, John and DE LA PIEDAD GARCIA, Xochitl (2014). "Cyberbullying in Social Networking Sites: An Adolescent Victim's Perspective", Computers in Human Behavior, 36, p.13-20.
  • DURSUN, Çiler. (2004). Haber Hakikat ve İktidar İlişkisi, Ankara: Elips Kitapları.
  • ERDEM, Cahit (2018). “Medya Okuryazarlığı Araştırmalarında Eğilimler: Lisansüstü Tezlere Yönelik Bir İçerik Analizi”, Kuramsal Eğitim Bilim Dergisi, 11(4), p.693-717.
  • EREN, Bilal (2020). “Yanlış ve Sahte Bilginin 7 Türü,” https://erenbilal.medium.com/yanl%c4%b1%c5%9f-ve-sahte-bilginin-7-t%c3%bcr%c3%bc-400674d92d6d Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • EROĞLU, Yüksel (2014). Ergenlerde Siber Zorbalık ve Mağduriyeti Yordayan Risk Etmenlerini Belirlemeye Yönelik Bütüncül Bir Model Önerisi, Uludağ Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, Bursa.
  • EVRIMAGACI.ORG. (2022) “Evrim Ağacını Tanıyın,” https://evrimagaci.org/tarihce Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • FEDOROV, Alexander (2014). "Media Education Literacy in the World: Trends", European Researcher International Multidisciplinary Journal, 67(1-2), p. 176-187.
  • FEDOROV, Alexander (2015). Media Literacy Education, Information for All, Moscow: UNESCO- ICO. URBANI, Shaydanay (2019). Verifying Online Information, First Draft's Essential Guide, New York: FirstDraft.
  • FULLFACT.ORG; (2022). “Full Fact Fights Bad Information,” https://fullfact.org/ Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • FURUNCI; (2019). “Araştırma: En Çok Kullanılan Teyit Yöntemi Aynı Haberi Farklı Kaynaklardan Okumak,” https://teyit.org/arastirma-en-cok-kullanilan-teyit-yontemi-ayni-haberi-farkli-kaynaklardan-okumak Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • GARNEFSKI, Nadia and KRAAIJ, Vivian (2014). “Bully Victimization and Emotional Problems in Adolescents: Moderation by Specific Cognitive Coping Strategies?”, Journal of Adolescence, 37(7), p.1153-1160.
  • GRAVES, Lucas and CHEREBINI, Federica (2016). "The Rise of Fact-Checking Sites in Europe,” Reuters Institute Digital News Report, https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac.uk/our-research/rise-fact-checking-sites-europe. Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • GUARDCHILD; (2021). “Social Media Statistics,” https://www.guardchild.com/social-media-statistics-2/ Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • HOBBS, Renee (2010). Digital and Media Literacy: A Plan of Action, Washington: The Aspen Institute.
  • JAGER, Thomas; AMADO, Joa; MATOS, Armanda and PESSOA, Teresa (2010). “Analysis of Experts' and Trainers' Views on Cyberbullying”, Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 20(2), p.169-181.
  • JANDRIĆ, Petar (2018). Post-truth and Critical Pedagogy of Trust, (Editors), Michael A. Peters, Sharon Rider, Mats Hyvönen and Tina Besley. Post-Truth, Fake News, Singapore: Springer. p.101-111.
  • JOLLS, Tessa and WILSON, Carolyn (2014). "The Core Concepts: Fundamental to Media Literacy, Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow", The National Association for Media Literacy Education's Journal of Media Literacy Education, 6(2), p.68-78.
  • KAHN, Richard (2006). Research into Critical Media Pedagogy as A Cultural Study, (Editors), Borus Kozuh, Ricard Kahn, Anna Kozlowska and Peter Krope. Description and Explanation in Educational and Social Research, Berlin: WOM Publishers.
  • KAYA, Alican (2020). Ergenlerde Siber Zorbalık ve Mağduriyet Durumlarının, Başa Çıkma ve Aleksitimi Açısından İncelenmesi, Erzincan Binali Yıldırım Üniversitesi Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Erzincan.
  • KEYES, Ralp (2019). Hakikat Ötesi Çağ: Günümüz Dünyasında Yalancılık ve Aldatma, (Çev: Özcetin, Deniz), İzmir: Deli Dolu Kitabevi.
