Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy

Yıl 2012, Cilt: 17 Sayı: 4, 166 - 170, 03.04.2013

Maja Jekovec- Vrhovsek

Öz

Abstract. Cerebral palsy (CP) is one of the most common neurologicdisorders in children, often complicated with other disabilities. Epilepsy(EPI) and learning disability (LD) are most common in these children. EPIcomplicates CP in 14-94%, depending on different type of CP being most frequentin tetraparetic children. Managing EPI in children with CP should followgeneral principles of treating EPI with special attention on possible sideeffects of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) or others drugs used for relievingsymptoms or commorbidities. The paper is reviewing current information, dealingwith epidemiology of both disorders, etiology, diagnosis of EPI in CP childrenand discuss general principles of therapy.Key words: Cerebral palsy, epilepsy,learning disability, antiepileptic treatment, side effects, spasticity, qualityof life

Anahtar Kelimeler

Cerebral palsy, epilepsy, learning disability, antiepileptic treatment, side effects, spasticity, quality of life

Kaynakça

• Ashwal S, Rust R. Child neurology in the 20th century. Pediatr Res 2003; 53: 345-361.
• Wallace JS. Epilepsy in cerebral palsy. Dev Med Ch Neurol 2001; 43: 713-717.
• Cohen M, Lahat E, Bistritzer T, Livne A, Heyman E, Rachmiel M. Evidence-based review of bone strength in children and youth with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol. 2009 Aug;24(8):959-67
• Russman BS. Disorders of Motor Execution I. cerebral palsy. In: David RB (ed) Child and Adolescent Neurology. St. Louis. Mosby 1998, pp 453-468.
• Colver AF, Gibson M, Hey EN, Jarvis SN, Mackie PC, Richmond S. Increasing rates of cerebral palsy across the severity spectrum in north-east England 1964-1993. The North of England Collaborative Cerebral Palsy Survey. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2000 Jul;83(1):F7-F12.
• Stanley FJ, Blair E, Alberman E. Cerebral palsies: epidemiology and causal pathways. London: Mac Keith 2000.
• Jan MM. Cerebral palsy: comprehensive review and update. Ann Saudi Med 2006; 26: 123-132.
• Breau LM, Camfield CS, McGrath PJ, Finley GA. Risk factors for pain in children with severe cognitive impairments. Dev Med Child Neurol 2004; 46: 364-371.
• Shapiro BK. Cerebral palsy: A reconceptualization of the spectrum. J Pediatr 2004; 145: 3-7.
• Eriksson K, Erilä T, Kivimäki T, Koivikko M. Evolution of epilepsy in children with mental retardation: five-year experience in 78 cases. Am J Ment Retard 1998; 102: 464-472.
• Koman LA, Smith BP, Shilt JS. Cerebral palsy. Lancet 2004; 363: 1619-1631.
• Johnston MV. Encephalopaties: cerebral palsy. In: Kliegman RM, Behrman RE, Jemson HB, Stanton BF (eds). Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics. (18th ed).Philadelphia. Saunders-Elsevier 2007, pp 2494- 2495.
• D'AmelioM, Shinnar S, Hauser WA. Epilepsy in children with mental retartdation and cerebral palsy. In: Devinsky o and Weatbrook LE, eds. Eppilepsy and Developmental Disabilities. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann 2001; 3-16.
• Kwong KL, Wong SN, So KT. Epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatr Neurol 1998; 19: 31-36.
• Nelson KB, Ellenberg JH. Predisposing and causative factors in childhood epilepsy. Epilepsia 1987; 28: 16-24.
• Curatolo P, Arpino C, Stazi MA, Medda E. Risk factors for the co-occurrence of partial epilepsy, cerebral palsy and mental retardation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995; 37: 776-782.
• Uvebrandt P. Hemiplegic cerebral palsy: aetiology and outcome. Acta Pediatr Scand 1988; 34: 65-68.
• Fennell EB, Dikel TN. Cognitive and neuropsychological functioning in children with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 58-63.
• McMurray JL, Jones MW, Khan JH. Cerebral palsy and the NICU graduate. Neonatal Netw 2002; 21: 53-57.
• Crothers B, Paine RS. Seizures and electroencephalography. In: The Natural History of Cerebral Palsy. Classics in Developmental Medicine No. 2. London: Mac Keith Press 1988, pp 1143- 1157.
