A General Overview of Carbon Credits Within The Scope of Türkiye and UNIDROIT VCC Project

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 29 Sayı: 2, 1271 - 1327, 22.12.2025

Özge Demirdelen

https://doi.org/10.60002/ebyuhfd.1628186

Öz

Carbon funds, which view carbon units as simply another tradable asset. The main activity is investment and trading in units representing the right to emit a certain amount of greenhouse gas. Türkiye, on the other hand, started carbon pricing studies in Türkiye in 2013 with the Carbon Market Preparation Partnership Project (PMR) in order to create a solid infrastructure for a carbon market, including the efficient use of carbon markets and the development of necessary regulations, institutions and systems for carbon trading, in line with climate targets. The PMR, which lasted approximately 7 years, examined the impact of carbon pricing mechanisms on the Turkish economy, budget and sectors. This impact determined that the most suitable carbon pricing mechanism for Turkey is the Emission Trading System (ETS). The Turkey Carbon Market Development Project is the continuation of the completed project. This project aims to contribute achieving “Net Zero Emissions 2053” targets. Considering that carbon credits are also the subject of projects in many areas such as sustainable development, energy efficiency, and biodiversity, it can be reiterated that the issue is so important, thus it cannot be ignored. When the UNIDROIT Verified Carbon Credits (VCC) Legal Nature Project is also taken into consideration, it is possible to indicate that the studies carried out in this field are generally related to international trade, sustainability, and legal regulations. In this context, our study will provide an overview of carbon credits and implementation problems within the framework of the UNIDROIT and private international law.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Carbon Pricing , Emission Trading System , Private International Law , UNIDROIT , Verified Carbon Credits.

Türkiye ve UNIDROIT DKK Projesi Kapsamında Karbon Kredilerine Genel Bir Bakış

Öz

Karbon birimlerini basitçe başka bir alınıp satılabilir varlık olarak gören karbon fonlarıdır. Temel faaliyet, belirli bir miktarda sera gazı yayma hakkını temsil eden birimlere yatırım ve ticarettir. Türkiye ise, iklim hedefleri doğrultusunda, karbon piyasalarının verimli bir şekilde kullanılması, karbon ticareti için gerekli düzenlemelerin, kurumların ve sistemlerin geliştirilmesi de dâhil olmak üzere, karbon piyasası için sağlam bir altyapı oluşturmak amacıyla Türkiye’de karbon fiyatlama çalışmalarını 2013 yılında Karbon Piyasalarına Hazırlık Ortaklığı Projesi (PMR) ile başlamıştır. PMR ile karbon fiyatlandırma mekanizmalarının Türkiye ekonomisine, bütçesine ve sektörlerine etkisi incelenmiştir. Bu etki, Türkiye için en uygun karbon fiyatlandırma mekanizmasının Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi (ETS) olduğu belirlenmiştir. Türkiye Karbon Piyasası Geliştirme Projesi, tamamlanan projenin devamı niteliğini taşımaktadır. Bu proje, “2053 Net Sıfır Emisyon” hedefine ulaşmaya katkı sağlamak amacındadır. Karbon kredilerinin sürdürülebilir kalkınma, enerji verimliliği, biyo çeşitlilik gibi birçok alanda projeye de konu olduğu düşünüldüğünde, meselenin göz ardı edilemeyecek derecede önemli olduğu tekrar ortaya konulabilecektir. UNIDROIT Doğrulanmış Karbon Kredilerinin (DKK) Hukukî Niteliği Projesi de göz önüne alındığında, bu alanda yapılan çalışmaların genellikle uluslararası ticaret, sürdürülebilirlik ve hukukî düzenlemelerle bağlantılı olduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Bu kapsamda çalışmamızda, UNIDROIT ve milletlerarası özel hukuk çerçevesinde karbon kredilerine ve uygulama sorunlarına genel bakış sunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Doğrulanmış Karbon Kredileri , Emisyon Ticaret Sistemi , Karbon Fiyatlandırması , Milletlerarası Özel Hukuk , UNIDROIT.

