İstisnai Zamanlarda Eylem: Güney Afrika ve Guatemala Örnekleri Üzerinden Geçiş Dönemi Adaletine Siyasal Yaklaşım

Öz

İç savaşlar, soykırımlar ve Apartheid gibi yaygın ve sistematik insan hakları ihlalleri gibi sorunları aşmak üzere işletilen geçiş dönemi adaleti, alana hakim olan hukuki yaklaşımların etkisiyle kendine özgü hukuki mekanizmalar aracılığıyla yukarıdan aşağıya bir değişim hedeflemektedir. 1980’lerden itibaren hem uygulama hem de akademik alan olarak gelişirken geçiş dönemi adaletini süreçlerinde yerel aktörlerin katılımı merkezi bir sorun olarak ele alınsa da dillendirilen öneriler bu aktörlerin süreçlerde ancak pasif bir bulunma (attendance) halini destekler şekilde sınırlı kalmaktadır. Bu makale, Güney Afrika ve Guatemala’da yürütülmüş geçiş dönemi adaletinin mekanizmalarından biri olan hakikat komisyonlarındaki katılımla ilgili sorunlara, dışlamalara ve gizliliğe odaklanarak, pasif bulunmadan aktif katılıma (participation) geçişin imkanlarını aramak üzere geçiş dönemi adaletine siyasi bir yaklaşımın benimsenmesini önermektedir. Schmitt’in siyaset kavramsallaştırmasından yola çıkarak, barış müzakerelerini geçiş dönemi adaletinin belirleyici karar anı olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Schmitt’in çerçevesi aktif katılım için sınırlı bir rehberlik sunduğu için bu çalışma Arendt’in siyasal kavrayışı ile bu sınırların aşılabilmesi imkanlarını aramaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• geçiş dönemi adaleti
• katılım
• istisna
• çoğulluk
• açıklık

Kaynakça

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