COVID-19 DÖNEMİNDE MUTLULUK İLE MUTLULUĞUN TEMEL BELİRLEYİCİLERİ İLİŞKİSİ: ISPARTA ÖRNEKLEMİ ÜZERİNDEN DEĞERLENDİRME

Öz

Günümüzde mutluluk ekonomik kalkınmanın en temel göstergelerinden biri haline dönüşmektedir. Buradan hareketle özetle davranışsal iktisat alanı kapsamında mutluluk çalışmaları her geçen gün artmaktadır. Özellikle Easterlin paradoksu ile birlikte mutluluğun yalnızca gelir düzeyi ile ilişkili olmadığı, mutluluğun başka belirleyicilerinin de olduğu üzerinde durulmaktadır. Literatürden hareketle mutluluğun belirleyicilerini sosyo ekonomik faktörler, ekonomik faktörler ve kurumsal faktörler olarak gruplandırmak mümkün olmaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra son üç yıldır dünya bireylerin mutluluk düzeyini de önemli düzeyde etkileyen COVID-19 salgını ile karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Buradan hareketle hali hazırdaki çalışmada COVID-19 döneminde sosyo ekonomik faktörler, kurumsal faktörler ve ekonomik faktörler ile mutluluk arasında ilişki olup olmadığının değerlendirilmesi amaçlanmaktadır. Çalışmada veri elde edebilmek için anket yöntemi uygulanmıştır. Isparta İlinde yaşayan 432 kişi çalışmanın örneklemini oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen veriler Ki Kare Testi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre; COVID-19 döneminde cinsiyet, yaş, medeni durum, eğitim düzeyi gibi sosyo-ekonomik faktörler; çalışma durumu, elde edilen gelir, COVID-19 döneminde işine ara verilme durumu ve temel ihtiyaçların karşılanabilmesi gibi ekonomik faktörler; Sağlık Bakanlığı’na duyulan güven ve kamu hizmetlerinin yeterlilik düzeyi gibi kurumsal faktörler ile mutluluk arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19
• MUTLULUK
• MUTLULUĞUN BELİRLEYİCİLERİ

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INCOME AND HAPPINESS İN COVID-19 PERİOD: ASSESSMENT OVER ISPARTA PROVINCE

Öz

Nowadays, happiness is becoming one of the most basic indicators of economic development. Based on this, happiness studies within the scope of behavioral economics are increasing day by day. In particular, along with the Easterlin paradox, it is emphasized that happiness is not only related to income level, there are other determinants of happiness. Based on the literature, it is possible to group the determinants of happiness as socio-economic factors, economic factors and environmental and institutional factors. In addition, for the last three years, the world has been faced with the COVID-19 epidemic, which significantly affects the happiness level of individuals. Based on this, the current study aims to evaluate whether is there a relationship between socio-economic factors, environmental and institutional factors, and economic factors and happiness during the COVID-19 . In order to obtain data a survey method was applied. 432 people living in Isparta Province constitute the sample of the study. The datas were analyzed using the Chi-Square Test. According to the analysis results;a significant relation is found between socio-economic factors such as gender, age, marital status, education level and happiness level during COVID-19. Also significant relatinship is found between economic factors such as working status, income earned, interruption from work during COVID-19 and meeting basic needs and level of happiness during COVID-19. Lastly significant relationship was found between happiness and institutional factors such as trust in the Ministry of Health and the level of adequacy of public services.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• COVID-19

Kaynakça

1. Akın, H. B. ve Şentürk, E., 2012. Bireylerin Mutluluk Düzeylerinin Ordinal Lojistik Regresyon Analizi ile İncelenmesi, Öneri, 10 (37), 183-193.
2. Akman, S., 2021. Mutluluk ve Yaşam Memnuniyetinin Belirleyicileri: Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yaşam Memnuniyeti Araştırması Üzerine Analizler, Sosyal Siyaset Konferansları Dergisi, 81, 1-35.
3. Alexandrova, A. , 2005. Subjective well-being and Kahneman's `objective happiness', Journal of Happiness Studies, 6(3), 301-324.
4. Atay, B., 2012. Happiness in East Europe in Comparison with Turkey. Thesis (Master) İstanbul Bilgi University.
5. Aytaç,S. ve Bozkurt, V., 2021. Life Satisfaction and Happiness During the Pandemic Period. In: Gülerce, H., Nimehchısalem,V.,Bozkurt, V., Dawes, G. ve Rafık-Galea,S, ed. Society in the Covid19 Pandemic:Inequalities, Challenges and Opportunities. Ankara: Pegem Akademi, 259-272.
6. Bozkurt, H.Ö. ve Doğancılı, O. S., 2021 The Effect of Financial Stress and Affective Job Insecurity on Hotel Employees’ Life Satisfaction: A Research Conducted During the Covid-19, Pandemic, İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 13 (2),1242-1254.
7. Briguglio, M., Caruana,M. ve Debono, N., 2021. Well Being Disparities During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Evidence from Malta, Traumatology, 27 (4), 388-398. Caner, A., 2014. Happiness, Comparison Effects, and Expectations in Turkey, Journal of Happiness Studies,16,1323-1345.
8. Clark, A. E. , Frijters, P. ve Shields, M. A., 2008. Relative Income, Happiness and Utility: An Explanation for the Easterlin Paradox and Other Puzzles, Journal of Economic Literature, 46 (1), 95-144.

