BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 12, 10 - 16, 21.03.2016

Göknur Kalkan Ayşe Serap Karadağ

Öz

Psöriyazis ve kardiyovasküler hastalık arasındaki ilişki son yıllardaki epidemiyolojik veriler ile desteklenmiştir. Psöriyazis hastalarında kardiyovasküler hastalıklarının birlikte görülme sıklığının artmasından dolayı dermatoloji uzmanları bu hastalığını bir sistemik hastalık olarak düşünmeli ve dikkatli olmalıdır. Bundan dolayı çalışmalar psöriyazis hastalığında kardiyovasküler hastalık gelişme riskini araştırmaya, özel stratejilerin ve kılavuzların geliştirelebilmesine yoğunlaşmıştır

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kardiyovasküler hastalık metabolik sendrom inflamasyon psöriyazis

Kaynakça

  • Overview ofpsoriasis and guidelines of care for the treat- ment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:826-50, 2008
  • Singh G, Aneja SP. Cardiovascular comorbiditiy in psoria- sis. Indian J Dermatol 2011 Sep-Oct;56(5):553-6.
  • Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM.Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J AmAcad Dermatol 2006; 55: 829–35.
  • Gelfand JM, Troxel AB, Lewis JD et al. The risk of mortal- ity in patientswith psoriasis: results from a population- based study. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 1493-9.
  • Kaye JA, Li L, Jick SS. Incidence of risk factors for myo- cardial infarction and other vascular diseases in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 895-902.
  • Makgoba MW, Sanders ME, Shaw S. The CD2-LFA-3 and LFA-1-ICAM pathways: relevance to T-cell recognition. Immunol Today 1989; 10: 417-22.
  • Das RP, Jain AK, Ramesh V. Current concepts in the patho- genesis of psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:7–12.
  • Krueger JG, Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:30–6.
  • Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1685–95.
  • Blauvelt A. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treat- ment of psoriasis: key roles for IL-23, IL-17A anf TGF-β 1. Expert Rev Dermatol 2007;2:69–78.
  • Torti DC, Feldman SR. Interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and psoriasis: current prospects. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:1059–68.
  • Ranjbaran H, Sokol SI, Gallo A, et al. An inflammatory pathway of IFN-gamma production in coronary athero- sclerosis. J Immunol 2007;178:592–604.
  • Hansson GK, Robertson AK, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2006: 1: 297–329.
  • Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis:a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006: 6:508–19.
  • Kremers HM, McEvoy MT, Dann FJ, Gabriel SE. Heart dis- ease in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007: 57: 347–54.
  • Stenderup K, Rosada C, Worsaae A, et al. Interleukin-20 plays a critical role in maintenance and development of psoriasis in the human xenograft transplantation model. Br J Dermatol 2009: 160: 284–96
  • Piérard-franchimont C, Quatresooz P, Piérard GE, Scheen AJ.The psoriasis--metabolic syndrome comorbidity, a complex multigenic disease. Rev Med Liege 2012;67(5- 6):337-40.
  • Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein,the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident car- diovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14,719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003: 107: 391–7.
  • Friedewald VE, Cather JC, Gelfand JM, et al. AJC edi- tor’s consensus: psoriasis and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2008:102:1631–43.
  • Guthikonda S, Haynes WG. Homocysteine: role and im- plications in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006: 8:100-6.
  • Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. Psoriasis and atherothrombotic diseases: disease-specific and non-disease-specific risk factors. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009:35:313–24.
  • Malerba M, Gisondi P, Radaeli A, Sala R, Calzavara Pinton PG, Girolomoni G. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2006:155:1165–9.
  • Tobin AM, Hughes R, Hand EB, Leong T, Graham IM, Kirby B. Homocysteine status and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36(1):19-23.
  • Balci DD, Balci A, Karazincir S, Ucar E, Lyigun U, Yalcin F, et al. Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and impaired endothelial function in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:1–6.
  • Ludwig RJ, Herzog C, Rostock A, et al. Psoriasis: a pos- sible risk factor for development of coronary artery calci- fication. Br J Dermatol 2007:156:271–6.
  • Gisondi P, Fantin F, Del Giglio M, et al. Chronic plaque psoriasis is associated with increased arterial stiffness. Dermatology 2009:218:110–3.
  • Soy M, Yildiz M, Sevki Uyanik M, et al. Susceptibility to atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis and psori- atic arthritis as determined by carotid-femoral (aortic) pulsewave velocity measurement. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009: 62:96–9.
  • Kimball AB, Robinson D Jr, Wu Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among psoriasis patients in two US healthcare databases, 2001–2002. Dermatology 2008: 217:27–37.
  • Xiao J, Chen LH, Tu YT, Deng XH, Tao J. Prevalence of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis in central china. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:1311–5.
  • Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Miret M, Meier CR. Psoriasis and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischaemic attack: an inception cohort study with a nested case-con- trol analysis. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1048–56.
