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Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, - , 04.01.2006

Öz

Bu çalışmada, üç farklı büyüklükte (1, 5 ve 10 g) gökkuşağı alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss) yavrularının, 13°C su sıcaklığında ve pH 7.0 seviyesinde, amonyak LC50 değerleri tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca balık büyüklüğü ile türün 24, 48, 72 ve 96 saatlik amonyak LC50 değerleri arasındaki ilişki belirlenmiştir. Toplam Amonyak Nitrojeni (TAN) için 96 saatlik LC50 değerleri 1, 5 ve 10 g balık yavrularında, sırasıyla 10.57 mg/L, 3.39 mg/L ve 2.50 mg/L olarak tespit edilmiştir. Her ağırlık grubu için, güvenli üst TAN seviyesi sırasıyla 1.05 mg/L, 0.33 mg/L ve 0.25 mg/L olarak hesaplanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçları balık ağırlığının artmasıyla amonyak LC50 değerinin azaldığını göstermiştir

Kaynakça

  • APHA (American Public Health Association), 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and Wastewaters, 17th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
  • Bower, E.C., Bidwell P.J. 1978. Ionisation of ammonia in seawater: effects of temperature, pH, and salinity. J. Fish Res. Board. Can. 35:1012-1016.
  • Broderius, S.., Drummond, R., .Fiandt, J., Russon, C. 1985. Toxicity of ammonia to early life stages of the smallmouth bass at four pH values.Envronmental Toxicology. and Chemistery. 4: 87-96.
  • Burkhalter, D.E., Kaya, C.M. 1977. Effect of prolonged exposure to ammonia on fertilized eggs and sac fry of rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 106: 470-475.
  • Canyurt, M.A., Akhan S., Takma Ç. 2002. Gökkuşağı alabalığı spermlerinin kısa süreli saklanması üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniveristesi Araştırma Fonu Proje Raporu, 13 sayfa.
  • Chin, T.S., Chen J.C. 1987. Acute toxicity of ammonia to larvae of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture. 66:247-253.
  • Coffin, D.E., Chitta B., Malone R.F. 1992. Biofiltration for recirculating finfish culture systems. Lousiana Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,USA, January, 30-31, 1992.
  • Drennan, D.G., Malone, R.F. 1992. Design of Recirculating Systems for Intensive Tilapia Culture. Presented Paper at Louisiana Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show, Baton Rouge, Louisiana January 30-31, 1992.
  • Gall, G.A.E., Crandell, P.A.,1992. The rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 100:1-10.
  • Hillaby. B.A.. Randall. D.J., 1979. Acute ammonia toxicity and ammonia excretion in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 36: 621-629.
  • Kır, M., Kumlu M., Eroldoğan O.T. 2004. Effect of temperature on acute toxicity of ammonia to Penaeus semisulcatus juveniles. Aquaculture, 241:479-489.
  • Landau, M. 1992. Introduction to aquaculture, John Wiley, New York, pp. 47-111,.
  • Lemarie, G., Dosdat A., Coves D., Duttoa G., Gasset E., Person-LeRuyet J. 2004. Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 229: 479-491.
  • Linton, T.K., Morgan I.J., Reid S.D., Wood C.M. 1998. Long-term exposure to small temperature increase and sublethal ammonia in hardwater acclimated rainbow trout: does acclimation occur? Aquat. Toxicol. 40:171-191.
  • Losordo, T.M., Masser M.P., Racoky J. 1992. Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: An overview of critical conservations. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Publication No: 451. Stoneville, MS, 6 sayfa.
  • Malone, R.F., Drennan, D.G. 1993. Bead Filters. Appeared in Alternative Aquaculture Newtwork, Vol: II. No: 3 pp. 23, 1993.
  • Masser, M.P., Rakocy J., Losordo T.M. 1992. Recirculating aquaculture tank production system, management of recirculating systems, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication No: 452 Stoneville, MS, 12 sayfa.
  • McCormick, J.H., Broderius, S.J., Fandt, J.T. 1984. Toxicity of ammonia to early life stage of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus. Environmental Pollution 36(A):147-163.