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• <https://www.grantthornton.ch/de/aktuelles/esg-greenwashing/>
• <https://treasury.worldbank.org/en/about/unit/treasury/ibrd/ibrd-green- bonds>
• <https://finance.ec.europa.eu/sustainable-finance/tools-and-standards/eu- ropean-green-bond-standard-supporting-transition_en>
• <https://www.ab.gov.tr/ab-konseyi-tarafindan-avrupa-yesil-tahvil-stan- dardini-olusturan-ve-surdurulebilir-finansin-tesvik-edilmesini-amacla- yan-y_53640.html>
• <https://ticaret.gov.tr/blog/sektor-haberleri/dunya-bankasi-karbon-emis- yonlarinin-azaltimina-yonelik-turkiyeye-650-milyon-dolarlik-krediyi- onayladi>
• <https://ticaret.gov.tr/blog/sektor-haberleri/cin-merkez-bankasi-yesil-ve- dusuk-karbonlu-kalkinma-icin-para-politikasi-araclarini-genisletiyor> <https://unece.org/green-economy-3>
• <https://the- docs.worldbank.org/en/doc/c76c81a3a7fda8b9cf862fd63aa623d9- 0340012021/original/IBRD-Hedging-Products-Product-Note.pdf>
• <https://ssrn.com/abstract=1592018>
• <https://unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-kyoto-protocol/mecha- nisms/clean-development-mechanism>
• <https://assets.hcch.net/docs/291b5b6a-7f59-4176-b509- b8e108a074a1.pdf>
• <https://www.soas.ac.uk/sites/default/files/2022-10/economics- wp222.pdf>
• <https://www.tcmb.gov.tr/wps/wcm/connect/4209d4aa-6540-4a8b-ae54- da1161d7bd16/De- met+%C3%9Clk%C3%BC+Uzmanl%C4%B1k+Tez+pdf+%2826.10.20 23%29.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE- 4209d4aa-6540-4a8b-ae54-da1161d7bd16-o-1stNe>
• <https://www3.wefo- rum.org/docs/WEF_The_Voluntary_Carbon_Market_2023.pdf>
• <https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1461- 0248.2011.01736.x>
• <https://www3.wefo- rum.org/docs/WEF_The_Voluntary_Carbon_Market_2023.pdf>
• <https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi- t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tara- findan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258>
• <https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/A%20compila- tion%20of%20best%20practices%20on%20JT%20and%20EDT.pdf>
• <https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/A%20compila- tion%20of%20best%20practices%20on%20JT%20and%20EDT.pdf>
• <https://pmrturkiye.csb.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Uygula- mada-Emisyon-Ticareti_TR.pdf>
• <https://iklim.gov.tr/turkiye-karbon-piyasasi-gelistirme-projesi-acilisi- t.c.-cevre-sehircilik-ve-iklim-degisikligi-bakani-mehmet-ozhaseki-tara- findan-gerceklestirildi-haber-4258>
• <https://www.unidroit.org>
• <https://documents1.worldbank.org/cura- ted/en/541731484292546048/pdf/108879-TURKISH-PUBLIC- ETSHandbookTurkishFullReport.pdf>
• <https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2008/27/contents>
• <https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/addressing-carbon-lea- kage-risk-to-support-decarbonisation/outcome/factsheet-uk-carbon-bor- der-adjustment-mechanism#interaction-with-uk-emissions-trading- scheme-uk-ets>
• <https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-uk-levy-to-level-carbon- pricing>
• <https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP- 9888/CBP-9888.pdf>
• <https://www.unidroit.org/work-in-progress/verified-carbon-credits/>
• <https://www.unidroit.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/C.D.-103-11-Le- gal-nature-of-Voluntary-Carbon-Credits-with-Annexe-1.pdf>
• <https://www.unidroit.org/event/11th-university-of-roma-tre-unidroit- annual-international-arbitration-lecture-rome-and-online-27-september- 2024/>