9. Clark, E. ve Oswald, A. , 1994. Unhappiness and Unemployment, The Economic Journal, 104 (424), 648-659.
10. Çirkin, Z. ve Göksel, R., 2016. Mutluluk ve Gelir, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 71( 2), 375-400. Di Tella, R., MacCulloch, R. ve Oswald, A., 2001. Preferences Over Inflation and Unemployment:Evidence from Surveys of Happiness, American Economic Review, 91 (1), 335-341.
11. Diener, E., 1984. Subjective Well-Being. Pyschological Bulletin, 95 (3), 542-575. Dolan, P.,Peasgood, T. ve White, M., 2008. Do We Really Know What Makes Us Happy? A Review of the Economic Literature on the Factors Associated with Subjective Well-Being, Journal of Economic Psychology, 29, 94-122.
12. Dumludağ, D., 2013. Life Satisfaction and Income Comparison Effects in Turkey, Social Indicators Research,114, 1199-1210.
13. Duran, M. S., & Acar, M.,2020. Bir Virüsün Dünyaya Ettikleri: Covid-19 Pandemisinin Makroekonomik Etkileri. International Journal Of Social And Economic Sciences, 10(1), 54–67.
14. Durmuş, S. ve D., Şahin, 2021. COVID-19 Küresel Salgınında Dünyada ve Türkiye’de Uygulanan Ekonomi Politikaları, Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme, Turkish Studies, 15(4), 923-943.
15. Easterlin, R.,1974. Does Economic Growth Improve the Human Lot? Some Empirical Evidence, In: P. A. David & M. W. Reder, ed. Nations and Households in Economic Growth: Essays in Honor of Moses Abramowitz. New York: Academic Press, 89–125.
16. Easterlin, R., 1995. Will Raising the Incomes of all Increase the Happiness of All?, Journal of Economic Behavior and Organisation, 27,35-47.
17. Ekici, T. ve Koydemir, S., 2016. Income Expectations and Happiness: Evidence from British Panel Data, Applied Research Quality Life, 11, 539-552.
18. Eren, K. A. ve Aşıcı, A., 2017. The Determinants of Happiness in Turkey: Evidence from City-Level Data, Journal of Happiness Studies, 18, 647-669.
19. Frey, B. ve Stutzer, A., 2001. Happiness and Economics: How the Economy and Institutions Affect Well-Being. United Kingdom: Princeton University Press
20. Frey, B.,2008. Happiness: A Revolution in Economics, Cambridge: MIT Press. Frijters, P., Liu, A. Y. ve Meng, X., 2012. Are Optimistic Expectations Keeping The Chinese Happy?, Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization,81,159-171.
21. Gökdemir, Ö. ve Tahsin, E., 2014. Factors That Influence the Life-Satisfaction of Women Living in the Northern Cyprus , Social Indicators Research, 115, 1071-1085. Gökdemir, Ö., Dumludağ, D. ve Giray, S., 2016. Income Comparison, Collectivism and Life Satisfaction in Turkey, Quality& Quantity, 50, 955-980.
22. Greyling, T., Rossouw, S. ve Adhikari, T., 2021. A Tale of Three Countries : What is the Relationship Between COVID-19, Lockdown and Happiness, South African Journal of Economics,89(1), 25-43.
23. Helliwell, J. F., 2003. How’s Life? Combining Individual and National Variables to Explain Subjective Well Being?, Economic Modelling, 20, 331-360.
24. Hills, P., & Argyle, M., 2002. The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: A Compact Scale For The Measurement Of Psychological Well-Being. Personality And Individual Differences, 33(7), 1071–1082.
25. Erişilebilir: https://www.tuik.gov.tr/media/microdata/pdf/yasam-memnuniyeti-arst.pdf (erişim tarihi: 26.05.2022).
26. Lelkes, O., 2006. Tasting Freedom: Happiness, Religion and Economic Transition, Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 59 (2), 173-194.
27. Levin, K. A., and Currie, C., 2014. Reliability and validity of an adapted version of the Cantril Ladder for use with adolescent samples, Social Indicators Research, 119(2), 1047–1063.
28. Lopez- Ruiz, V. R., Huete-Alcocer, N., Alfaro-Navarro, J.L. Nevado-Pena, D., 2021. The Relationship Between Happiness and Quality of Life: A Model for Spanish Society, Plos One, 16 (11), 1-15.
29. Nettle, D., 2006. Happiness: The Science Behind Your Smile, USA: Oxford University Press
30. Senik, C., 2008. Is Man Doomed to Progress, Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 68, 140-152.
31. Şeker, M., 2009. Mutluluk Ekonomisi, Journal of Economy, Culture and Society, 39, 115-139.
32. Unanue, W.,E Gomez, M., Cortez, D., Oyanedel, J. C. ve Mendiburo-Seguel, A., 2017. Revisiting the Link Between Job Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction: The Role of Basic Psychological Needs, Frontiers in Psychology, 8 (680),1-17.
33. World Health Organisation, 2022. World Health Organisation Coronavirus Overview (online). Available from: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed 20 May 2022).
34. Yang, H. ve Ma, J., 2020. How an Epidemic Outbreak Impacts Happiness: Factors that Worsen (vs. Protect) Emotional Well-being during the Coronavirus Pandemic, Psychiatry Research, 289 (113045),1-5.
35. Yazıcıoğlu, İ. ve Kubilay, N., 2017. Analysing The Relationship Between Job Satisfaction And Life Satisfaction In Terms Of Demographic Variables: An Research in Accommodation Businesses, Journal of Business Management and Economic Research, 1(1), 39-48.
36. Yazıcıoğlu, Y. ve Erdoğan, S., 2004. SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri, Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık
37. Yıldırım, S., 2020. Salgınların Sosyal-Psikolojik Görünümü: Covid-19 (Koronavirüs) Pandemi Örneği, Turkish Studies, 15(4), 1331-1351.