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Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 99 - 116

Pelin Albayrak Fakıoğlu , Senay Oğuztimur

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250107

Abstract

References

  • Blume, L. (2006). Local economic policies as determinants of the local business climate: Empirical results from a cross-section analysis among East German municipalities. Regional Studies, 40(4), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600725178
  • Carrizo Moreira, A., Rêga Pereira, C., Fernandes Lopes, M., Arêde Rodrigues Calisto, R., Teixeira Vale, V. (2023). Sustainable and green city brand. An exploratory review. Cuadernos de Gestión, 23(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.221715ac
  • Chan, C. S., Peters, M., & Pikkemaat, B. (2019). Investigating visitors’ perception of smart city dimensions for city branding in Hong Kong. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2019-0101
  • Chen, Y., & Qu, L. (2020). Emerging participative approaches for urban regeneration in Chinese Megacities. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 146(1), 04019029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000550
  • De Almeida, G. G. F. (2023). Cities and territorial brand in the Metaverse: The Metaverse SEOUL Case. Sustainability, 15(13), 10116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310116
  • De Carlo, M., Canali, S., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2009). Moving Milan towards Expo 2015: Designing culture into a city brand. Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330910942762
  • De Jong, M. (2019). From eco-civilization to city branding: A neo-marxist perspective of sustainable urbanization in China. Sustainability, 11(20), 5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205608
  • Gretzel, U., & Collier De Mendonça, M. (2019). Smart destination brands: Semiotic analysis of visual and verbal signs. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 560–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0159
  • Herezniak, M., & Anders-Morawska, J. (2015). City brand strategy evaluation: In search of effectiveness indicators. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(3), 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2015-0023
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Brand and Public Diplomacy, 1, 58-73. https://doi.org/ 10.36941/mjss
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2009). What can we learn from city marketing practice? European Spatial Research and Policy, 16(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0003-7
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2012), “From ‘necessary evil’ to necessity: stakeholders’ involvement in place branding”, edited by Kalandides, A. Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 7–19, doi: 10.1108/17538331211209013.
  • Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G. (2015), “Hijacking culture: the disconnection between place culture and place brands”, Town Planning Review, Vol. 86 No. 2, pp. 155–176, doi: 10.3828/tpr.2015.10.
  • Kavaratzis, M., & Kalandides, A. (2015). Rethinking the place brand: The interactive formation of place brands and the role of participatory place branding. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 47(6), 1368–1382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15594918
  • Kaya, F., & Marangoz, M. (2014). Brand attitudes of entrepreneurs as a stakeholder towards a city. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.060
  • Lindstedt, J. (2015). A deliberately emergent strategy – a key to successful city branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-12-2014-0029
  • Lucarelli, A., & Olof Berg, P. (2011). City branding: A state‐of‐the‐art review of the research domain. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111117133
  • Merrilees, B., Miller, D., & Herington, C. (2012). Multiple stakeholders and multiple city brand meanings. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), 1032–1047. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230188
  • Middleton, A.C. (2011). City branding and inward investment. In Dinnie, K. (Ed.) City Branding. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London. pp. 15–26, doi: 10.1057/9780230294790_3.
  • Molinillo, S., Anaya-Sánchez, R., Morrison, A. M., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2019). Smart city communication via social media: Analysing residents’ and visitors’ engagement. Cities, 94, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.06.003
  • Ojo, S. (2020). Interrogating place brand – a case of two cities. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 23(4), 907–932. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-11-2017-0151
  • Parks, D., & Rohracher, H. (2019). From sustainable to smart: Re-branding or re-assembling urban energy infrastructure? Geoforum, 100, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.012
  • Pasquinelli, C., Trunfio, M., Bellini, N., & Rossi, S. (2021). Sustainability in overtouristified cities? A social media insight into Italian branding responses to Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 13(4), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041848
  • Pevcin, P. (2019). Smart city label: Past, present, and future. Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Rijeci: Časopis Za Ekonomsku Teoriju i Praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business, 37(2), 801-822. https://doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2019.2.801
  • Pirnar, I., Igneci, M., & Tutuncuoglu, M. (2017). Trends and applications in city branding: A case study in Izmir. Marketing and Branding Research, 4(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.33844/mbr.2017.60417
  • Sassen, S. (2004). Local actors in global politics. Current Sociology, 52(4), 649-670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392104043495
  • Sevin, E. (2013). Places going viral: Twitter usage patterns in destination marketing and place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2012-0037
  • Sirkis, G., Regalado-Pezúa, O., Carvache-Franco, O., & Carvache-Franco, W. (2022). The determining factors of attractiveness in urban tourism: A study in Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Bogota, and Lima. Sustainability, 14(11), 6900. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116900
  • Smart cities. (n.d.). European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en
  • Stigel, J., & Frimann, S. (2006). City Branding – All smoke, no fire? Nordicom Review, 27(2), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0241
  • Song, S., & Yoo, M. (2016). The role of social media during the pre-purchasing stage. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 7(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-11-2014-0067
  • Valdez, A.-M., Cook, M., & Potter, S. (2018). Roadmaps to utopia: Tales of the smart city. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3385–3403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017747857
  • Wiig, A. (2015). The empty rhetoric of the smart city: from digital inclusion to economic promotion in Philadelphia. Urban Geography, 37(4), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1065686

CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE

Year 2025, Volume: 25 Issue: 1, 99 - 116

Pelin Albayrak Fakıoğlu , Senay Oğuztimur

https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250107

Abstract

The aim of this study is to examine the evolution of the city branding concept and to explore the development of smart city and social media terms in city branding literature, from January 1st, 2003, to August 1st, 2023. Conducting a systematic review of 325 peer-reviewed English articles from the Emerald, Proquest, and Web of Science (WoS) databases that feature "city branding" or "city marketing" in their abstracts, keywords, or titles, the study assesses the transition from simpler branding strategies to complex and integrated approaches over the two-decade period. The research reveals an uptick in concept-related research since 2010, particularly highlighting the growing significance of smart city and social media concepts within the city branding literature. Furthermore, it identifies an increased focus on city branding efforts in Chinese cities over the last decade. By providing a comprehensive review of the developments and changes in city branding, alongside the evolving roles of smart city and social media concepts, this article contributes valuable insights to the existing body of literature.

Keywords

city branding city marketing smart city smart city branding

References

  • Blume, L. (2006). Local economic policies as determinants of the local business climate: Empirical results from a cross-section analysis among East German municipalities. Regional Studies, 40(4), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343400600725178
  • Carrizo Moreira, A., Rêga Pereira, C., Fernandes Lopes, M., Arêde Rodrigues Calisto, R., Teixeira Vale, V. (2023). Sustainable and green city brand. An exploratory review. Cuadernos de Gestión, 23(1), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.5295/cdg.221715ac
  • Chan, C. S., Peters, M., & Pikkemaat, B. (2019). Investigating visitors’ perception of smart city dimensions for city branding in Hong Kong. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 620–638. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2019-0101
  • Chen, Y., & Qu, L. (2020). Emerging participative approaches for urban regeneration in Chinese Megacities. Journal of Urban Planning and Development, 146(1), 04019029. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)UP.1943-5444.0000550
  • De Almeida, G. G. F. (2023). Cities and territorial brand in the Metaverse: The Metaverse SEOUL Case. Sustainability, 15(13), 10116. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151310116
  • De Carlo, M., Canali, S., Pritchard, A., & Morgan, N. (2009). Moving Milan towards Expo 2015: Designing culture into a city brand. Journal of Place Management and Development, 2(1), 8–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538330910942762
  • De Jong, M. (2019). From eco-civilization to city branding: A neo-marxist perspective of sustainable urbanization in China. Sustainability, 11(20), 5608. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11205608
  • Gretzel, U., & Collier De Mendonça, M. (2019). Smart destination brands: Semiotic analysis of visual and verbal signs. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 5(4), 560–580. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-09-2019-0159
  • Herezniak, M., & Anders-Morawska, J. (2015). City brand strategy evaluation: In search of effectiveness indicators. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(3), 187–205. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-06-2015-0023
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2004). From city marketing to city branding: Towards a theoretical framework for developing city brands. Place Brand and Public Diplomacy, 1, 58-73. https://doi.org/ 10.36941/mjss
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2009). What can we learn from city marketing practice? European Spatial Research and Policy, 16(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10105-009-0003-7
  • Kavaratzis, M. (2012), “From ‘necessary evil’ to necessity: stakeholders’ involvement in place branding”, edited by Kalandides, A. Journal of Place Management and Development, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 7–19, doi: 10.1108/17538331211209013.
  • Kavaratzis, M. and Ashworth, G. (2015), “Hijacking culture: the disconnection between place culture and place brands”, Town Planning Review, Vol. 86 No. 2, pp. 155–176, doi: 10.3828/tpr.2015.10.
  • Kavaratzis, M., & Kalandides, A. (2015). Rethinking the place brand: The interactive formation of place brands and the role of participatory place branding. Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 47(6), 1368–1382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0308518X15594918
  • Kaya, F., & Marangoz, M. (2014). Brand attitudes of entrepreneurs as a stakeholder towards a city. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 150, 485–493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.060
  • Lindstedt, J. (2015). A deliberately emergent strategy – a key to successful city branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 8(2), 90–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-12-2014-0029
  • Lucarelli, A., & Olof Berg, P. (2011). City branding: A state‐of‐the‐art review of the research domain. Journal of Place Management and Development, 4(1), 9–27. https://doi.org/10.1108/17538331111117133
  • Merrilees, B., Miller, D., & Herington, C. (2012). Multiple stakeholders and multiple city brand meanings. European Journal of Marketing, 46(7/8), 1032–1047. https://doi.org/10.1108/03090561211230188
  • Middleton, A.C. (2011). City branding and inward investment. In Dinnie, K. (Ed.) City Branding. Palgrave Macmillan UK, London. pp. 15–26, doi: 10.1057/9780230294790_3.
  • Molinillo, S., Anaya-Sánchez, R., Morrison, A. M., & Coca-Stefaniak, J. A. (2019). Smart city communication via social media: Analysing residents’ and visitors’ engagement. Cities, 94, 247–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.06.003
  • Ojo, S. (2020). Interrogating place brand – a case of two cities. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 23(4), 907–932. https://doi.org/10.1108/QMR-11-2017-0151
  • Parks, D., & Rohracher, H. (2019). From sustainable to smart: Re-branding or re-assembling urban energy infrastructure? Geoforum, 100, 51–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2019.02.012
  • Pasquinelli, C., Trunfio, M., Bellini, N., & Rossi, S. (2021). Sustainability in overtouristified cities? A social media insight into Italian branding responses to Covid-19 Crisis. Sustainability, 13(4), 1848. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13041848
  • Pevcin, P. (2019). Smart city label: Past, present, and future. Zbornik Radova Ekonomskog Fakulteta u Rijeci: Časopis Za Ekonomsku Teoriju i Praksu/Proceedings of Rijeka Faculty of Economics: Journal of Economics and Business, 37(2), 801-822. https://doi.org/10.18045/zbefri.2019.2.801
  • Pirnar, I., Igneci, M., & Tutuncuoglu, M. (2017). Trends and applications in city branding: A case study in Izmir. Marketing and Branding Research, 4(1), 25-32. https://doi.org/10.33844/mbr.2017.60417
  • Sassen, S. (2004). Local actors in global politics. Current Sociology, 52(4), 649-670. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011392104043495
  • Sevin, E. (2013). Places going viral: Twitter usage patterns in destination marketing and place branding. Journal of Place Management and Development, 6(3), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPMD-10-2012-0037
  • Sirkis, G., Regalado-Pezúa, O., Carvache-Franco, O., & Carvache-Franco, W. (2022). The determining factors of attractiveness in urban tourism: A study in Mexico City, Buenos Aires, Bogota, and Lima. Sustainability, 14(11), 6900. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14116900
  • Smart cities. (n.d.). European Commission. https://commission.europa.eu/eu-regional-and-urban-development/topics/cities-and-urban-development/city-initiatives/smart-cities_en
  • Stigel, J., & Frimann, S. (2006). City Branding – All smoke, no fire? Nordicom Review, 27(2), 243–266. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2017-0241
  • Song, S., & Yoo, M. (2016). The role of social media during the pre-purchasing stage. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 7(1), 84–99. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhtt-11-2014-0067
  • Valdez, A.-M., Cook, M., & Potter, S. (2018). Roadmaps to utopia: Tales of the smart city. Urban Studies, 55(15), 3385–3403. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098017747857
  • Wiig, A. (2015). The empty rhetoric of the smart city: from digital inclusion to economic promotion in Philadelphia. Urban Geography, 37(4), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723638.2015.1065686
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Urban Economy, Business Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Pelin Albayrak Fakıoğlu 0000-0002-0783-6199

