Öz
Estimates of forest area vary according to source and definition. How forest is defined can influence how deforestation, reforestation and afforestation can be interpreted. This paper, for example, illustrates some of the difference for estimates of forest land in Turkey and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations and how different definitions of forest may be interpreted for deforestation, reforestation, and afforestation. Lastly I provide some suggestions for developing clearer definitions. Forest, deforestation, reforestation, afforestation, Turkey.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Orman ormansızlaşma tekrar (yeniden) ormanlaştırma ormanlaştırma Türkiye.
Kaynakça
- Atasoy, M., C. Biyik, O. Demir and F. Karsli, 2004. A sound approach for resolving the forest property problems with digital photogrammetric method. International Archives of Photogrammetry. 35; 442-446. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxv/congress/comm7/papers/86.pdf
- Ayanoğlu, S., n.d. Legal Basis of Property Rights on Forestlands. University of Istanbul Department of Environmental & Forest Law, Istanbul, Turkey. 18 p. http://www.cepf-eu.org/vedl/Property%20Rights-turkey.pdf
- Edmund, 2012. Forest Survey Commissions in Turkey are misdirected to classify all forest as State Forest. Turkish Forest Laws and Property Rights. http://turkeyforest.blogspot.com/2012/03/forest-survey-commissions-in-turkey-are.html FAO, 2010a. Terms and Definitions. Global Forest Resource Assessment. Working Paper 144/E.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 27 p. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am665e/am665e00.pdf FAO, 2010b. Turkey. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Report FRA2010/214.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/diger/iklim/Dokumanlar/RAPORLAR/FRA_2010.pdfGDF, 1956. Forest Law 6831. Republic of Turkey.
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry. General Directorate of Forestry. 22 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/dgf6831law.pdf GDF, 2009. State of Turkey's Forests. Republic of Turkey.
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry. General Directorate of Forestry. Forest Administration and Planning Department. 28 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/Publications/stateofforests.pdf
- Guneş, Y., and A.A. Coşkun. 2008? Trends In Forest Ownership, Forest Resources Tenure And Institutional Arrangements: Are They Contributing To Better Forest Management And Poverty Reduction? A Case Study From Turkey. 20 p. http://www.fao.org/forestry/16407-0c0665eddd86a68c9fbbc87cdde52501c.pdf
- eurasscience.com 16
- Knuth, L. 2005. Legal and institutional aspects of urban, peri-urban forestry and greening: A working paper for discussion. FAO Legal Papers Online #48. 40 p. http://www.fao.org
- /fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/lpo48.pdf
- Lund, H. G., 1999. Accountability of afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation. In: Proceedings Japanese Forestry Society Annual Convention - Global Environmental Issues and World Forests, Matsuyama, Japan, 2-5 April 1999. 16 p. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23558481/ACCOUNTABILITY-OFDEFORESTATION-AFFORESTATIONAND-REFORESTATION
- Lund, H. G., 2002. Coming to terms with politicians and definitions. In: Forest terminology: living expert knowledge – how to get society to understand forest terminology. Proceedings of IUFRO 6.03.02/SilvaVoc Group, IUFRO World Congress, 7-12 August 2000, Malaysia. IUFRO Occasional Paper 14. 23-44. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/552/387/op14.pdf
- Lund, H. G., 2013. Definitions of forest, deforestation, reforestation and afforestation. [Online report].
- Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. Misc. Pagination. http://home.comcast.net/%7Egyde/DEFpaper.htm. MFWA. 2013. Ormancilik İstatistikleri - Forestry Statistics 2011. Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (MFWA). 134 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/Dkmanlar/istatistikler/Ormancilik-Istatistikleri_2011.pdf
- Ok, K., and B. Kayacan, 2005. Assessing the Situation of Non-forest Private Woodlands: The Turkish Case. Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, 4(3): 311-324. http://akademikpersonel.duzce.edu.tr/bekirkayacan/diger/bekirkayacan09.03.2013_22.32.25diger.pdf
- Schoene, D., W. Killmann, H. von Lüpke and M. Loyche Wilkie, 2007. Definitional issues related to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries FAO Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 5. 29 p. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
- Yalçin, G., 2012. Forest and Cadastre in Turkey and Sustainable Development. FIG Working Week 2012. Knowing to manage the territory, protect the environment, evaluate the cultural heritage. Rome, Italy, 6-10 May 2012. 8 p. http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2012/papers/ts09l/TS09L_yalcin_5637.pdf
Öz
Orman alanına ilişkin tahminler çeşitli kaynaklarda değişik tanımlara göre farklılık arzeder. Ormanın nasıl tanımlandığı ormansızlaşma, tekrar ormanlaştırma ve ormanlaştırmanın nasıl yorumlanabileceğini de etkileyebilir. İşte bu makale, Türkiye’de orman sahalarına ilişkin tahminlerin FAO’dan farklılıklarını ve ormanın farklı tanımlarının ormansızlaşma, tekrar ormanlaştırma ve ormanlaştırma açısından nasıl yorumlanabileceğini örneklendirmektedir. Ardından, daha açık tanımlar geliştirmeye yönelik bazı öneriler ortaya koyuyorum.
