SPATIAL, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT DUE TO DAM CONSTRUCTION: THE CASE OF HASANKEYF

Öz

To meet the growing power and irrigation needs in the world and Turkey, to prevent terrorism, and due to sovereignty concerns on water management, recently dams have been frequently built, and the locations of villages, towns or cities within the areas covered by the dams built or being built are changing. Spatial changes made for compulsory reasons reveal many socio-economic, cultural and environmental problems and related discussions. This study aims to address the social, spatial and environmental impacts of the people of Hasankeyf, who have been living in thousands of caves and historical artifacts for thousands of years, as a result of their forced migration to the New Hasankeyf campus due to the Ilısu Dam and hydroelectric power plant built as a result of a public policy. In this field study, an interview were realized with 214 family members selecting randomly among 734 families who moved to New Hasankeyf, and the findings were obtained via this study were interpreted by making descriptive and relational analyzes. From the data obtained; It was determined that the families who settled in New Hasankeyf were against the dam since the beginning of the project, they were not consulted for the dam construction and the new campus, they lost their income due to the damaging of tourism sector, the destruction of agricultural areas.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Forced Migration
• Spatial and Environmental Changes
• Ilısu Dam
• Hasankeyf

Kaynakça

1. Anderson, E. P., Freeman, M. C. & Prıngle, C. M. (2006). Ecological Consequences Of Hydropower Development İn Central America: Impacts Of Small Dams And Water Diversion On Neotropical Stream Fish Assemblages. River Research and Applications, 22(4), 397-411. https://doi.org/10.1002/rra.899.
2. Bakırcı, M., (2002). Türkiye’de Baraj Yapımı Nedeniyle Yer Değiştiren Bir Şehir: Halfeti. Coğrafya Dergisi, 0(10), 55-78.
3. Başkaya, Z. & Türk E. (2015). Barajların Olası Çevresel Ve Sosyo-Ekonomik Etkilerinin Halkın Bakış Açısıyla Değerlendirilmesi: Ilısu Barajı Ve Hasankeyf Örneği. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(40), 347-383.
4. Bayazıt M. (2015). Hasankeyf: A Cultural Heritage Reflecting the History (Archaeometric Approach). Batman University Journal of Life Sciences, 5(2), 73-86.
5. Berkün, M. (2007). Su Yapıları, Barajlar, Savaklar ve Su Kuvveti Tesisleri. İstanbul: Birsen Yayınevi.
6. Bozkuş Z. (2004). Afet Yönetimi İçin Baraj Yıkılma Analizleri [Dam Break Analyses For Disaster Management]. İMO Teknik Dergi, 224, 3335-3350.
7. Cernea, M. (1988). Involuntary Resettlement in Development Projects: Policy Guidelines in World Bank-Financed Projects, World Bank Technical Paper, No: 80, World Bank, Washington, DC.
8. Devlet Su İşleri Genel Müdürlüğü [DSİ], (2018). Ilısu Barajı ve Hes Projesi Dolusavak ve Beton Ağırlık Baraj İnşaatı Uygulama Raporu, http://www.dsi.gov.tr/docs/yayinlarimiz.pdf?sfvrsn=2.