  • Cohen AD, Gilutz H, Henkin Y, et al. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:506–9.
  • Ahmed EF, Seliem MK, El-kamel MF, Abdelgawad MM, Shady I. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Egyptian patients with psoriasis. Egypt J Derm and Androl 2009;29:91–100.
  • Gelfand JM, Yeung H. Metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriatic disease. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2012 Jul;89:24-8.
  • Alsufyani MA, Golant AK, Lebwohl M. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:137–43.
  • Azfar RS, Gelfand JM. Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:416–22.
  • Raychaudhuri SK, Chatterjee S, Nguyen C, Kaur M, Jialal I, Raychaudhuri SP. Increased prevalence of the metabol- ic syndrome in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010;8:331–4.
  • Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004;109:II2–10.
  • Henseler T, Christophers E: Disease concomitance in pso- riasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:982-6.
  • Gisondi P, Tessari G, Conti A, et al. Prevalence of meta- bolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: A hospital- based case-control study. Br J Dermatol 157:68-73, 2007
  • Al-Rubaiy LK, Al-Rubaiy KK. Alcohol consumption and smoking: A risk factor for psoriasis. Internet J Dermatol 2006;4:2.
  • Hamminga EA, van der Lely AJ, Neumann HA, et al. Chronic inflammation in psoriasis and obesity: Implications for therapy. Med Hypotheses 67:768-73, 2006
  • Bonifati C, Ameglio F: Cytokines in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 38:241-51, 1999
  • Shapiro J, Cohen AD, David M, et al. The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus and atherosclero- sis in Israel: A case control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:629–34.
  • Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Meier CR. Psoriasis and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus: A population-based study. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1331–7.
  • Karadag AS, Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT, et al. Is psoriasis a pre- atherosclerotic disease? Increased insulin resistance and impaired endothelial function in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2010;49(6):642-6.
  • Mehta NN, Li R, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Abnormal lipo- protein particles and cholesterol efflux capacity in pa- tients with psoriasis. Atherosclerosis 2012;224(1):218-21. Epub 2012 21.
  • Pietrzak A, Kadzielewski J, Janowski K, et al. Lipoprotein (a) in patients with psoriasis: Associations with lipid pro- files and disease severity. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:379–87.
  • Ena P, Madeddu P, Glorioso N, Cerimele D, Rappelli A. High prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and enhanced activity of the renin-angiotensin system in psoriatic pa- tients. Acta Cardiol 1985;40:199–205.
  • Ghiasi M, Nouri M, Abbasi A, Hatami P, Abbasi MA, Nourijelyani K. Psoriasis and increased prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Indian J Dermatol 2011;56(5):533-6.
  • Herron MD, Hinckley M, Hoffman MS, et al. Impact of obe- sity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and manage- ment. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1527-34.
  • Setty AR, Curhan G, Choi HK. Smoking and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses’ health study II. Am J Med 120:953-9, 2007
  • Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Leffondre K, et al. Relationship between smoking and the clinical severity of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 141:1580-4, 2005
  • Orosz Z, Csiszar A, Labinskyy N, et al. Cigarette smoke- induced proinflammatory alterations in the endothelial phenotype: Role of NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H130-9,2007
  • Farkas A, Kemeny L. Psoriasis and alcohol: Is cutane- ous ethanol one of the missing links? Br J Dermatol 2010;162:711–6.
  • Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J, et al. Alcohol in- take: A risk factor for psoriasis in young and middle aged men? BMJ 300:780-3,1990
  • Gerdes S, Zahl VA, Weichenthal M, Mrowietz U. Smoking and Alcohol intake in severely affected patiens with pso- riasis in Germany. Dermatology 2010;220:38–43.
  • Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA.Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis 2007: 190: 1–9.
  • Corbetta S, Angioni R, Cattaneo A, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. Effects of retinoid therapy on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and circulating adipocytokines. Eur J Endocrinol 2006:154: 83–6.
  • McDonald I, Connolly M, Tobin AM. A review of psoria- sis, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its impact on folate and homocysteine metabolism. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:965385. Epub 2012 29.
  • Prodanovich S, Prodanowich S,Ma F. Methotrexate reduc- es incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with pso- riasis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005: 52: 262–7.
  • Hurlimann D, Forster A, Noll G, et al. Anti-tumor necro- sis factor-alpha treatment improves endothelial func- tion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation 2002;106:2184–7.
  • Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1213–8.
  • Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, et al. Discontinuation of nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:2472–6.
  • Shirinsky IV, Shirinsky VS. Efficacy of simvastatin in plaque psoriasis:A pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:529–31.

