Examination of the Relationship Between High School Students' Physical Activity Levels and Perceived Social Support Levels

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between high school students’ physical activity level and perceived social support level. Additionally, the study aims to evaluate the impact of certain socio-demographic variables on these two characteristics. The study sample consisted of a total of 553 high school students studying in the Kadirli district of Osmaniye province during the 2022-2023 academic year. This group includes 167 students from the Science High School, 275 students from the Anatolian High School, and 111 students from the Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School. A 'Personal Information Form,' specifically designed for this study, was used to collect data. Additionally, the 'Cognitive Behavioural Physical Activity Questionnaire,' developed by Schembre et al. (2015) and adapted into Turkish by Eskiler et al. (2016a), was used. The revised form of the 'Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support,' developed by Zimet et al. (1988) and adapted into Turkish by Eker et al. (1995a), and revised by Eker et al. (2001), was utilized as a data collection tool. The analysis of the collected data was conducted using the SPSS software package. The research results indicate a low to moderate positive relationship between students' physical activity levels and their perceived social support levels in the sub-dimensions and total scales (p<0.01). Additionally, significant differences were found in some sub-dimensions and total scales between students' physical activity levels and perceived social support levels based on certain demographic variables (p<0.05). These findings are significant for understanding the relationship between physical activity and social support and for evaluating the impact of demographic factors on this relationship.

Keywords

• High school students
• Physical activity
• Perceived social support

Kaynakça

1. Akça, S. O., & Selen, F. (2015). Üniversite öğrencilerinin öğün atlamaları ve günlük fiziksel aktivitelerinin beden kütle indeksi (BKİ) üzerine etkisi. TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 14(5), 394-400.
2. Akköse, H. N. (2020). Lise öğrencilerinin dijital oyun oynama motivasyonları ile fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonlarının incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Gazi University Institute of Educational Sciences). Ankara.
3. Alagöz, N. (2019). Ortaöğretim öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri ile internet ve oyun bağımlılığı ilişkisi (Master's thesis, Inonu University Institute of Health Sciences). Malatya.
4. Arslansan, R. (2022). Lise öğrencilerinde gelecek beklentisinin mesleki olgunluk ve algılanan sosyal destek açısından incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Selcuk University Institute of Educational Sciences). Konya.
5. Ataş, M. (2021). Ergenlerin mobil telefonsuz kalma korkusu (nomofobi), stresle başa çıkabilme ve algılanan sosyal destek düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Necmettin Erbakan University Institute of Educational Sciences). Konya.
6. Atasoy, M., & Altun, M. (2018). Measuring cognitive behavioural physical activity levels of students aged 17-18. Journal of Education and Learning, 7(6), 150-155.
7. Aydoğan, G. (2022). Lise öğrencilerinin ebeveyn tutumları, sosyal destek düzeyleri ve okula ilişkin tutumları arasındaki ilişki: Kırklareli örneği (Master's thesis, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa Graduate School of Education). Istanbul.
8. Ayhan, C., Işık, O., & Kaçay, Z. (2021). The relationship between physical activity attitude and life satisfaction: A sample of university students in Turkey. Work, 69(3), 807-813. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-213513

9. Biddle, S. J. H., Ciaccioni, S., Thomas, G., & Vergeer, I. (2019). Physical activity and mental health in children and adolescents: A review of reviews. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 42, 146-155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2018.08.011
10. Birgün, A., Özen, E., Sevim Ugraş, B., & Sevim Pehlivan, B. (2020). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktiviteye tutum düzeylerinin incelenmesi. International Journal of Mountaineering and Climbing, 3(2), 64-75.
11. Büyüköztürk, S. (2007). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (7th ed.). Pegem Yayıncılık.
12. Çakır, E. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin fiziksel aktiviteye katılım motivasyonları ile vücut kitle indeksi arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Atatürk University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 21(1A), 30-39.
13. Caspersen, C. J., Pereira, M. A., & Curran, K. M. (2000). Changes in physical activity patterns in the United States, by sex and cross-sectional age. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1601-1609. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00013
14. Cohen, S., & McKay, G. (2020). Social support, stress, and the buffering hypothesis: A theoretical analysis. In Handbook of psychology and health, 4, 253-267. Routledge.
15. Cunningham, M. R., & Barbee, A. P. (2000). Social support. In C. Hendrick & S. S. Hendrick (Eds.), Closer relationships: A sourcebook, 273-285. Sage Publications.
