Treatment options in trigeminal neuralgia an update

Abstract

Trigeminal neuralgia(TN) is a severe unilateral paroxys¬mal facial pain that causes intense distress and often compromises the quality of life of the patient. The aetiology and pathophysiology of TN is still not clear. Numerous treatment options for TN are available. Medical therapy is the first choice and surgical modalities are used only when medical therapy fails. The challenge lies in assessing and selecting the treatment which best fits each patient. This article reviews the various treatment options available for trigeminal neuralgia.

Keywords

• Trigeminal Neuralgia, botulinum toxin, microvascular decompression, radiofrequency ablation

Treatment options in trigeminal neuralgia an update

Öz

Trigeminal nevralji (TN) hastanın yaşam kalitesini düşüren şiddetli, unilateral, paroksismal baş ağrısıdır. Etiyolojisi ve patofizyolojisi henüz tam olarak bilinmemektedir. Tedavisinde çok sayıda seçenek mevcuttur. Medikal tedaviler ilk tercihtir, cerrahi yöntemler ancak medikal tedavilere cevap alınamadığı durumlarda düşünülmelidir. Her hasta için tedavi yöntemi durumuna göre belirlenmelidir. Bu makalede trigeminal nevralji ve güncel tedavi seçenekleri gözden geçirildi

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Trigeminal nöralji, botilium toksin, mikrovasküler dekompresyon, radyofrekans ablasyon

Kaynakça

1. Headache classification subcommittee of the International Headache Society. The International Classification of Headache Disorders. Cephalalgia 2nd edition 2004;24(sup- pl 1):1-150.
2. Nurmikko TJ EP. Trigeminal neuralgia-pathophysiology and current treatment. Br J Anaesthesia 2001:117-32.
3. Love S CH. Trigeminal neuralgia-pathology and pathogen- esis. Brain 2001;124:2347-60.
4. Apfelbaum RI. Surgery for tic douloureux. Clin Neurosurg 1983;31:351-368.
5. Toda K. Etiology of Trigeminal Neuralgia Oral Science. International 2012;4(1):10-8.
6. Greenberg MS GMSJ. Burket's Oral Medicine, 2008;11th edition-.
7. Joffroy A, Levivier M, Massager N. Trigeminal neural- gia. Pathophysiology and treatment. Acta Neurol Belg 2001;101:20-5.
8. Benetto L, Patel NK, Fuller, G. Trigeminal neuralgia and its management. BMJ 2007;334(7586):201-5.