  • Mommsen, T.P, Hochachka P.W. 1988. The purine nucleotide cycle as two temporally separated metabolic units: a study on trout muscle. Met. Clin. Exp. 37: 552–556.
  • Okumuş, İ., 2002. Rainbow trout broodstock management and seed production in Turkey: present practices, constrains and the future. Turkish J. Fish. and Aquat. Sci. 2: 41-56.
  • Olson, K.R., Fromm P.O. 1971. Excretion of urea by two teleosts exposed to different concentrations of ambient ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40A:999-1007.
  • Randall, D.J., Tusi T.K.N. 2002. Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pol. Bull., 45: 17-23.
  • Rasmussen, R.S., Korsgaard B. 1998. Ammonia and urea in plasma of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in response to external ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120A:163-168.
  • Russo, R.C., Smith, C.E., Thurston, R.V. 1974. Acute toxicity of nitrite to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries research Board of Canada. 31:1653-1655.
  • Russo, R.C., Thurston, R.V. 1991. Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to fishes. Brune, D. E., Tomasso, J.R. (Ed.) Aquaculture and water quality. The World aquaculture Society, LSU., USA., 58-89.
  • Steele, S.L., Chadwick T.D., Wright P.A. 2001. Ammonia detoxification and localization of urea cycle enzyme activity in embryos of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to early tolerance to high environmental ammonia levels. J. Exp. Bio. 204: 2145-2154.
  • Sprague, J.B. 1978. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish: III. Sublethal effects and ‘‘safe’’ concentrations. Water Res. 5:245-266.
  • Sprague, J.B. 1990. Aquatic Toxicology. In: Methods for fish biology (Bölüm 15), Schreck, C.B., Moyle, P.B. (Ed.). Am. Fish. Soc., USA., 491-528.
  • Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Smith, C.E. 1978. Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to cutthroat trout fry. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107:361-368.
  • Thurston, R.V. Chakoumakos C., Russo R.C., 1981. Effect of fluctuating exposures on the acute toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat trout (S. clarki). Water Res. 15:911-917.
  • Thurston, R.V., Russo R.C. 1983. Acute toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 696-704.
  • TUİK.2007. Su ürünleri istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Başkanlığı, Ankara, 62 sayfa.
  • Twitchen, I.D., Eddy, F.B. 1994. Effects of ammonia on sodium balance in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Aquat. Toxicol. 30: 27-45.
  • Wicks, B.J., Randall D.J. 2002a. The effect of feeding and fasting on ammonia toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 59: 71–82.
  • Wicks, B.J., Randall D.J. 2002b. The effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on fed and unfed rainbow trout: the role of glutamine in the regulation of ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 132: 275–285.
  • Wicks, B.J., Tang Q., Joensen R., Randall D.J. 2002. Swimming and ammonia toxicity in salmonids: the effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on the swimming performance of coho salmon and the acute toxicity of ammonia in swimming and resting rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 59: 55–69
  • Wilkie, M.P., Wood C.M. 1991. Nitrogenous waste excretion, acidbase regulation, and ion regulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to extremely alkaline water. Physiol. Zoo. 64( 4): 1069-1086.
  • Wilson, R.W., Taylor E.W. 1992. Transbranchial ammonia gradients and acid-base responses to high external ammoniain rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different salinities. J. Exp. Biol. 166: 95-106.
  • Wood, C.M. 1993. Ammonia and urea metabolism and excretion. In: The Physiology of Fishes (Bölüm 13), Evans D.H. (Ed.). CRC Press, FL, ABD, 379-426.