  • KOWALSKI, Robin M. and LIMBER, Susan P. (2007). "Electronic Bullying Among Middle School Students", Journal of Adolescent Health, 41, p.22–30.
  • KURNIASIH, Nuning; KUSWARNO, Engkus; YANTO Andri; and SUGIANA, Dadang (2020). “Media Literacy to Overcome Cyberbullying: Case Study in an Elementary School in Bandung Indonesia”, Library Philosophy and Practice (E-Journal), 3564, p.1-7.
  • MACHMUTOW, Katja; PERREN, Sonya; STICCA, Fabio and ALSAKER, Fronçoise D. (2012). “Peer Victimization and Depressive Symptoms: Can Specific Coping Strategies Buffer the Negative Impact of Cyber Victimization?”, Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties, 17(3-4), p.403-420.
  • NEWMAN, Nic, FLETCHER, Richard, KALOGEROPOULOS, Antonis, LEVY, David A. L. and NIELSEN, Rasmus Kleis (2018). Reuters Institute Digital News Report.
  • OLWEUS, Dan A. (1994). Bullying At School: Long-Term Outcomes for the Victims and an Effective School-Based Intervention Program, (Editor) L. Rowel Huesmann. Aggressive Behavior: Current Perspectives, New York: Plenum Press. p.97-130.
  • OVEJERO, Anastasio; YUBERO, Santiago; LARRAÑAGA, Elisa and MORAL, Maria De La V. (2016). Cyberbullying: Definitions and Facts from a Psychosocial Perspective, (Editors), Raúl Navarro, Santiago Yubero and Elisa Larrañaga. Cyberbullying across the Globe, Springer International Publishing. pp. 1-31.
  • ÖZMEN, Şule Yüksel (2018). “Dijital Şiddet, Siber Zorbalık ve Yeni Medya Okuryazarlığı Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme”, The Journal of International Social Research, 11(61), p.958-966.
  • POTTER, James W. (2004). Theory of Media Literacy a Cognitive Approach, California: Sage Publications. SAKELLARIOU, Tass, CARROLL, Annemaree and HOUGHTON, Stephan (2012). "Rates of Cyber Victimization and Bullying among Male Australian Primary and High School Students", School Psychology International, 33(5), p.533-549.
  • SCHEIBE, Cynthia (2009). "Sounds Great but Don't Have Time", Journal of Media Literacy Education, 1(1), p.68-71.
  • SEZER, Nilüfer (2019). Medya Okuryazarlığı, İstanbul, İstanbul Üniversitesi Açık ve Uzaktan Eğitim Fakültesi Ders Notu.
  • SILVERMAN, Creig (2017). Kriz Anlarında Dijital Verilerin Doğrulanması İçin Rehber, https://verificationhandbook.com/book_tr, Retrieved from the address on 18.07.2022.
  • SLONJE, Robert and SMITH Peter K. (2008). C”yberbullying: Another Main Type of Bullying?”, Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 49(2), p.147-154.
  • SMITH Peter K.; MAHDAVI, Jess, CARVALHO, Manuel, FISHER, Sonya, RUSSELL, Shanette and TIPPETT, Neil (2008). "Cyberbullying: Its Nature And Impact In Secondary School Pupils", Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(4), p.376-385.
  • SNOPES.COM; (2022). “What Is Snopes?”, https://www.snopes.com/ Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • SÖYLEMEZ, Yavuz (2012), “Yeni Zelanda'da Medya Okuryazarlığı Uygulama ve Deneyimleri”, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi (AVİD), 1(2), p.311-341.
  • SÖZBILIR, Mustafa., KUTU, Hülya., and YAŞAR, M. Diyaddin. (2012). Science education research in Turkey: A content analysis of selected features of papers published, (Editors), Doris Jorde and Justin Dillon. The World of Science Education: Handbook of Research in Europe, Rotterdam: Sense Publishers. p.341-374.
  • STICCA, Fabio, RUGGIERI, Sabrina, ALSAKER, Francoise and PERREN, Sonja (2013). “Longitudinal Risk Factors for Cyberbullying in Adolescence”, Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 23(1), p.52-67.
  • TOKGÖZ, Oya (2012). Temel Gazetecilik, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi Yayınları.
  • TOKUNAGA, Robert S. (2010). “Following You Home from School: A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Cyberbullying Victimization”, Computers in Human Behavior, 26 (3), p.277-287.