The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases

Yıl 2013, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 12, 10 - 16, 21.03.2016

Göknur Kalkan Ayşe Serap Karadağ

Öz

The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular disease risk has been supported by recent epidemiological data. Because of increased prevalence of cardiovascular co morbidities in patients with psoriasis, dermatologists should consider the disease as a possible multisystem disease and warn these patients for the prospective negative effects of their disease. Therefore, studies should concentrate on instituting the exact mechanisms that concluding cardiovascular disease risk in psoriasis so that proper protective strategies and treatment guidelines can be created.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cardiovascular disease psoriasis metabolic syndrome inflammation psoriasis

Kaynakça

  • Overview ofpsoriasis and guidelines of care for the treat- ment of psoriasis with biologics. J Am Acad Dermatol 58:826-50, 2008
  • Singh G, Aneja SP. Cardiovascular comorbiditiy in psoria- sis. Indian J Dermatol 2011 Sep-Oct;56(5):553-6.
  • Neimann AL, Shin DB, Wang X, Margolis DJ, Troxel AB, Gelfand JM.Prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis. J AmAcad Dermatol 2006; 55: 829–35.
  • Gelfand JM, Troxel AB, Lewis JD et al. The risk of mortal- ity in patientswith psoriasis: results from a population- based study. Arch Dermatol 2007; 143: 1493-9.
  • Kaye JA, Li L, Jick SS. Incidence of risk factors for myo- cardial infarction and other vascular diseases in patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2008; 159: 895-902.
  • Makgoba MW, Sanders ME, Shaw S. The CD2-LFA-3 and LFA-1-ICAM pathways: relevance to T-cell recognition. Immunol Today 1989; 10: 417-22.
  • Das RP, Jain AK, Ramesh V. Current concepts in the patho- genesis of psoriasis. Indian J Dermatol 2009;54:7–12.
  • Krueger JG, Bowcock A. Psoriasis pathophysiology: current concepts of pathogenesis. Ann Rheum Dis 2005;64:30–6.
  • Hansson GK. Inflammation, atherosclerosis, and coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2005;352:1685–95.
  • Blauvelt A. New concepts in the pathogenesis and treat- ment of psoriasis: key roles for IL-23, IL-17A anf TGF-β 1. Expert Rev Dermatol 2007;2:69–78.
  • Torti DC, Feldman SR. Interleukin-12, interleukin-23, and psoriasis: current prospects. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:1059–68.
  • Ranjbaran H, Sokol SI, Gallo A, et al. An inflammatory pathway of IFN-gamma production in coronary athero- sclerosis. J Immunol 2007;178:592–604.
  • Hansson GK, Robertson AK, Söderberg-Nauclér C. Inflammation and atherosclerosis. Annu Rev Pathol 2006: 1: 297–329.
  • Hansson GK, Libby P. The immune response in atherosclerosis:a double-edged sword. Nat Rev Immunol 2006: 6:508–19.
  • Kremers HM, McEvoy MT, Dann FJ, Gabriel SE. Heart dis- ease in psoriasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007: 57: 347–54.
  • Stenderup K, Rosada C, Worsaae A, et al. Interleukin-20 plays a critical role in maintenance and development of psoriasis in the human xenograft transplantation model. Br J Dermatol 2009: 160: 284–96
  • Piérard-franchimont C, Quatresooz P, Piérard GE, Scheen AJ.The psoriasis--metabolic syndrome comorbidity, a complex multigenic disease. Rev Med Liege 2012;67(5- 6):337-40.
  • Ridker PM, Buring JE, Cook NR, Rifai N. C-reactive protein,the metabolic syndrome, and risk of incident car- diovascular events: an 8-year follow-up of 14,719 initially healthy American women. Circulation 2003: 107: 391–7.
  • Friedewald VE, Cather JC, Gelfand JM, et al. AJC edi- tor’s consensus: psoriasis and coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol 2008:102:1631–43.
  • Guthikonda S, Haynes WG. Homocysteine: role and im- plications in atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2006: 8:100-6.
  • Gisondi P, Girolomoni G. Psoriasis and atherothrombotic diseases: disease-specific and non-disease-specific risk factors. Semin Thromb Hemost 2009:35:313–24.
  • Malerba M, Gisondi P, Radaeli A, Sala R, Calzavara Pinton PG, Girolomoni G. Plasma homocysteine and folate levels in patients with chronic plaque psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2006:155:1165–9.
  • Tobin AM, Hughes R, Hand EB, Leong T, Graham IM, Kirby B. Homocysteine status and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with psoriasis: a case-control study. Clin Exp Dermatol 2011;36(1):19-23.
  • Balci DD, Balci A, Karazincir S, Ucar E, Lyigun U, Yalcin F, et al. Increased carotid artery intima-media thickness and impaired endothelial function in psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:1–6.
  • Ludwig RJ, Herzog C, Rostock A, et al. Psoriasis: a pos- sible risk factor for development of coronary artery calci- fication. Br J Dermatol 2007:156:271–6.
  • Gisondi P, Fantin F, Del Giglio M, et al. Chronic plaque psoriasis is associated with increased arterial stiffness. Dermatology 2009:218:110–3.
  • Soy M, Yildiz M, Sevki Uyanik M, et al. Susceptibility to atherosclerosis in patients with psoriasis and psori- atic arthritis as determined by carotid-femoral (aortic) pulsewave velocity measurement. Rev Esp Cardiol 2009: 62:96–9.
  • Kimball AB, Robinson D Jr, Wu Y, et al. Cardiovascular disease and risk factors among psoriasis patients in two US healthcare databases, 2001–2002. Dermatology 2008: 217:27–37.
  • Xiao J, Chen LH, Tu YT, Deng XH, Tao J. Prevalence of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis in central china. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009;23:1311–5.
  • Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Miret M, Meier CR. Psoriasis and risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischaemic attack: an inception cohort study with a nested case-con- trol analysis. Br J Dermatol 2009;160:1048–56.