Weight and Acute Ammonia Toxicity Relationship in Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Fry and Fingerlings

Yıl 2006, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, - , 04.01.2006

Öz

In this study, LC50 values of three different sized (1, 5 and 10 g) rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fry and fingerlings at 13°C water temperature and pH 7.0 level were determined. Additionally, the relationship between the size of fish and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hour LC values was elucidated. Ninety six hour LC values for Total Ammonia Nitrogen (TAN) in 1, 5 and 10 g juveniles were found to be 10.57 mg/L, 3.39 mg/L and 2.50 mg/L, respectively. Safe upper TAN limits for each of these weight groups were calculated as 1.05 mg/L, 0.33 mg/L and 0.25 mg/L, respectively. Results of the study showed that ammonia LC50 value decreases with increasing fish weight

Kaynakça

  • APHA (American Public Health Association), 1989. Standard Methods for the Examination of Waters and Wastewaters, 17th Edition. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
  • Bower, E.C., Bidwell P.J. 1978. Ionisation of ammonia in seawater: effects of temperature, pH, and salinity. J. Fish Res. Board. Can. 35:1012-1016.
  • Broderius, S.., Drummond, R., .Fiandt, J., Russon, C. 1985. Toxicity of ammonia to early life stages of the smallmouth bass at four pH values.Envronmental Toxicology. and Chemistery. 4: 87-96.
  • Burkhalter, D.E., Kaya, C.M. 1977. Effect of prolonged exposure to ammonia on fertilized eggs and sac fry of rainbow trout (Salmogairdneri). Transactions of the American Fisheries Society. 106: 470-475.
  • Canyurt, M.A., Akhan S., Takma Ç. 2002. Gökkuşağı alabalığı spermlerinin kısa süreli saklanması üzerine bir araştırma. Ege Üniveristesi Araştırma Fonu Proje Raporu, 13 sayfa.
  • Chin, T.S., Chen J.C. 1987. Acute toxicity of ammonia to larvae of the tiger prawn, Penaeus monodon. Aquaculture. 66:247-253.
  • Coffin, D.E., Chitta B., Malone R.F. 1992. Biofiltration for recirculating finfish culture systems. Lousiana Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show, Baton Rouge, Louisiana,USA, January, 30-31, 1992.
  • Drennan, D.G., Malone, R.F. 1992. Design of Recirculating Systems for Intensive Tilapia Culture. Presented Paper at Louisiana Aquaculture Conference and Trade Show, Baton Rouge, Louisiana January 30-31, 1992.
  • Gall, G.A.E., Crandell, P.A.,1992. The rainbow trout. Aquaculture. 100:1-10.
  • Hillaby. B.A.. Randall. D.J., 1979. Acute ammonia toxicity and ammonia excretion in rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). J. Fish. Res. Bd. Can. 36: 621-629.
  • Kır, M., Kumlu M., Eroldoğan O.T. 2004. Effect of temperature on acute toxicity of ammonia to Penaeus semisulcatus juveniles. Aquaculture, 241:479-489.
  • Landau, M. 1992. Introduction to aquaculture, John Wiley, New York, pp. 47-111,.
  • Lemarie, G., Dosdat A., Coves D., Duttoa G., Gasset E., Person-LeRuyet J. 2004. Effect of chronic ammonia exposure on growth of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles. Aquaculture. 229: 479-491.
  • Linton, T.K., Morgan I.J., Reid S.D., Wood C.M. 1998. Long-term exposure to small temperature increase and sublethal ammonia in hardwater acclimated rainbow trout: does acclimation occur? Aquat. Toxicol. 40:171-191.
  • Losordo, T.M., Masser M.P., Racoky J. 1992. Recirculating aquaculture tank production systems: An overview of critical conservations. Southern Regional Aquaculture Center. Publication No: 451. Stoneville, MS, 6 sayfa.
  • Malone, R.F., Drennan, D.G. 1993. Bead Filters. Appeared in Alternative Aquaculture Newtwork, Vol: II. No: 3 pp. 23, 1993.
  • Masser, M.P., Rakocy J., Losordo T.M. 1992. Recirculating aquaculture tank production system, management of recirculating systems, Southern Regional Aquaculture Center, Publication No: 452 Stoneville, MS, 12 sayfa.
  • McCormick, J.H., Broderius, S.J., Fandt, J.T. 1984. Toxicity of ammonia to early life stage of green sunfish Lepomis cyanellus. Environmental Pollution 36(A):147-163.
  • Mommsen, T.P, Hochachka P.W. 1988. The purine nucleotide cycle as two temporally separated metabolic units: a study on trout muscle. Met. Clin. Exp. 37: 552–556.
  • Okumuş, İ., 2002. Rainbow trout broodstock management and seed production in Turkey: present practices, constrains and the future. Turkish J. Fish. and Aquat. Sci. 2: 41-56.
  • Olson, K.R., Fromm P.O. 1971. Excretion of urea by two teleosts exposed to different concentrations of ambient ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 40A:999-1007.
  • Randall, D.J., Tusi T.K.N. 2002. Ammonia toxicity in fish. Marine Pol. Bull., 45: 17-23.
  • Rasmussen, R.S., Korsgaard B. 1998. Ammonia and urea in plasma of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.) in response to external ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 120A:163-168.