9. Merrill RL and Graff-Radford SB. Trigeminal neuralgia: how to rule out the wrong treatment. J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123:63-8.
10. Emril DR, Ho KY. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: role of radiofrequency ablation. J Pain Res 2010;3:249-54.
11. Hutchins LG, Harnsberger HR, Jacobs JM, Apfelbaum RI. Trigeminal neuralgia (tic douloureux): MR imaging assess- ment. Radiology 1990;175:837-41.
12. Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia feigns the terrorist. Cephalalgia 2003;23: 230-231.
13. Zakrzewska JM, Thomas DG. Patient's assessment of outcome after three surgical procedures for the man- agement of trigeminal neuralgia Acta Neurochir.(Wien) 1993;122:225-30.
14. Rogers CL, Shetter AG, Fielder AJ. Gamma knife radio- surgery for trigeminal neuralgia:the initial experience of the Barrow Neurological institute. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000;47:1013-9.
15. Chen HI Lee JY. The measurement of pain in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Neurosurg 2010;57:129-33.
16. Cheshire WP. Trigeminal neuralgia: diagnosis and treat- ment. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2005;5:79-85.
17. Cheshire WP. Trigeminal Neuralgia:for one nerve a multi- tude of treatments. Expert Rev Neurother 2007;7:1565-79.
18. Cruccu G, Gronseth G, Alksne J, et al. AAN-EFNS guide- lines on trigeminal neuralgia management Eur J Neurol
19. Fields HL. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. N Engl J Med 1996;334:1125-6.
20. Fisher A, Zakrzewska JM, Patsalos PN. Trigeminal neural- gia: current treatments and future developments. Expert Opin Emerg Drugs 2003;8:123-43.
21. Gronseth G, Cruccu G, Alksne J, et al. Practice param- eter: the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of tri- geminal neuralgia (an evidence-based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the European Federation of Neurological Societies. Neurology 2008;71:1183-90.
22. Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC. Trigeminal neuralgia Clin Evid 2005:1669-77.
23. Zakrzewska JM, Linskey ME. Trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Evid 2009;12: 1207.
24. Liu JK and Apfelbaum RI. Treatment of trigeminal neural- gia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2004;15:319-34.
25. Zakrzewska JM, McMillan R. Trigeminal neuralgia: the di- agnosis and management of this excruciating and poorly understood facial pain. Postgrad Med J 2011;87:410-6.
26. Jorns TP, Zakrzewska JM. Evidence-based approach to the medical management of trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Neurosurg 2007;21:253-61.
27. Zakrzewska JM, Lopez BC. Trigeminal neuralgia. Clin Evid 2006:1827-35.
28. Zakrzewska JM. Medical management of trigeminal neu- ralgia. Br Dent J 1990;169:112.
29. Chole R, Patil R, Degwekar SS, Bhowate RR. Drug treat- ment of trigeminal neuralgia: a systematic review of the literature. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:40-45.
30. Obermann M. Treatment options in trigeminal neuralgia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2010;3:107-15.
31. Wiffen PJ MHMRA. Carbamazepine for acute and chronic pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005;(3):CD005451-.
32. Singh G. Do no harm - But first we need to know more: The case of adverse drug reactions with antiepileptic drugs. Neurol India; 2011;59:53-8.
33. Locharernkul C, Loplumlert J, Limotai C, et al. Carbamazepine and phenytoin induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome is associated with HLA-B*1502 allele in Thai population. Epilepsia 2008;49:2087-91.
34. Tassaneeyakul W, Tiamkao S, Jantararoungtong T, et al. Association between HLA-B*1502 and carbamazepine-in- duced severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions in a Thai population. Epilepsia 2010;51:926-30.
35. Mehta TY, Prajapati LM, Mittal B, et al. Association of HLA-B*1502 allele and carbamazepine-induced Stevens- Johnson syndrome among Indians. Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol 2009;75:579-82.
36. Ferrell PB Jr MHL. Carbamazepine, HLA-B*1502 and risk of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis: US FDA recommendations. Pharmacogenomics 2008;9:1543-6.