16. Doğaner, S. (2019). Kamu ve özel sektör çalışanlarının fiziksel aktiviteye katılmaya yönelik tutumlarının incelenmesi. Journal of Sport Sciences Research, 4(2), 155-166.
17. Eker, D., & Arkar, H. (1995a). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 30, 121-126.
18. Eker, D., Arkar, H., & Yaldız, H. (2001). Çok boyutlu algılanan sosyal destek ölçeğinin gözden geçirilmiş formunun faktör yapısı, geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Turkish Journal of Psychiatry, 12(1), 17-25.
19. Eskiler, E., Kücükibis, F., & Gülle, M. (2016a). Bilişsel davranışçı fiziksel aktivite ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Journal of Human Sciences, 13(2), 2577-2587.
20. Eskiler, E., Küçükibiş, F., Gülle, M., & Soyer, F. (2016b). Orta dönem çocuk ergenlerde fiziksel aktiviteye yönelik tutumların sosyal pazarlama bağlamında değerlendirilmesi. In Erpa International Congresses on Education 2016. Book of Proceedings, 716-722.
21. Gill, M., Chan-Golston, A. M., Rice, L. N., Roth, S. E., Crespi, C. M., Cole, B. L., Koniak-Griffin, D., & Prelip, M. L. (2018). Correlates of social support and its association with physical activity among young adolescents. Health Education & Behaviour, 45(2), 207-216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198117714826
22. Gülbetekin, E., Güven, E., & Tuncel, O. (2021). Adolesanların dijital oyun bağımlılığı ile fiziksel aktivite tutum ve davranışlarını etkileyen faktörler. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(2), 148-160. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.866578
23. Gümüş, H., Honca, A. A., & Çetinkaya, T. (2019). Perceived social support in recreational activity participation: A study on students. Higher Education Studies, 9(1), 151-158. https://doi.org/10.5539/hes.v9n1p151
24. Haidar, A., Ranjit, N., Archer, N., & Hoelscher, D. M. (2019). Parental and peer social support is associated with healthier physical activity behaviours in adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis of Texas School Physical Activity and Nutrition (TX SPAN) data. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7001-0
25. Hazar, Z., Tekkurşun Demir, G., Namlı, S., & Türkeli, A. (2017). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin dijital oyun bağımlılığı ve fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Niğde University Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 11(3), 320-332.
26. Hilland, T. A., Ridgers, N. D., Stratton, G., & Fairclough, S. J. (2011). Associations between selected demographic, biological, school environmental, and physical education-based correlates, and adolescent physical activity. Pediatric Exercise Science, 23(1), 61-71. https://doi.org/10.1123/pes.23.1.61
27. Hilland, T. A., Stratton, G., Vinson, D., & Fairclough, S. (2009). The physical education predisposition scale: Preliminary development and validation. Journal of Sports Sciences, 27(14), 1555-1563.
28. Hudson, S. (2000). The segmentation of potential tourists: Constraint differences between men and women. Journal of Travel Research, 38(4), 363-368. https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800404
29. Hurley, D., Swann, C., Allen, M. S., Okely, A. D., & Vella, S. A. (2017). The role of community sports clubs in adolescent mental health: The perspectives of adolescent males’ parents. Qualitative Research in Sport, Exercise and Health, 9(3), 372-388. https://doi.org/10.1080/2159676X.2016.1275751
30. İlhan, A. (2018). Lise öğrencilerinin sosyal destek ile fiziksel aktivite düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis, Batman University Institute of Social Sciences). Batman.
31. İlhan, A., & Taşkın, C. (2019). Lise öğrencilerinin sosyal destek ile fiziksel aktivite düzeylerini arasindaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Journal of Academic Social Research, 98, 307-313. https://doi.org/10.29228/ASOS.36790
32. İlter, B. (2018). Sigara ve alkol kullanan lise öğrencilerinin sosyal destek algısı: Gerede örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master's thesis, Hacettepe University Institute of Social Sciences). Ankara.
33. Karasar, N. (2008). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Yayınları.
34. Kastrati, A., & Georgiev, G. (2020). Factors associated with physical activity. Sport Mont., 18(1), 75-80. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13643-023-02226-0
35. Khan, S. R., Uddin, R., Mandic, S., & Khan, A. (2020). Parental and peer support are associated with physical activity in adolescents: Evidence from 74 countries. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4435. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124435
36. Küçükibiş, H. F. (2016). Rol model alma davranışlarının ve fiziksel aktivite tutumlarının ders seçimleri üzerine etkisi (Doctoral dissertation, Sakarya University Institute of Educational Sciences). Sakarya.
