Tarımsal Verimlilik, İklim Duyarlılığı ve Enerji-Emisyon İlişkisi: Küresel Ekonomiler Üzerine Üç Katmanlı Panel Ricardian Analizi

Öz

Bu çalışma, iklim hassasiyeti, enerji yoğunluğu ve emisyonlar arasındaki ilişkiye odaklanarak tarımsal verimliliğin belirleyicilerini incelemektedir. Dünya Bankası verilerini (2000–2021) kullanan araştırma, küresel ekonomik ölçekleri ve tarımsal potansiyelleri nedeniyle seçilen 21 büyük ekonomiyi analiz etmektedir. Üç Aşamalı Panel Ricardian Çerçevesi (Three-Tier Panel Ricardian Framework) uygulanarak ülkeler, iklim dalgalanmalarına karşı tarımsal kırılganlıklarına göre düşük, orta ve yüksek hassasiyetli gruplara ayrılmıştır. Model; işçi başına tarımsal katma değeri, yağış miktarı, metan emisyonu, sulama, enerji yoğunluğu ve kişi başına düşen Gayri Safi Yurt İçi Hasıla (GSYİH) değişkenlerine göre değerlendirmektedir. Modelde otokorelasyon, değişen varyans ve yatay kesit bağımlılığının eş zamanlı olarak bulunması, standart Sabit Etkiler (FE) veya geleneksel dirençli (robust) standart hataların güvenilir çıkarımlar yapmak için yetersiz olduğunu kanıtlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, modeli tahmin etmek için kümelenmiş dirençli (clustered robust) standart hatalara sahip Sabit Etkiler (FE) yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuçlar, yağış miktarı ile verimlilik arasında doğrusal olmayan, ters U şeklinde bir ilişki olduğunu doğrulamakta ve Ricardian hipotezini geçerli kılmaktadır. Kritik bir bulgu olarak, enerji yoğunluğunun verimlilik üzerindeki ciddi negatif etkisi (esneklik: -1,10), verimsizliği temel bir yapısal engel olarak tanımlamaktadır. Kişi başına düşen GSYİH verimliliği önemli ölçüde desteklerken (0,52), metan emisyonları ayrışmış (decoupled) bir ilişki sergilemektedir. Karşılaştırmalı analizler, yüksek hassasiyetli ülkelerin, optimal eşiklerin ötesinde gelişmiş ekonomilere göre daha sert verimlilik düşüşleriyle karşı karşıya kaldığını ortaya koymaktadır. Nihayetinde bu sonuçlar, küresel verimlilik farkının kapatılmasının, enerji modernizasyonunu gruba özgü iklim adaptasyon stratejileriyle bütünleştiren politika odaklı tarımsal dayanıklılığa doğru bir geçiş gerektirdiğinin altını çizmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Panel Ricardian Analizi
• İklim Duyarlılığı Eşikleri
• Enerji Yoğunluğu ve Verimliliği
• Yapısal Farklılaşma
• Politika Odaklı Dirençlilik.

Etik Beyan

Yazarlar, makaleye eşit oranda katkıda bulunduklarını beyan ederler. Makale yazarları, herhangi bir çıkar çatışması bulunmadığını beyan ederler.

Teşekkür

Yazarlar, bu taslağın kalitesini önemli ölçüde artıran içgörülü yorumları ve değerli önerileri için isimsiz hakemlere ve yayın kuruluna içten teşekkürlerini sunarlar.

Agricultural Efficiency, Climate Sensitivity, and the Energy-Emissions Nexus: A Three-Tier Panel Ricardian Analysis of Global Economies

Öz

This study investigates agricultural efficiency determinants by focusing on the nexus between climate sensitivity, energy intensity, and emissions. Utilizing World Bank data (2000–2021), the research analyzes 21 major economies selected for their global economic scale and agricultural potential. Employing a Three-Tier Panel Ricardian Framework, nations are categorized into low, medium, and high sensitivity groups according to their agricultural vulnerability to climate fluctuations. The model evaluates agricultural value-added per worker against precipitation, methane emissions, irrigation, energy intensity, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita. The simultaneous presence of autocorrelation, heteroscedasticity, and cross-sectional dependence within the model demonstrates that standard Fixed Effects (FE) or conventional robust standard errors are insufficient for reliable inference. Thus, FE estimation with clustered robust is used to estimate model. Results confirm a non-linear, inverted U-shaped relationship between precipitation and productivity, validating the Ricardian hypothesis. A critical finding is the substantial negative impact of energy intensity (elasticity: -1.10), identifying inefficiency as a primary structural barrier. While GDP per capita significantly bolsters efficiency (0.52), methane emissions exhibit a decoupled relationship. Comparative analysis reveals that high-sensitivity nations face steeper productivity declines beyond optimal thresholds than advanced economies. Ultimately, these results underscore that narrowing the global productivity gap requires a shift toward policy-driven agricultural resilience, integrating energy modernization with group-specific climate adaptation strategies.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Panel Ricardian Analysis
• Climate Sensitivity Thresholds
• Energy Intensity and Efficiency
• Structural Divergence
• Policy-Driven Resilience

Etik Beyan

The authors declare that they have contributed equally to the article. The authors of the articles declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Teşekkür

The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude to the anonymous reviewers and the editorial board for their insightful comments and valuable suggestions, which significantly improved the quality of this manuscript.

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