• Hadjipanayis A, Hadjichristodoulou C, Youroukos S. Epilepsy in patients with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 1997; 39: 659-663.
• Krägeloh-Mann I, Hagberg G, Meisner C, et al. Bilateral spastic cerebral palsy--a comparative study between south-west Germany and western Sweden. I: Clinical patterns and disabilities. Dev Med Child Neurol 1993; 35: 1037-1047.
• Hassan A, Jan MM, Shaabat AO. Topiramate for The Treatment of Intractable Childhood Epilepsy. Neurosciences 2003; 8: 223-236.
• Jan MM, Shaabat AO. Clobazam for the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy. Saudi Med J 2000; 21: 622-624.
• Aarts JH, Binnie CD, Smit AM, Wilkins AJ. Selective cognitive impairment during focal and generalized epileptiform EEG activity. Brain 1984; 107: 293-308.
• Forsgren L. Epidemiology: incidence and prevalence. In: Wallace S, ed. Epilepsy in Children. London: Chapman and Hall 1996, pp 27-37.
• Zafeiriou DI, Kontopoulos EE, Tsikoulas I. Characteristics and prognosis of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. J Child Neurol 1999; 14: 289- 294.
• Carlsson M, Hagberg G, Olsson I. Clinical and aetiological aspects of epilepsy in children with cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2003; 45: 371-376.
• Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Tivadar I. An attempt to assess the quality of the epileptological service for severely mentally retarded children and adolescents. In Veličković-Perat M, editor. New developments in child neurology. The presentations from the 8th international child neurology congress; 1998 Sep 13- 17; Ljubljana. Bologna: Monduzzi editore 1998; 599-602.
• Jan MM. Assessment of the Utility of Pediatric Electroencephalograpy. Seizure 2002; 11: 289-293.
• Caraballo R, Semprino M, Cersósimo R, et al. epilepsy. Rev Neurol 2004; 38: 123-127.
• Ashwal S, Russman BS, Blasco PA et al. Practice Parameter: Diagnostic assessment of the child with cerebral palsy: Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology 2004; 62: 851-863.
• Pellock JM, Morton LD. Treatment of epilepsy in the multiply handicapped. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 2000; 6: 309-323.
• Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Tivadar I. Epilepsije pri otrocih z najtežjimi motnjami v razvoju. Med razgl 1998; 37: 307-311.
• Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Kocijancic A, Prezelj J. Effect of vitamin D and calcium on bone mineral density in children with CP and epilepsy in full-time care. Dev Med Child Neurol 2000; 42: 403-405.
• Jekovec-Vrhovsek M, Kocijancic A, Prezelj J. Quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus in children and young adults with severe cerebral palsy. Dev Med Child Neurol 2005; 47: 696-698.
• Chudnow RS, Dewey RB Jr, Lawson CR. Choreoathetosis as a side effect of gabapentin therapy in severely neurologically impaired patients. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 910-912.
• Norton JW, Quarles E. Gabapentin-related dyskinesia. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2001; 21: 623- 624.
• Palomeras E, Sanz P, Cano A, Fossas P. Dystonia in a patient treated with propranolol and gabapentin. Arch Neurol 2000; 57: 570-571.
• Caksen H, Odabaş D. Urinary retention due to clonazepam in a child with dyskinetic cerebral palsy. J Emerg Med 2004; 26: 244.
• Krach LE. Pharmacotherapy of spasticity: oral medications and intrathecal baclofen. J Child Neurol 2001; 16: 31-36.
• Hepaguşlar H, Ozzeybek D, Elar Z. The effect of cerebral palsy on the action of vecuronium with or without anticonvulsants. Anaesthesia 1999; 54: 593- 596.
• Nolan J, Chalkiadis GA, Low J, Olesch CA, Brown TC. Anaesthesia and pain management in cerebral palsy. Anaesthesia 2000; 55: 32-41.
• Delgado LD, Riela AR, Mills J, Pitt A, Browne R. Discontinuation of antiepileptic drug treatment after two seizure-free years in children with cerebral palsy. Pediatrics 1996; 97: 192-197.
• Silanpää M. Epilepsy in children: Prevalence, disability, and handicap. Epilepsia 1992; 33:444-9.
• Beckung E, Uvebrant P. Impairments, disabilities and handicaps in children and adolescents with epilepsy. Acta Paediatr 1997; 86: 254-260.