37. Van Amelsvoort T, Bakshi R, Devaux CB, Schwabe S. Hyponatremia associated with carbamazepine and oxcar- bazepine therapy: a review. Epilepsia 1994;35(1):181-8.
38. Krysiak R OB. Carbamazepine-induced hyponatremia. Pol Arch Med Wewn 2002;117(4):73-5.
39. Zakrzewska JM and Patsalos PN. Oxcarbazepine: a new drug in the management of intractable trigeminal neural- gia J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1989;52:472-6.
40. Beydoun.A. Safety and efficacy of oxcarbazepine:results of randomized,double blind trials. Pharmacotherapy 2000; 20(8pt2):152s-8s.
41. Arguelles G J M Dorado R, Sepulveda J M. Oxcarbazepine monotherapy in carbamazepine unresponsive trigeminal neuralgia. J Clin Neurosci 2008;15:516-9.
42. Zakrzewska JM, Chaudhry Z, Nurmikko TJ, Patton DW, Mullens EL. Lamotrigine (lamictal) in refractory trigemi- nal neuralgia: results from a double-blind placebo con- trolled crossover trial Pain 1997;73:223-0.
43. Shaikh S Yaacob HB, Abd Rahman RB. Lamotrigine for tri- geminal neuralgia: efficacy and safety in comparison with carbamazepine. J Chin Med Ass 2011;74(6):243-9.
44. Benetto L, Patel NK, Fuller G. Trigeminal neuralgia and its management. BMJ 2007;334:201-5
45. Steardo L Leo A, Marano E. Efficacy of baclofen in tri- geminal neuralgia and some other painful conditions. A clinical trial. Eur neurol 1985;23(1):51-5.
46. Parmar BS Shah KH, Gandhi IC. Baclofen in trigeminal neuralgia--a clinical trial. Indian J Dent Res 1989:109-13.
47. Fromm GH, Terrence CF, Chattha AS. Baclofen in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: double-blind study and long-term follow-up. Ann Neurol 1984;15:240-4.
48. Carrazana EJ and Schachter SC. Alternative uses of la- motrigine and gabapentin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia Neurology 1998;50:1192-.
49. Obermann M, Yoon MS, Sensen K, Maschke M, Diener HC, Katsarava Z. Efficacy of pregabalin in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 2008;28:174-81.
50. Mark Obermann. Treatment options in Trigeminal Neuralgia. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2010;3(2):107-15.
51. Hall GC, Carroll D, McQuay HJ. Primary care incidence and treatment of four neuropathic pain conditions: A descrip- tive study, 2002–2005. BMC Family Practice 2008;9:26-35.
52. Domingues RB, Kuster GW, Aquino CC. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with low doses of topiramate Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2007;65:792-4.
53. Vilming ST, Lyberg T, Lataste X. Tizanidine in the manage- ment of trigeminal neuralgia. Cephalalgia 1986;6:181-2.
54. Epstein JB, Marcoe JH. Topical application of capsaicin for treatment of oral neuropathic pain and trigeminal neuralgia Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1994;77:135-40.
55. Fardy MJ, Zakrzewska JM, Patton DW. Peripheral surgical techniques for the management of trigeminal neuralgia- -alcohol and glycerol injections Acta Neurochir (Wien). 1994;129:181-4.
56. Mense S. Neurobiological basis for the use of botulinum toxin in pain therapy. J Neurol 2004;251 suppl 1:1-1/7.
57. Piovesan EJ, Teive HG, Kowacs PA, Della Coletta MV, Werneck LC, Silberstein SD. An open study of botulinum- A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia Neurology
58. Zakrzewska JM, Cohen J, Brown J, Alksne J, Gemillion H, Linskey M, Sirois D, Pollock B. An open study of botuli- num-A toxin treatment of trigeminal neuralgia Neurology 2006;66:1458-9.
59. Zuniga C DS. Beneficial effects of botulinum toxin type A in trigeminal neuralgia Arq Neuropsiquiatr 2008;66(3A):500-3.
60. Türk U, Ilhan S, Alp R, Sur H. Botulinum toxin and trigemi- nal neuralgia. Clinical Neuropharmacol 2005;28(4):161-2.
61. Zakrzewska JM and Patsalos PN. Long-term cohort study comparing medical (oxcarbazepine) and surgical management of intractable trigeminal neuralgia. Pain 2002;95:259-66.
62. Spatz AL, Zakrzewska JM, Kay EJ. Decision analysis of medical and surgical treatments for trigeminal neural- gia: how patient evaluations of benefits and risks affect the utility of treatment decisions. Pain 2007;131:302-10.
63. Zakrzewska JM and Akram H. Neurosurgical interven- tions for the treatment of classical trigeminal neuralgia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011;9:CD007312-.