  • TOPCU, Çiğdem (2008). The Relationship of Cyber Bullying to Empathy, Gender, Traditional Bullying, Internet Use And Adult Monitoring, Middle East Technical University, The Department of Educational Sciences, The Degree of Master of Science, Ankara.
  • TOPUZ, Hıfsi (2005). Medya Eğitimi: Medya Çözümlemesi, (Editör), Nurcay Türkoğlu ve Melda Cimnan Şimşek. Medya Okuryazarlığı, İstanbul: Kalemus, p. 15-20.
  • TÜRK, Mehmet Sezai (2014). “Medyanın Gerçeklik İnşası ve Gerçeklik Algısı”, Düşünce Dünyasında Türkiz Siyaset ve Kültür Dergisi, 28, p. 9-33.
  • TÜRKOĞLU, Nurcay ve ŞİMŞEK, Melda Cimnan (2016). Medya Okuryazarlığı, İstanbul: Pales Yayıncılık.
  • ÜNVER, H. Akın (2020). “Türkiye’de Doğruluk Kontrolü ve Doğrulama Kuruluşları”, Siber Politikalar ve Dijital Demokrasi, 2, p.1-36.
  • VANDEBOSCH, Heidi and VAN CLEEMPUT, Katrien (2008). “Defining Cyberbullying: A Qualitative Research into the Perceptions of Youngsters”, Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 11(4), p.499-503.
  • WARDLE, Claire (2017). “Fake News. It's Complicated,” https://firstdraftnews.org/articles/fake-news-complicated/ Retrieved from the address on 18.10.2021.
  • WEARESOCIAL; (2021). “Digital 2021,” https://wearesocial.com/uk/blog/2021/01/digital-2021-uk/, Retrieved from the address on 18.10.2021.
  • WHITTY, Monica. T. and JOINSON, Adam (2008). Truth, Lies and Trust on the Internet, London: Routledge.
  • WIKIPEDIA; (2022). “List of Fact-Checking Websites,” https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/list_of_fact-checking_websites Retrieved from the address on 15.07.2022.
  • WILLARD, Nancy E. (2007). Cyberbullying and Cyberthreats: Responding to the Challenge of Online Social Aggression, Threats, and Distress. Research Press.
  • WILLARD, Nancy E. (2007). "The Authority and Responsibility of School Officials in Responding to Cyberbullying", Journal of Adolescent Health, 41(6), p.64-65.
  • YBARRA, Michele L. and MITCHELL, Kimberly J. (2004). “Online aggressor/targets, aggressors, and targets: A Comparison of Associated Youth Characteristics”, Journal of Child Psychology, Psychiatry, 45(7), p.1308-1316.
  • YILDIRIM, Ali and ŞİMŞEK, Hasan. (2005). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri, (5. Baskı), Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Toplam 73 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Karanfiloğlu 0000-0002-4895-4220

Murat Sağlam 0000-0001-8036-7942

Yayımlanma Tarihi 23 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 15 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Karanfiloğlu, M., & Sağlam, M. (2023). MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 11(1), 305-337. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1189656
AMA Karanfiloğlu M, Sağlam M. MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS. e-gifder. Mart 2023;11(1):305-337. doi:10.19145/e-gifder.1189656
Chicago Karanfiloğlu, Mehmet, ve Murat Sağlam. “MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 11, sy. 1 (Mart 2023): 305-37. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1189656.
EndNote Karanfiloğlu M, Sağlam M (01 Mart 2023) MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 11 1 305–337.
IEEE M. Karanfiloğlu ve M. Sağlam, “MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS”, e-gifder, c. 11, sy. 1, ss. 305–337, 2023, doi: 10.19145/e-gifder.1189656.
ISNAD Karanfiloğlu, Mehmet - Sağlam, Murat. “MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi 11/1 (Mart 2023), 305-337. https://doi.org/10.19145/e-gifder.1189656.
JAMA Karanfiloğlu M, Sağlam M. MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS. e-gifder. 2023;11:305–337.
MLA Karanfiloğlu, Mehmet ve Murat Sağlam. “MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS”. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi İletişim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, c. 11, sy. 1, 2023, ss. 305-37, doi:10.19145/e-gifder.1189656.
Vancouver Karanfiloğlu M, Sağlam M. MEDIA LITERACY, FACT-CHECKING, AND CYBERBULLYING: INFORMATION VERIFICATION METHODS. e-gifder. 2023;11(1):305-37.
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