9. DSİ, (2019). Faaliyet Raporu 2019, http://www2.dsi.gov.tr/faaliyet_raporlari/raporlar.htm.
10. DSİ, (2020). Yeni Ve Modern Hasankeyf'te Sona Gelindi. http://www.dsi.gov.tr/haberler/2019/08/15/.
11. Faist, T. (2003). Uluslararası Göç ve Ulusaşırı Toplumsal Alanlar. (Çev:Azat Zana Gündoğan ve Can Acar), Ankara: Bağlam Yayınları.
12. George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10a ed.) Boston: Pearson.
13. Goodland, R. (2010). Viewpoint-The World Bank versus the World Commission on Dams. Water Alternatives, 3(2): 384-398.
14. Güriş, S. & Astar, M. (2014). Bilimsel Araştırmalarda SPSS ile İstatistik. İstanbul: Der Yayınları.
15. Haspolat, E. (2005). Hasankeyf: Tarihi, Tarihi Eserleri, Yasal Konumu Ve Geleceği. Türkiye Mühendislik Haberleri (TMH), (439-440), 19-30.
16. Huang Y., Lin W., Li S. & Ning Y. (2018). Social Impacts of Dam-Induced Displacement and Resettlement: A Comparative Case Study in China, Sustainability, 10(11), 4018. https://doi.10.3390/su10114018.
17. Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre [IDMC] (2001). 2001 Activity Report, https://www.unhcr.org/IDMC/IDMC-report.pdf.
18. IDMC (2020). Dısplacement Data, https://www.internal-displacement.org/.
19. Kälin, W. (2008). Guiding Priciples on Internal Displacement Annotations, Studies in Transnational Legal Policy, The American Society of International Law, No. 38, NW Washington, DC 20008 USA.
20. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). SPSS Uygulamalı Cok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri, Ankara: Asil Yayınları.
21. Kitchen W.H. & Ronayne M. (2002). The Ilisu Dam Environmental Impact Assessment Report: Review and critique, Public Archaeology, 2:2, 101-116, https://doi.org/10.1179/pua.2002.2.2.101.
22. Koçyiğit N. & Emiroğlu A.(2016). Turkuaz Ermenek Baraj Gölünün Verimlilik Potansiyeli, Sosyo Ekonomik Etkiler Ve Bölge Halkını Göçe Zorlayan Sebepler Açısından İncelenmesi. Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 3(10), 91-107.
23. Leedom, J. (2009). Portal to Antiquity, World Literature Today, 83(4), 58-60.
24. Mcdonald, B., Webber, M. & Yuefang, D. (2008). Involuntary resettlement as an opportunity for development: The case of urban resettlers of the Three Gorges Project, China. Journal of Refugee Studies, 21(1), 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1093/jrs/fem052.
25. Mıynat, A. (2009). Eyyubi Hanedanlığının Son Kalesi Hasankeyf'in Düşüşü. Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi, 24(2), 47-68.
26. Parlak, Z. G. (2007). Yaşamın Suyla Dansı: Barajlar ve Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma, Ankara:Turhan Kitabevi.
27. Picciotto, R. (2013). Involuntary Resettlement İn İnfrastructure Projects: A Development Perspective. Infrastructure And Land Policies. Cambridge, Mass., Lincoln Institute Of Land Policy, 236-262.
28. Placier, M. & Hall, P.M. (2000). Policy as the Transformation of Intentions: Making Multicultural Education Policy. Journal of Educational Policy. 14 (2), 259-290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0895904800014002004.
29. Poff N. L. & Hart D.D. (2002). How Dams Vary And Why İt Matters For The Emerging Science Of Dam Removal. Bioscience 52(8), 659–738. https://doi.Org/10.1641/0006-3568(2002)052[0659:HDVAWI]2.0.CO;2.
30. Rıchter, B. D., Sandra P. & Carmen R.(2010). Lost İn Development’s Shadow: The Downstream Human Consequences Of Dams. Water Alternatives, 3(2), 14-42.
31. Rosenberg, D. M., Bodaly, R. A. & Usher, P. J. (1995). Environmental and social impacts of large scale hydro-electric development: Who is listening? Global Environmental Change, 5(2), 127-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/0959-3780(95).
32. Sever R. & Kalın, U. Ö. (2010). Artvin İlinde Yapılan/Yapılmakta Olan Barajlar Hakkında Artvin Halkının Bazı Görüşleri. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 23, 65-80.
33. Si, Z. (1993). A Theoretical Framework for Social Impact Analysis with Special Reference to Population Relocation at the Mactaquac Dam Project on the Saint John River (Doctoral dissertation), Halifax, NS: (IDPhD), Dalhousie University, http://hdl.handle.net/10222/55366.
34. Stanley, J.(2004). Development‐induced displacement and resettlement. Forced Migration Online, https://www.alnap.org/system/files/content/resource/files/main/fmo022.pdf.
35. Şener, I.N. (2004). An İnnovative Methodology And Structural Analysis For Relocation Of Historical Masonry Monuments: A Case Study İn Hasankeyf, Thesis submitted to Department of Architecture in Middle East Technical University, Turkey, 4.
36. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı (2020). Dev Baraj Hizmete Girdi. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Haber/4545.
37. Tekeli, İ. & Erder, L. (1978). Yerleşme Yapısının Uyum Süreci Olarak İç Göçler. Ankara: Hacettepe Üniversitesi Yayınları.
38. Terminski B. (2013). Development-İnduced Displacement And Resettlement: Social Problem And Human Rights İssue. University of Geneva Research Paper No. 9.
39. Texıer, M. L. (2013). Dam-Induced Mıgratıon In The Mekong Regıon, The State Of Environmental Migration, 127-139.
40. Thomas, D. H. L. & Adams, W. M. (1999). Adapting To Dams: Agrarian Change Downstream Of The Tiga Dam, Northern Nigeria. World Development, 27(6), 919-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00041-8.
41. Tilt, B. & Gerkey, D. (2016). Dams And Population Displacement On China’s Upper Mekong River: Implications For Social Capital And Social-Ecological Resilience. Global Environmental Change, 36, 153-162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2015.11.008 . Walker, B., C. S. Holling, S. R. Carpenter & A. Kinzig. (2004). Resilience, adaptability and transformability in social-ecological systems. Ecology and Society 9(2): 5. http//.doi:10.5751/ES-00650-090205.
42. Wang, X., Kim, M.J., Love, P.E.D. & Kang, S.C. (2013). Augmented Reality in built environment: Classification and implications for future research. Automation in Construction, 32, 1-13.
43. World Comission On Dams [WCD], (2000). Dams And Development, A New Framework For Decısıon-Makıng, The Report Of The World Commıssıon On Dams.
44. Yenigün, K. & Yüzgül, F. (2013). Baraj Güvenliği Açısından Tip Seçimi: ÖYBK Barajlarda Etken Faktörler ve Ilısu Barajı Örneği. 3. Bursa Uluslararası Su kongresi ve Sergisi, Bursa, 555-574.
45. Zarfl, C., Lumsdon, A. E., Berlekamp,J., Tydecks, L. & Tockner, K. (2015). A Global Boom in Hydropower Dam Construction. Aquatic Sciences, 77(1), 161–70.