64. Reber M and Husag L. The current treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Experience in 162 thermorhizotomies Schweiz. Rundsch Med Prax 1992;81:1565-73.
65. Kanpolat Y, Savas A, Bekar A, Berk C. Percutaneous con- trolled radiofrequency trigeminal rhizotomy for the treat- ment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: 25-year experi- ence with 1,600 patients. Neurosurgery 2001;48:524-32.
66. Zakrzewska JM, Jassim S, Bulman JS. A prospective, lon- gitudinal study on patients with trigeminal neuralgia who underwent radiofrequency thermocoagulation of the Gasserian ganglion. Pain 1999;79:51-8.
67. Guin PR. Radiofrequency lesions-a treatment for trigemi- nal neuralgia. J Neurosurg Nurs 1982;14:192-4.
68. Chen L, Xu M, Zou Y. Treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with percutaneous glycerol injection into Meckel's cav- ity: experience in 4012 patients Cell Biochem. Biophys 2010;58:85-9.
69. Frank F and Fabrizi AP. Percutaneous surgical treat- ment of trigeminal neuralgia Acta Neurochir (Wien) 1989;97:128-30.
70. Henson CF, Goldman HW, Rosenwasser RH, et al. Glycerol rhizotomy versus gamma knife radiosurgery for the treat- ment of trigeminal neuralgia: an analysis of patients treated at one institution. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;63:82-90.
71. Keravel Y, Gaston A, Ciampi de AD, Mencattini G, Le GC. (Balloon compression for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia) Neurochirurgie 2009;55:197-202.
72. Omeis I, Smith D, Kim S, Murali R. Percutaneous balloon compression for the treatment of recurrent trigeminal neuralgia: long-term outcome in 29 patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2008;86:259-65.
73. Peker S and Sengoz M. Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of pain. Agri 2007;19:11-5.
74. Kondziolka D, Lunsford LD, Flickinger JC. Stereotactic radiosurgery for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. Clin J Pain 2002;18:42-7.
75. Lopez BC, Hamlyn PJ, Zakrzewska JM. Stereotactic radio- surgery for primary trigeminal neuralgia: state of the ev- idence and recommendations for future reports. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1019-24.
76. Dhople AA, Adams JR, Maggio WW, Naqvi SA, Regine WF, Kwok Y. Long-term outcomes of Gamma Knife radiosur- gery for classic trigeminal neuralgia: implications of treatment and critical review of the literature. Clinical article. J Neurosurg 2009;111:351-8.
77. Park YS, Kim JP, Chang WS, Kim HY, Park YG, Chang JW. Gamma knife radiosurgery for idiopathic trigeminal neu- ralgia as primary vs. secondary treatment option Clin. Neurol.Neurosurg 2011;113:447-52.
78. Fountas KN, Smith JR, Lee GP, Jenkins PD, Cantrell RR, Sheils WC. Gamma Knife stereotactic radiosurgical treat- ment of idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia: long-term out- come and complications. Neurosurg Focus 2007;23:E8-.
79. Huang E, Teh BS, Zeck O, Woo SY, Lu HH, Chiu JK, Butler EB, Gormley WB, Carpenter LS. Gamma knife radiosurgery for treatment of trigeminal neuralgia in multiple sclero- sis patients. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2002;79:44-50.
80. Guo S, Chao ST, Reuther AM, Barnett GH, Suh JH. Review of the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia with gamma knife radiosurgery. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2008;86:135-46.
81. Regis J, Metellus P, Hayashi M. Prospective controlled tri- als of gamma knife surgery for essential trigeminal neu- ralgia. J Neurosurg 2006;104:913-24.
82. Lemos.L ACOJ. Pharmacological versus microvascular de- compression approaches for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia. J Pain Res 2011;4:233-44.
83. Broggi G FPFA. Microvascular decompression for tri- geminal neuralgia :comments on a series of 250 cases, including 10 patients with multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2000;68:59-64.
84. SC Panullo MCL. Trigeminal neuralgia: Neurosurgical management options J Am Dent Assoc 2011;127:1635-9.
85. Klun B. Microvascular decompression and partial senso- ry rhizotomy in the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: personal experience with 220 patients. Neurosurgery 1992;30:49-52.