  • Russo, R.C., Smith, C.E., Thurston, R.V. 1974. Acute toxicity of nitrite to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Journal of the Fisheries research Board of Canada. 31:1653-1655.
  • Russo, R.C., Thurston, R.V. 1991. Toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to fishes. Brune, D. E., Tomasso, J.R. (Ed.) Aquaculture and water quality. The World aquaculture Society, LSU., USA., 58-89.
  • Steele, S.L., Chadwick T.D., Wright P.A. 2001. Ammonia detoxification and localization of urea cycle enzyme activity in embryos of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in relation to early tolerance to high environmental ammonia levels. J. Exp. Bio. 204: 2145-2154.
  • Sprague, J.B. 1978. Measurement of pollutant toxicity to fish: III. Sublethal effects and ‘‘safe’’ concentrations. Water Res. 5:245-266.
  • Sprague, J.B. 1990. Aquatic Toxicology. In: Methods for fish biology (Bölüm 15), Schreck, C.B., Moyle, P.B. (Ed.). Am. Fish. Soc., USA., 491-528.
  • Thurston, R.V., Russo, R.C., Smith, C.E. 1978. Acute toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to cutthroat trout fry. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107:361-368.
  • Thurston, R.V. Chakoumakos C., Russo R.C., 1981. Effect of fluctuating exposures on the acute toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) and cutthroat trout (S. clarki). Water Res. 15:911-917.
  • Thurston, R.V., Russo R.C. 1983. Acute toxicity of ammonia to rainbow trout. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 112: 696-704.
  • TUİK.2007. Su ürünleri istatistikleri. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Başkanlığı, Ankara, 62 sayfa.
  • Twitchen, I.D., Eddy, F.B. 1994. Effects of ammonia on sodium balance in juvenile rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum. Aquat. Toxicol. 30: 27-45.
  • Wicks, B.J., Randall D.J. 2002a. The effect of feeding and fasting on ammonia toxicity in juvenile rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. Aquat. Toxicol. 59: 71–82.
  • Wicks, B.J., Randall D.J. 2002b. The effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on fed and unfed rainbow trout: the role of glutamine in the regulation of ammonia. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 132: 275–285.
  • Wicks, B.J., Tang Q., Joensen R., Randall D.J. 2002. Swimming and ammonia toxicity in salmonids: the effect of sub lethal ammonia exposure on the swimming performance of coho salmon and the acute toxicity of ammonia in swimming and resting rainbow trout. Aquat. Toxicol. 59: 55–69
  • Wilkie, M.P., Wood C.M. 1991. Nitrogenous waste excretion, acidbase regulation, and ion regulation in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to extremely alkaline water. Physiol. Zoo. 64( 4): 1069-1086.
  • Wilson, R.W., Taylor E.W. 1992. Transbranchial ammonia gradients and acid-base responses to high external ammoniain rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) acclimated to different salinities. J. Exp. Biol. 166: 95-106.
  • Wood, C.M. 1993. Ammonia and urea metabolism and excretion. In: The Physiology of Fishes (Bölüm 13), Evans D.H. (Ed.). CRC Press, FL, ABD, 379-426.
Toplam 39 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Diğer ID JA53VV27ZM
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Mehmet Kır Bu kişi benim

Tülin Arslan Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Ocak 2006
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2006 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Kır, M., & Arslan, T. (2006). Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 2(1).
AMA Kır M, Arslan T. Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi. SDU-JEFF. Nisan 2006;2(1).
Chicago Kır, Mehmet, ve Tülin Arslan. “Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık Ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2, sy. 1 (Nisan 2006).
EndNote Kır M, Arslan T (01 Nisan 2006) Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2 1
IEEE M. Kır ve T. Arslan, “Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi”, SDU-JEFF, c. 2, sy. 1, 2006.
ISNAD Kır, Mehmet - Arslan, Tülin. “Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık Ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi 2/1 (Nisan 2006).
JAMA Kır M, Arslan T. Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi. SDU-JEFF. 2006;2.
MLA Kır, Mehmet ve Tülin Arslan. “Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus Mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık Ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi”. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Eğirdir Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi, c. 2, sy. 1, 2006.
Vancouver Kır M, Arslan T. Gökkuşağı Alabalığı (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1792) Yavrularında Ağırlık ve Akut Amonyak Toksisitesi İlişkisi. SDU-JEFF. 2006;2(1).