Senay Oğuztimur 0000-0002-8091-9214

Early Pub Date January 22, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date April 25, 2024
Acceptance Date October 21, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 25 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Albayrak Fakıoğlu, P., & Oğuztimur, S. (2025). CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE. Ege Academic Review, 25(1), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250107
AMA Albayrak Fakıoğlu P, Oğuztimur S. CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE. ear. January 2025;25(1):99-116. doi:10.21121/eab.20250107
Chicago Albayrak Fakıoğlu, Pelin, and Senay Oğuztimur. “CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND ‘SMART CITY’ IN LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review 25, no. 1 (January 2025): 99-116. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250107.
EndNote Albayrak Fakıoğlu P, Oğuztimur S (January 1, 2025) CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE. Ege Academic Review 25 1 99–116.
IEEE P. Albayrak Fakıoğlu and S. Oğuztimur, “CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND ‘SMART CITY’ IN LITERATURE”, ear, vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 99–116, 2025, doi: 10.21121/eab.20250107.
ISNAD Albayrak Fakıoğlu, Pelin - Oğuztimur, Senay. “CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND ‘SMART CITY’ IN LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review 25/1 (January 2025), 99-116. https://doi.org/10.21121/eab.20250107.
JAMA Albayrak Fakıoğlu P, Oğuztimur S. CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE. ear. 2025;25:99–116.
MLA Albayrak Fakıoğlu, Pelin and Senay Oğuztimur. “CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND ‘SMART CITY’ IN LITERATURE”. Ege Academic Review, vol. 25, no. 1, 2025, pp. 99-116, doi:10.21121/eab.20250107.
Vancouver Albayrak Fakıoğlu P, Oğuztimur S. CONCEPTUAL EVOLUTION OF CITY BRANDING: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND THE PROGRESS OF THE TERMS “SOCIAL MEDIA” AND “SMART CITY” IN LITERATURE. ear. 2025;25(1):99-116.
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