  • Cohen AD, Gilutz H, Henkin Y, et al. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Acta Derm Venereol 2007;87:506–9.
  • Ahmed EF, Seliem MK, El-kamel MF, Abdelgawad MM, Shady I. Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in Egyptian patients with psoriasis. Egypt J Derm and Androl 2009;29:91–100.
  • Gelfand JM, Yeung H. Metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriatic disease. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2012 Jul;89:24-8.
  • Alsufyani MA, Golant AK, Lebwohl M. Psoriasis and the metabolic syndrome. Dermatol Ther 2010;23:137–43.
  • Azfar RS, Gelfand JM. Psoriasis and metabolic disease: epidemiology and pathophysiology. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:416–22.
  • Raychaudhuri SK, Chatterjee S, Nguyen C, Kaur M, Jialal I, Raychaudhuri SP. Increased prevalence of the metabol- ic syndrome in patients with psoriatic arthritis. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2010;8:331–4.
  • Willerson JT, Ridker PM. Inflammation as a cardiovascular risk factor. Circulation. 2004;109:II2–10.
  • Henseler T, Christophers E: Disease concomitance in pso- riasis. J Am Acad Dermatol 1995;32:982-6.
  • Gisondi P, Tessari G, Conti A, et al. Prevalence of meta- bolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: A hospital- based case-control study. Br J Dermatol 157:68-73, 2007
  • Al-Rubaiy LK, Al-Rubaiy KK. Alcohol consumption and smoking: A risk factor for psoriasis. Internet J Dermatol 2006;4:2.
  • Hamminga EA, van der Lely AJ, Neumann HA, et al. Chronic inflammation in psoriasis and obesity: Implications for therapy. Med Hypotheses 67:768-73, 2006
  • Bonifati C, Ameglio F: Cytokines in psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 38:241-51, 1999
  • Shapiro J, Cohen AD, David M, et al. The association between psoriasis, diabetes mellitus and atherosclero- sis in Israel: A case control study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:629–34.
  • Brauchli YB, Jick SS, Meier CR. Psoriasis and the risk of incident diabetes mellitus: A population-based study. Br J Dermatol 2008;159:1331–7.
  • Karadag AS, Yavuz B, Ertugrul DT, et al. Is psoriasis a pre- atherosclerotic disease? Increased insulin resistance and impaired endothelial function in patients with psoriasis. Int J Dermatol 2010;49(6):642-6.
  • Mehta NN, Li R, Krishnamoorthy P, et al. Abnormal lipo- protein particles and cholesterol efflux capacity in pa- tients with psoriasis. Atherosclerosis 2012;224(1):218-21. Epub 2012 21.
  • Pietrzak A, Kadzielewski J, Janowski K, et al. Lipoprotein (a) in patients with psoriasis: Associations with lipid pro- files and disease severity. Int J Dermatol 2009;48:379–87.
  • Ena P, Madeddu P, Glorioso N, Cerimele D, Rappelli A. High prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and enhanced activity of the renin-angiotensin system in psoriatic pa- tients. Acta Cardiol 1985;40:199–205.
  • Ghiasi M, Nouri M, Abbasi A, Hatami P, Abbasi MA, Nourijelyani K. Psoriasis and increased prevalence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Indian J Dermatol 2011;56(5):533-6.
  • Herron MD, Hinckley M, Hoffman MS, et al. Impact of obe- sity and smoking on psoriasis presentation and manage- ment. Arch Dermatol 2005;141:1527-34.
  • Setty AR, Curhan G, Choi HK. Smoking and the risk of psoriasis in women: Nurses’ health study II. Am J Med 120:953-9, 2007
  • Fortes C, Mastroeni S, Leffondre K, et al. Relationship between smoking and the clinical severity of psoriasis. Arch Dermatol 141:1580-4, 2005
  • Orosz Z, Csiszar A, Labinskyy N, et al. Cigarette smoke- induced proinflammatory alterations in the endothelial phenotype: Role of NAD(P)H oxidase activation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 292:H130-9,2007
  • Farkas A, Kemeny L. Psoriasis and alcohol: Is cutane- ous ethanol one of the missing links? Br J Dermatol 2010;162:711–6.
  • Poikolainen K, Reunala T, Karvonen J, et al. Alcohol in- take: A risk factor for psoriasis in young and middle aged men? BMJ 300:780-3,1990
  • Gerdes S, Zahl VA, Weichenthal M, Mrowietz U. Smoking and Alcohol intake in severely affected patiens with pso- riasis in Germany. Dermatology 2010;220:38–43.
  • Wakkee M, Thio HB, Prens EP, Sijbrands EJ, Neumann HA.Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles in untreated and treated psoriasis patients. Atherosclerosis 2007: 190: 1–9.
  • Corbetta S, Angioni R, Cattaneo A, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. Effects of retinoid therapy on insulin sensitivity, lipid profile and circulating adipocytokines. Eur J Endocrinol 2006:154: 83–6.
  • McDonald I, Connolly M, Tobin AM. A review of psoria- sis, a known risk factor for cardiovascular disease and its impact on folate and homocysteine metabolism. J Nutr Metab. 2012;2012:965385. Epub 2012 29.
  • Prodanovich S, Prodanowich S,Ma F. Methotrexate reduc- es incidence of vascular diseases in veterans with pso- riasis or rheumatoid arthritis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005: 52: 262–7.
  • Hurlimann D, Forster A, Noll G, et al. Anti-tumor necro- sis factor-alpha treatment improves endothelial func- tion in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Circulation 2002;106:2184–7.
  • Jacobsson LT, Turesson C, Gulfe A, et al. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor blockers is associated with a lower incidence of first cardiovascular events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. J Rheumatol 2005;32:1213–8.
  • Fischer LM, Schlienger RG, Matter CM, et al. Discontinuation of nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drug therapy and risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arch Intern Med 2004; 164:2472–6.
  • Shirinsky IV, Shirinsky VS. Efficacy of simvastatin in plaque psoriasis:A pilot study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;57:529–31.
Toplam 64 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Göknur Kalkan Bu kişi benim