37. Küçükibiş, H. F., & Eskiler, E. (2019 Fiziksel aktivitelerde sosyal destek ölçeği (FASDÖ): Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlilik ve güvenirlilik çalışması. Sivas Cumhuriyet University Journal of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 20(2), 117-127.
38. Lindsay-Smith, G., Banting, L., Eime, R., O’Sullivan, G., & Van Uffelen, J. G. (2017). The association between social support and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 14(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-017-0509-8
39. Loh, V. H., Veitch, J., Salmon, J., Cerin, E., Thornton, L., Mavoa, S., & Timperio, A. (2019). Built environment and physical activity among adolescents: The moderating effects of neighbourhood safety and social support. International Journal of Behavioural Nutrition and Physical Activity, 16(1), 132. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12966-019-0898-y
40. Matton, L., Thomis, M., Wijndaele, K., et al. (2006). Tracking of physical fitness and physical activity from youth to adulthood in females. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(6), 1114-1120. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000222840.58767.40
41. Mendonça, G., Cheng, L. A., Melo, E. N. N., & Junior, J. C. D. F. (2014). Physical activity and social support in adolescents: A systematic review. Health Education Research, 29(5), 822-839. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyu017
42. Menglong, L., & Ren, Y. (2024). Relationship among physical exercise, social support, and sense of coherence in rural left-behind children. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 169, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.11.010
43. Mermer, E. (2023). Lise öğrencilerinde bilişsel esneklik ve algılanan sosyal desteğin mutlulukla ilişkisinin incelenmesi (Master's thesis Ataturk University Institute of Educational Sciences). Erzurum.
44. Mullen, S. P., & Whaley, D. E. (2010). Age, gender, and fitness club membership: Factors related to initial involvement and sustained participation. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 8(1), 24-35.
45. Neill, R. D., Lloyd, K., Best, P., & Tully, M. A. (2020). The effects of interventions containing physical activity components on adolescent mental health: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 19, Article 100359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100359
46. Oosterhoff, B., Kaplow, J. B., Wray-Lake, L., & Gallagher, K. (2017). Activity-specific pathways between organized activity participation, social support, and adolescent well-being: Findings from a nationally representative sample. Journal of Adolescence, 60, 83-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.07.012
47. Opstoel, K., Chapelle, L., Prins, F. J., De Meester, A., Haerens, L., Van Tartwijk, J., & De Martelaer, K. (2020). Personal and social development in physical education and sports: A review study. European Physical Education Review, 26(4), 797-813. https://doi.org/10.1177/1356336X19882054
48. Orman, Y. (2016). Lise öğrencilerinde algılanan sosyal destek ile psikolojik dayanıklılık arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi: Başakşehir örneği. Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master's thesis, Nisantasi University Institute of Social Sciences). Istanbul.
49. Özhan, M. B., & Yüksel, G. (2022). The effect of school burnout on academic achievement and well-being in high school students: A holistic model proposal. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research, 8(1), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.824488
50. Parlar, F. (2019). Ortaokul öğrencilerinin beden eğitimi yatkınlıkları ile sosyal beceri düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki. Yüksek Lisans Tezi (Master's thesis, Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Educational Sciences). Trabzon.
51. Prochaska, J. J., Rodgers, M. W., & Sallis, J. F. (2002). Association of parent and peer support with adolescent physical activity. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 73(2), 206-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2002.10609010
52. Reimers, A. K., Schmidt, S. C. E., Demetriou, Y., Marzi, I., & Woll, A. (2019). Parental and peer support and modeling in relation to domain-specific physical activity participation in boys and girls from Germany. Plos One, 14(10), e0223928. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0223928
53. Ren, Z., Hu, L., Yu, J. J., Yu, Q., Chen, S., Ma, Y., Lin, J., Yang, L., Li, X., & Zou, L. (2020). The effect of social support on physical activity in Chinese adolescents: The mediating role of exercise self-efficacy. Children, 7(3), 23. https://doi.org/10.3390/children7030023
54. Sallis, J. F. (2000). Age-related decline in physical activity: A synthesis of human and animal studies. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1598-1600. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00012
55. Sarah, A. (2011). Adolescent development: Social support and semantic expressions. Journal of Psychology, 12(3), 45-58.