Keywords:Orman, ormansızlaşma, tekrar (yeniden) ormanlaştırma, ormanlaştırma, Türkiye.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Orman ormansızlaşma tekrar (yeniden) ormanlaştırma ormanlaştırma Türkiye.
Kaynakça
- Atasoy, M., C. Biyik, O. Demir and F. Karsli, 2004. A sound approach for resolving the forest property problems with digital photogrammetric method. International Archives of Photogrammetry. 35; 442-446. http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/xxxv/congress/comm7/papers/86.pdf
- Ayanoğlu, S., n.d. Legal Basis of Property Rights on Forestlands. University of Istanbul Department of Environmental & Forest Law, Istanbul, Turkey. 18 p. http://www.cepf-eu.org/vedl/Property%20Rights-turkey.pdf
- Edmund, 2012. Forest Survey Commissions in Turkey are misdirected to classify all forest as State Forest. Turkish Forest Laws and Property Rights. http://turkeyforest.blogspot.com/2012/03/forest-survey-commissions-in-turkey-are.html FAO, 2010a. Terms and Definitions. Global Forest Resource Assessment. Working Paper 144/E.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. 27 p. http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/am665e/am665e00.pdf FAO, 2010b. Turkey. Global Forest Resources Assessment 2010 Country Report FRA2010/214.
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/diger/iklim/Dokumanlar/RAPORLAR/FRA_2010.pdfGDF, 1956. Forest Law 6831. Republic of Turkey.
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry. General Directorate of Forestry. 22 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/dgf6831law.pdf GDF, 2009. State of Turkey's Forests. Republic of Turkey.
- Ministry of Environment and Forestry. General Directorate of Forestry. Forest Administration and Planning Department. 28 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/languages/English/dokumanlar/Publications/stateofforests.pdf
- Guneş, Y., and A.A. Coşkun. 2008? Trends In Forest Ownership, Forest Resources Tenure And Institutional Arrangements: Are They Contributing To Better Forest Management And Poverty Reduction? A Case Study From Turkey. 20 p. http://www.fao.org/forestry/16407-0c0665eddd86a68c9fbbc87cdde52501c.pdf
- eurasscience.com 16
- Knuth, L. 2005. Legal and institutional aspects of urban, peri-urban forestry and greening: A working paper for discussion. FAO Legal Papers Online #48. 40 p. http://www.fao.org
- /fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/lpo48.pdf
- Lund, H. G., 1999. Accountability of afforestation, reforestation, and deforestation. In: Proceedings Japanese Forestry Society Annual Convention - Global Environmental Issues and World Forests, Matsuyama, Japan, 2-5 April 1999. 16 p. http://www.docstoc.com/docs/23558481/ACCOUNTABILITY-OFDEFORESTATION-AFFORESTATIONAND-REFORESTATION
- Lund, H. G., 2002. Coming to terms with politicians and definitions. In: Forest terminology: living expert knowledge – how to get society to understand forest terminology. Proceedings of IUFRO 6.03.02/SilvaVoc Group, IUFRO World Congress, 7-12 August 2000, Malaysia. IUFRO Occasional Paper 14. 23-44. http://www.iufro.org/download/file/552/387/op14.pdf
- Lund, H. G., 2013. Definitions of forest, deforestation, reforestation and afforestation. [Online report].
- Gainesville, VA: Forest Information Services. Misc. Pagination. http://home.comcast.net/%7Egyde/DEFpaper.htm. MFWA. 2013. Ormancilik İstatistikleri - Forestry Statistics 2011. Turkey Ministry of Forestry and Water Affairs (MFWA). 134 p. http://web.ogm.gov.tr/Dkmanlar/istatistikler/Ormancilik-Istatistikleri_2011.pdf
- Ok, K., and B. Kayacan, 2005. Assessing the Situation of Non-forest Private Woodlands: The Turkish Case. Small-scale Forest Economics, Management and Policy, 4(3): 311-324. http://akademikpersonel.duzce.edu.tr/bekirkayacan/diger/bekirkayacan09.03.2013_22.32.25diger.pdf
- Schoene, D., W. Killmann, H. von Lüpke and M. Loyche Wilkie, 2007. Definitional issues related to reducing emissions from deforestation in developing countries FAO Forests and Climate Change Working Paper 5. 29 p. ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/j9345e/j9345e00.pdf
- Yalçin, G., 2012. Forest and Cadastre in Turkey and Sustainable Development. FIG Working Week 2012. Knowing to manage the territory, protect the environment, evaluate the cultural heritage. Rome, Italy, 6-10 May 2012. 8 p. http://www.fig.net/pub/fig2012/papers/ts09l/TS09L_yalcin_5637.pdf
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Bölüm | Makaleler |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 3 Nisan 2014 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2014 Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1 |
ISSN: 2147-7507
Avrasya Terim Dergisi