A Political Weapon: Film Propaganda in Britain, France, Germany, and the US in the First World War

Öz

Although the most well-known and studied era on wartime film propaganda is World War II, the first and the crucial phase at the development of film propaganda emerged during the First World War. Understanding the change in this era's film propaganda practice splay an important role to grasp the qualities of sophisticated film propaganda of the postwar years. Furthermore, it may also help to laborate the relationship between propaganda and film art, the origin sand the development of documentary film and even the communication theories. In this article, which is based on various sources, the birth and the development of official film propaganda during the Great War have been demonstrated through the stories of the practices in Britain, Germany, France and the USA. It has been drawn attention to the importance of this early period of film propaganda.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Film
• Propaganda
• First World War

POLİTİK BİR SİLAH: BİRİNCİ DÜNYA SAVAŞI’NDA İNGİLTERE, FRANSA, ALMANYA ve ABD’DE PROPAGANDA FİLMCİLİĞİ

Öz

Savaş sırasında propaganda filmciliğine dair en fazla bilinen ve üzerinde çalışılan dönem İkinci Dünya Savaşı olmasına karşın, propaganda filmlerinin gelişimindeki ilk ve en önemli aşama Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda gerçekleşmiştir. Tarihsel olarak bu dönemdeki propaganda filmleri deneyiminin içerdiği dönüşümün bilinmesi, yalnızca takip eden yılların daha gelişkin propaganda filmciliğinin niteliklerinin anlaşılabilmesinde değil; sinema propaganda ilişkilerini, belge filmciliğinin ve hatta kitle iletişim kuramlarının ortaya çıkış ve gelişimindeki etkisini daha iyi değerlendirmede önemli bir rol oynayabilir. Bu çalışmada Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nda resmi propaganda filmciliğinin doğuşu ve gelişimi İngiltere, Almanya, Fransa ve ABD'deki ilk etkin girişimler ve uygulamalar üzerinden açıklanmış; propaganda filmciliğinin bu erken döneminin önemine dikkat çekilmiştir.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Film
• Propaganda
• Birinci Dünya Savaşı

Kaynakça

1. Abel, Richard (2010). “Charge and Countercharge: “Documentary” War Pictures in the USA, 1914–1916.” Film History. 22(4): 366–388.
2. Badsey, Stephen D. (1983). “Battle of the Somme: British War-Propaganda.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 3(2): 99-115.
3. Badsey, Stephen. D. (1993).“The `IWM Series‟ A Guide to the Imperial War Museum collection of archive film of the First World War.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 13(2): 203-215.
4. Comolli, Jean-Luc and Narboni, Jean Paul (1971).“Cinema/Ideology/Criticism.” Screen. 12 (1):27–36.
5. Dibbets, Karel. & Groot, Wouter (2010).“Which Battle of the Somme?:War and Neutrality in Dutch Cinemas, 1914–1918.” Film History. 22(4):440–452.
6. Finkelstein, J. Jacob (1997). Erken Mezopotamya‟da İletişim ve Propaganda: M.Ö. 2500-1000. Çev., İskender Savaşır, Defter, 29: 46-68.
7. Gürgen, Haluk (1990). “Propaganda”, Kurgu, (6): 135-157.
8. Hoffmann, Hilmar (1996). The Triumph of Propaganda: Film and National Socialism: 1933-1945. Berghahn Books. Providence, Oxford.

9. Huxley, David (2006).“Kidding the Kaiser.”Early Popular Visual Culture. 4(3): 307–320.
10. İnceoğlu, Metin (1985). Güdüleme Yöntemleri. Ankara: A.Ü. BYYO Yayınları.
11. Jowett, Garth. S. ve O‟Donnell, Victoria (2006). Propaganda and Persuasion. (4th ed.), Sage Publications.Inc., Thousand Oaks.
12. Kester, Bernadette (2003). Film Front Weimar: Representations of the First World War In German Films of the Weimar Period (1919-1933). Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press,
13. Kobel, Peter. (2007). Silent Movies: The Birth of Film and the Triumph of Movie Culture. New York: Little Brown and Company.
14. Lasswell, Harold. D (1971). Propaganda Technique in the World War. MA:MIT Press.
15. Lenk, Sabine. (2010).“Censoring Films in Düsseldorf During the First World War.” Film History. (22): 426-449.
16. Mattelart, Armand. ve Mattelart, Michele (2003). İletişim Kuramları Tarihi, Çev., Merih Zıllıoğlu İstanbul:İletişim.
17. Messinger, Garry. S. (1993).“An Inheritance Worth Remembering: The British Approach to Official Propaganda During the First World War.”Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 13(2): 117-127.
18. Qualter, Terence H. (1980).“Propaganda Teorisi ve Propagandanın Gelişimi”,Çev., Ünsal Oskay . A.Ü. SBF Dergisi, 35(1): 255-307.
19. Reeves, Nicholas (1993).“The Power of Film Propaganda – Myth or Reality?”,Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 13(2):181 – 201.
20. Reeves, Nicholas. (2004). Power of Film Propaganda: Myth or Reality?, London:Continuum.
21. Reeves, Nicholas. (2006). “Cinema, Spectatorship and Propaganda: „Battle of the Somme‟ (1916) and its Contemporary Audience.” Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 17(1): 5-28.
22. Rother, Rainer (1996).“Learning From the Enemy: German Film Propaganda in World War I”, in Elsaesser, Thomas. (Ed.), A Second Life: German Cinema’s First Decades, Amsterdam University Press, Amsterdam: 185- 191.
23. Sanders, Michael, L. (1983).“British Film Propaganda in Russia, 1916-1918”,Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, 3(2):117-129.
24. Short, Kenneth. R. M. (1983). Film & Radio Propaganda in World War II. London: Croom Helm.
25. Sorlin, Pierre. (2004).“The French Newsreels of the First World War.”,Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television. 24(4):501–515.
26. Taylor, Philip, M (1983).“Propaganda in International Politics, 1919-1939” in Short, Kenneth.R.M. (Ed.), Film and Radio Propaganda in World War II. Bristol: Taylor and Francis:17-46.
27. Taylor, Philip. M (2003). Munitions of the Mind: A History of Propaganda, Manchester: Manchester University Press,
28. Taylor, Richard. (1998). Film propaganda: Soviet Russia and Nazi Germany. New York: I.B.Tauris.
29. Welch, David (1986).“Medium for the Masses: Ufa and Imperial German Film Propaganda During the First World War.”Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 6(1):85–91.
30. Welch, David (2000). Germany, Propaganda and Total War, 1914-1918: The Sins of Omission. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
31. Véray, Laurent (2010). “1914-1918, The First Media War of The Twentieth Century: The example of French Newsreels.” Film History. 22(4): 408–425.