A Qualitative Study Exploring Role Of Community Pharmacy In The Irrational Use And Purchase Of Nonprescription Antibiotics In Al Ahsa

Promise  Madu Emeka; Mokhtar  Jawad Al-omar; Tahir Mehmood Khan

A Qualitative Study Exploring Role Of Community Pharmacy In The Irrational Use And Purchase Of Nonprescription Antibiotics In Al Ahsa

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 4, 230 - 234, 01.12.2012

Promise Madu Emeka Mokhtar Jawad Al-omar Tahir Mehmood Khan

Öz

Antibiotics are drugs used to treat bacterial infections, but they can cause more harm than good when not used properly. Reports have shown that non-prescription sale of antibiotics is prevalent in all communities of the world. However, the role of community pharmacy in ensuring the safe use of antibiotics in this region has not been evaluated as bacterial resistant pattern are changing, according to reports. This study was carried out in order to identify the non-prescription use/ dispensing of antibiotics and pharmacists attitude in ensuring safe use of antibiotics in the community. A qualitative study design was adopted to interview fifteen pharmacists practicing on the community pharmacies in eastern region, Al-Ahsa, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Data obtained was coded independently for the relevant themes. Findings demonstrate that consumers often request for the antibiotics without prescription, especially the antibiotics i.e amoxicillin and ciprofloxacin. Most of them purchase based on their personal experience either for prophylaxis or to get relief from the symptoms. Diarrhea and itching are the only adverse event that the pharmacists have noticed among the consumers. The current study reveals significant incidence of misuse and malpractice regarding antibiotic sale by community pharmacies in Al-Ahsa.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Kaynakça

Goossens H, Guillemot D, Ferech M, et al. National cam- paigns to improve antibiotic use. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2006 62: 373-9.
Malaysian statistics on medicine (2005) Pharmaceutical Services Division and the Clinical Research Centre. Ministry of Health Malaysia. http://www.crc.gov.my/ nmus Accessed (25 January 2009).
Ochoa C, Eiros JM, Inglada L, Vallano A, Guerra L, the Spanish Study Group on Antibiotic Treatments Assessment of antibiotic prescription in acute respiratory infections in adults. J Infect 2000 41: 73-83.
Gonzales R, Steiner JF, Sande MA. Antibiotic prescribing for adults with colds, upper respiratory tract infections, and bronchitis by ambulatory care physicians. JAMA 1997 278: 901-4.
Vanden Eng J, Marcus R, Hadler JL, et al., Consumer at- titudes and use of antibiotics. Emerg Infect Dis 2003 9: 1128-35.
Emslie MJ and Bond CM Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotics. Eur J Gen Pract 2003 9: 84-90.
Hawkings NJ, Butler CC, Wood F Antibiotics in the com- munity: A typology of user behaviours. Patient Educ Couns 2008 73:146-52.
McNulty CAM, Boyle P, Nichols T, Clappison P, Davey J. The public's attitudes to and compliance with antibiotics. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007 60: 163-8.
McNulty CAM, Boyle P, Nichols T, Clappison P and Davey J. Don't wear me out - the public's knowledge of and atti- tudes to antibiotic use. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;59: 727-38.
You JHS, Yau B, Choi KC, Chau CTS, Huang OR, Lee SS. Public knowledge, attitudes and behavior on antibiotic use: A telephone survey in Hong Kong. Infection 2008 36: 153-7.
World Health Organization Report on Infectious Diseases (2000) Overcoming antimicrobial resistance. World Health Organization. http://www.who.int/infectious- disease-report/2000.
Aref A Bin Abdulhak, Mohamad A Al Tannir, Mohammed A Almansor, et al. Non prescribed sale of antibiotics in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia: A Cross Sectional Study. BMC Public Health 2011, 11:538 http://www.biomedcentral. com/1471-2458/11/538.
Memish ZA, Balkhy HH, Shibl AM, Barrozo CP, Gray GC. Streptococcus pneumonia in Saudi Arabia: antibiotic re- sistance and serotypes of recent clinical isolates. Int. J of Antimicrobial Agents 2004, 23:32-8.
Akhtar N, Alzahrani A, Obeid Oel-T, Dassal D. In vitro cip- rofloxacin resistance patterns of gram-positive bacteria isolated from clinical specimens in a teaching hospital in Saudi Arabia. J Ayub Med Coll 2009;21(3):54-6.
Al-Harthi AA, Al-Fifi SH. Antibiotic resistance pattern and empirical therapy for urinary tract infections in children. Saudi Med J 2008;29(6):854-8.
Altalhi AD, Gherbawy YA, Hassan SA. Antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Taif, Saudi Arabia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2010;7(3):281-5.
Hassan SA, Altalhi AD, Gherbawy YA, El-Deeb BA. Bacterial load of fresh vegetables and their resistance to the cur- rently used antibiotics in Saudi Arabia. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2011;8(9):1011-8. Epub 2011; 25.
Asensio A, Guerrero A, Quereda C, Lizan M, Martinez- Ferrer M. Colonisation and infection with methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Associated factors and eradication. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17(1):20-8.
Campillo B, Dypeyron C, Richardet JP. Epidemiology of hospital-acquired infections in cirrhotic patients: effect of carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and influence of previous antibiotic therapy and norfloxa- cin prophylaxis. Epidemiol Infect 2001;127(3):443-50.
Hori S, Sunley R, Tami A, Grundmann H. The Nottingham Staphylococcus aureus population study: prevalence of MRSA among the elderly in a university hospital. J Hosp Infect 2002;50(1):25-9.
Tacconelli E, Venkataraman L, De Girolami PC, D'Agata EM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacter- aemia diagnosed at hospital admission: distinguishing be- tween community-acquired versus healthcare-associated strains. J Antimicrob Chemother 2004;53(3):474-9.
Baraboutis Ioannis G, Tsagalou Eleftheria P, Papakonstantinou I, et al . Length of exposure to the hospital environment is more important than antibiotic exposure in healthcare associated infections by methicil- lin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a comparative study. Braz J Infect Dis 2011;15(5):426-35