EFFECT OF LIME ON UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF A LOW PLASTICITY CLAYEY SOIL

Abstract

The performance of the superstructure in the transportation structures (railway, highway etc.) is directly affected by the characteristics of subgrade. However, it is not always possible to find the desired quality subgrade soil in the areas where both highway and railway routes. In such cases, it is an option to improve the problematic soils in place by using additives (lime, cement etc.). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of lime on the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) of a low plasticity clayey soil under different curing time (0, 1, 7 and 28 days) and different curing conditions (in a desiccator and soaked). Firstly, geotechnical tests (classification and compaction) were conducted to determine properties of soil. UCS test samples at five different lime contents (2%, 3%, 4%, 5% and 6% by weight) were prepared and cured in desiccator. Then UCS test was conducted immediately at the end of the curing time. On the other hand, the optimum lime content by weight was determined as 4 % by using the pH method. After curing time in the desiccator, the samples prepared with optimum lime content were soaked in water for 4 days and then UCS test was carried out. As a result, with the addition of lime, maximum dry density values decreased, optimum water content values increased. UCS significantly increased with both lime content and curing time. For 28 days, soaked UCS of the samples prepared with 4% optimum lime content decreased by approximately 50% according to unsoaked condition

Keywords

• Lime,stabilization,compressive strength,subgrade

Kaynakça

1. ASTM D422-63e2 (2007). Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2007, www.astm.org
2. ASTM D4318-17e1 (2017). Standard Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, www.astm.org
3. ASTM D854-14, (2014). Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2014, www.astm.org
4. ASTM D1557-12e1 (2012). Standard Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2,700 kN-m/m3)), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2012, www.astm.org
5. ASTM D6276-19 (2019). Standard Test Method for Using pH to Estimate the Soil-Lime Proportion Requirement for Soil Stabilization, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2019, www.astm.org
6. ASTM D2487-17 (2017) Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2017, www.astm.org
7. ASTM C977-18 (2018). Standard Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for Soil Stabilization, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2018, www.astm.org
8. ASTM D2166 / D2166M-16 (2016). Standard Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strength of Cohesive Soil, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2016, www.astm.org

9. Al-Mukhtar, M., Lasledj, A., Alcover, J.F., (2010). “Behaviour and mineralogy changes in lime-treated expansive soil at 20 °C.” Applied Clay Science 50 (2010), 191–198.
10. Al-Mukhtar, M., Khattab, S. and Alcover, J.F. (2012). “Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil.” Engineering Geology 139-140 (2012) 17–27.
11. Al-Mukhtar, M., Lasledj, A. and Alcover, J.F. (2014). “Lime consumption of different clayey soils.” Applied Clay Science 95 (2014) 133–145.
12. Athanasopoulou, A. (2014). “Addition of Lime and Fly Ash to Improve Highway Subgrade Soils.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2014, 26(4): 773-775.
13. Bell, F.G., (1996). “Lime stabilization of clay minerals and soils.” Eng. Geol. 42 (4), 223–237.
14. Bell, F.G.(1989). “Lime stabilization of clay soils.” Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 39, 67–74.
15. Bozbey, I. and Garaisayev, S. (2010). “Effects of soil pulverization quality on lime stabilization of an expansive clay.” Environ Earth Sci (2010)60,1137–1151.
16. Connelly, J., Jensen, W., Harmon, P. (2008). “Proctor Compaction Testing”. Nebraska Department of Roads Research Project SG-10, University of Nebraska, Lincoln.
17. Consoli, N.C., Prietto, P.D.M., Lopes Junior, L.S., Winter, D. (2014). “Control factors for the long term compressive strength of lime treated sandy clay soil.” Transportation Geotechnics 1 (2014) 129–136.
18. Consoli, N.C., Lopes Junior, L.S., Prietto, P.D.M., Festugato, L. and Cruz, R.C. (2011). “Variables Controlling Stiffness and Strength of Lime-Stabilized Soils.” J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng. 2011.137:628-632.
19. Cuisinier, O., Auriol, J.C., Le Borgne, T. and Deneele, D. (2011). “Microstructure and hydraulic conductivity of a compacted lime-treated soil.” Engineering Geology 123 (2011) 187–193.
20. Dash, S.K. and Hussain, M. (2012). “Lime Stabilization of Soils: Reappraisal.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2012, 24(6): 707-714.
21. Dash, S.K., and Hussain, M. (2015). “Influence of Lime on Shrinkage Behavior of Soils.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 04015041.
22. Diamond, S. and Kinter, E.B. (1965). “Mechanisms of Soil-Lime Stabilization: an interpretive”. Highway Research Record 92, 83-102.
23. Eades, J.L., Grim, R.E. (1966). “A quick test to determine lime requirements for lime stabilization.” Highway Research. Record 139.
24. Ghobadi, M.H., Abdilor, Y., Babazadeh, R., (2014). “Stabilization of clay soils using lime and effect of pH variations on shear strength parameters.” Bull Eng Geol Environ (2014) 73:611–619.
25. Jha, A.K, Sivapullaiah, P.V., (2015). “Mechanism of improvement in the strength and volume change behavior of lime stabilized soil.” Engineering Geology 198 (2015) 53–64.
26. Kavak, A. and Akyarlı, A. (2007). “A field application for lime stabilization.” Environ Geol 51(6):987–997.
27. Kavak, A. and Baykal, G. (2012). “Long-term behavior of lime-stabilized kaolinite clay.” Environ Earth Sci (2012) 66:1943–1955.
28. Khattab, S.A.A., Al-Mukhtar, M., and Fleureau, J.M. (2007). “Long-Term Stability Characteristics of a Lime-Treated Plastic Soil.” J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 2007, 19(4): 358-366.
29. Little, D.N., (1999). “Evaluation of Structural Properties of Lime Stabilized Soils and Aggregates.” Volume 1: Summary of Findings, The National Lime Association.
30. Little,D.N., Nair,S. (2009). “NCHRP Web-Only Document 144: Recommended practice for stabilization of subgrade soils and base material.” Contractor’s Final Task Report for NCHRP Project 20-07, Transportation Research Board of the National Academies.
31. Nicholson, P.G.,(2014). “Soil Improvement And Ground Modification Methods”. Elsevier- Butterworth Heinemann, 2014.
32. NLA, (2004). “Lime-Treated Soil construction Manual; Lime Stabilization and Lime Modification.” Bulletin 326, National Lime Association. www.lime.org
33. Qian,J., Liang, G., Ling, J. and Wang, S. (2014). “Laboratory Research on Resilient Modulus of Lime-stabilized Soil.” Geo-Shanghai 2014 (ASCE), p.158-167.
34. Rao, S. M. and Shivananda, P. (2005). “Compressibility behaviour of lime-stabilized clay.” Geotechnical and Geological Engineering (2005) 23: 309–319.
35. Robin, V., Cuisinier, O., Masrouri, F. and Javadi, A.A. (2014). “Chemo-mechanical modelling of lime treated soils.” Applied Clay Science 95 (2014) 211–219.
36. Stoltz, G., Cuisinier O., Masrouri, F., (2012). “Multi-scale analysis of the swelling and shrinkage of a lime-treated expansive clayey soil.” Applied Clay Science 61 (2012), 44–51.
37. Tuncer, E. R. and Basma, A.A. (1991). “Strength and Stress-Strain Characteristics of a Lime-Treated Cohesive Soil.” Transportation Research Record 1295, 70-79.