56. Sarvan Cengiz, S., Örcütaş, H., Ulaş, A. G., & Ateş, B. (2022). Sedanter bireylerin yeme bozukluğu, beden algısı ile fiziksel aktiviteye karşı tutum ve davranışlarının belirlenmesi. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Studies (IntJCES), 8(1), 198-214.
57. Satman, M. C. (2018). Physical activity: Beyond the known. Spormetre Journal of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, 16(4), 158-178. https://doi.org/10.1501/Sporm_0000000401
58. Scarapicchia, T. M. F., Amireault, S., Faulkner, G., & Sabiston, C. M. (2017). Social support and physical activity participation among healthy adults: A systematic review of prospective studies. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 50-83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1750984X.2016.1183222
59. Scarapicchia, T. M. F., Sabiston, C. M., Pila, E., Arbour-Nikolopoulos, K. P., & Faulkner, G. (2017). A longitudinal study of a multidimensional model of social support and physical activity during the first year of university. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 31, 11-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2017.03.011
60. Schembre, S. M., Durand, C. P., Blissmer, B. J., & Greene, G. W. (2015). Development and validation of the cognitive behavioural physical activity questionnaire. American Journal of Health Promotion, 30(1), 58-65.
61. Sheikh, M., Bay, N., Ghorbani, S., & Esfahani Nia, A. (2022). The effects of social support and physical self-efficacy on adolescents' physical activity. International Journal of Paediatrics, 10(4), 15823-15834. https://doi.org/10.22038/IJP.2022.62762.4793
62. Shen, B., Centeio, E., Garn, A., Martin, J., Kulik, N., Somers, C., & McCaughtry, N. (2018). Parental social support, perceived competence, and enjoyment in school physical activity. Journal of Sport and Health Science, 7(3), 346-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2016.01.003
63. Shennar-Golan, V., & Walter, O. (2018). Physical activity intensity among adolescents and association with parent-adolescent relationship and well-being. American Journal of Men's Health, 12(5), 1530-1540. https://doi.org/10.1177/1557988318768600
64. Singh, R. K. C., & Devi, K. S. (2013). Attitude of higher secondary level students towards games and sports. International Journal of Physical Education, Fitness and Sports, 2(4), 80-85. https://doi.org/10.26524/13421
65. Smith, A. L. (2003). Peer relationships in physical activity contexts: A road less travelled in youth sport and exercise psychology research. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 4(1), 25-39. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1469-0292(02)00015-8
66. Sorias, E. O. (1988). The concept of social support. Ege University Medical Faculty Journal, 27(1), 353-357.
67. Taymoori, P., Niknami, S., Berry, T., Ghofranipour, F., & Kazemnejad, A. (2009). Application of the health promotion model to predict exercise behaviour stages in Iranian adolescents. Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal, 15(5), 1215-1225.
68. Telama, R., & Yang, X. (2000). Decline of physical activity from youth to young adulthood in Finland. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 32(9), 1617-1622. https://doi.org/10.1097/00005768-200009000-00015
69. Tokmak, N. N. (2022). Fizyoterapi öğrencilerinin iyilik hali, fiziksel aktivite seviyesi, sedanter davranış seviyesi, fiziksel aktiviteye karşı tutum ve davranış düzeylerinin belirlenmesi (Master's thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Health Sciences). Izmir.
70. Tomik, R., Olex-Zarychta, D., & Mynarski, W. (2012). Social values of sport participation and their significance for youth attitudes towards physical education and sport. Studies in Physical Culture and Tourism, 19(2), 99-104.
71. Ünlü, C. (2010). Lise öğrencilerinde fiziksel inaktivite ve beden ölçüt düzeyleri ile öğrenim yılları arasındaki ilişki (Master's thesis, Dokuz Eylül University Institute of Health Sciences). İzmir.
72. Vazquez, C., & Schuler, B. (2020). Adolescent physical activity disparities by parent nativity status: The role of social support, family structure, and economic hardship. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 7, 1079–1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-020-00731-9
73. Vietze, D. L. (2011). Social support. In B. B. Brown & M. J. Prinstein (Eds.), Encyclopedia of adolescence, 2, 341-351. Academic Press.
74. Wilk, P., Clark, A. F., Maltby, A., Tucker, P., & Gilliland, J. A. (2018). Exploring the effect of parental influence on children's physical activity: The mediating role of children's perceptions of parental support. Preventive Medicine, 106, 79-85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.10.018
75. Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 30-41.
76. Zorba, E., & Saygın, Ö. (2009). Fiziksel aktivite ve uygunluk. İnceler Ofset.