Ayşe Serap Karadağ Bu kişi benim

Yayımlanma Tarihi 21 Mart 2016
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2013 Cilt: 10 Sayı: 12

Kaynak Göster

APA Kalkan, G., & Karadağ, A. S. (2016). The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of General Medicine, 10(12), 10-16.
AMA Kalkan G, Karadağ AS. The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of General Medicine. Mart 2016;10(12):10-16.
Chicago Kalkan, Göknur, ve Ayşe Serap Karadağ. “The Association Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Diseases”. European Journal of General Medicine 10, sy. 12 (Mart 2016): 10-16.
EndNote Kalkan G, Karadağ AS (01 Mart 2016) The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of General Medicine 10 12 10–16.
IEEE G. Kalkan ve A. S. Karadağ, “The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases”, European Journal of General Medicine, c. 10, sy. 12, ss. 10–16, 2016.
ISNAD Kalkan, Göknur - Karadağ, Ayşe Serap. “The Association Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Diseases”. European Journal of General Medicine 10/12 (Mart 2016), 10-16.
JAMA Kalkan G, Karadağ AS. The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of General Medicine. 2016;10:10–16.
MLA Kalkan, Göknur ve Ayşe Serap Karadağ. “The Association Between Psoriasis and Cardiovascular Diseases”. European Journal of General Medicine, c. 10, sy. 12, 2016, ss. 10-16.
Vancouver Kalkan G, Karadağ AS. The association between psoriasis and cardiovascular diseases. European Journal of General Medicine. 2016;10(12):10-6.