Liverpool FC’nin İlk 6 ve Derbi Maçlarındaki Performansının İstatistiki Açıdan İncelenmesi

Yıl 2020, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 1, 72 - 86, 30.06.2020

Tolga Gitmez , İlkyaz Deniz Bilgiç , Kerem Can Demirtaş , Emre Altuğ Çimen

Öz

Bu çalışmada, İngiltere Premier Lig (EPL) takımlarından Liverpool Futbol Kulübü oyuncularının 3 (üç) sezon boyunca sergiledikleri performanslarının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın kapsamı daha belirgin olarak oyuncuların performanslarının ilk 6 ve derbi maçlarında önemli ölçüde farklılık gösterip göstermediğini incelemektir. Oyuncular (n=725), sahadaki pozisyonları gereği dörde (kaleci, savunmacı, orta saha, hücumcu) bölünmüş ve gereken performans verisi WhoScored.com üzerinden toplanmıştır. Bu veriler kişisel bilgisayarlar üzerinde kayıt altına alınmış ve IBM SPSS 25.0 ile analiz edilmiştir. Farklı istatistikler Z-Skoru ile standardize edilmiş ve ortalamaları alınmıştır, buna binaen T-Testleri ile Liverpool oyuncularının İlk 6/Derbi maçlarda sezonun geri kalanına nazaran anlamlı farklılıkta performans gösterip göstermediği incelenmiştir. Çalışmanın sonucunda, kaleciler anlamlı bir farklılıkta performans sergilemese de geri kalan oyuncuların anlamlı bir farklılıkta performans gösterdiği kanıtlanmıştır. Ek olarak, destek vektör makine (SVM) kullanımıyla maçların arasındaki fark %97.77 olarak saptanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Futbol, performans, rekabet, makine öğrenmesi

Teşekkür

Lisans eğitiminde verilen PSY214 kodlu dersimizde bizi bu makaleyi yazmaya teşvik eden Sn. Yrd. Doç. Erol Özçelik'e ve süreç boyunca yardımlarını esirgemeyen Arş. Gör. Aybegüm Memişoğlu'na teşekkür ederiz.

Liverpool FC's Performance in Top 6 and Derby Matches - A Statistical Analysis

Öz

In this study, Liverpool FC players’ performance in three English Premier League (EPL) seasons is aimed to be examined. Specifically, this papers scopes on whether players’ performances significantly differ on derbies and against Top 6 teams. Players (n=725) are divided into four groups in respect to their positions on the pitch (goalkeepers, defenders, midfielders, attackers) and their performance data is collected from WhoScored.com, a website which gathers basic and advanced statistics from football leagues all around the world. By calculating players’ different statistics with respect to their position in competition into Z-Scores and taking their average, we conducted T-Tests to measure whether Liverpool players perform significantly different in derbies/Top 6 matches and non-derby/Top 6 matches. All data are collected on personal computers and analyses are conducted on IBM SPSS 25.0. We found that goalkeepers did not perform significantly different between two types of matches while defenders, midfielders and attackers significantly differed (p<.05). In addition, we used support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to classify to differentiate two different types of matches with an accuracy of 97.77% overall.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Football, Performance, Rivalry, Machine learning

Kaynakça

• Abdullah, M. R., Musa, R. M., Bisyri, A., Maliki, H. M., & Kosni, N. A, & Suppiah, P. K. (2016). Role of psychological factors on the performance of elite soccer players. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 16(1), 170–176. https://doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2016.01027.
• Bäker, A., Mechtel, M., & Vetter, K. (2012). Beating Thy neighbor: Derby effects in German professional soccer. Jahrbücher Für Nationalökonomie Und Statistik, 232(3), 224-246. https://doi.org/10.1515/jbnst-2012-0304.
• Balduck, A., Buelens, M., & Philippaerts, R. (2010). Short-term effects of midseason coach turnover on team performance in soccer. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport, 81(3), 379-383. https://doi.org/10.1080/02701367.2010.10599686.
• Bandyopadhyay, K. (2018). Introduction: Rivalries in world soccer. Soccer & Society, 19(5-6), 639-644. https://doi.org/10.1080/14660970.2017.1399611.
• Brick, N., Fitzpatrick, B., Turkington, R., & Mallett, J. (2019). Anticipated task difficulty provokes pace conservation and slower running performance. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 51(4), 734-743. https://doi.org/10.1249/mss.0000000000001844.
• Carling, C., Williams, A., & Reilly, T. (2005). Handbook of soccer match analysis a systematic approach to improving performance (1st ed.). London: Routledge.
• Castro-Sánchez, M., Zurita-Ortega, F., Chacón-Cuberos, R., López-Gutiérrez, C., & Zafra-Santos, E. (2018). Emotional intelligence, motivational climate and levels of anxiety in athletes from different categories of sports: Analysis through structural equations. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(5), 894. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050894.
• Cronin, M. (2017). Loss, protest, and heritage: Liverpool FC and Hillsborough. The International Journal of the History of Sport, 34(3-4), 251-265. https://doi.org/10.1080/09523367.2017.1369965.
• Danish, S. J., & Male, B. D. (1981). Toward an Understanding of the Practice of Sport Psychology. Journal of Sport Psychology, 3(2), 90-99. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsp.3.2.90.
• Doran, J., & Jordan, D. (2018). The effect of geographical proximity and rivalry on performance: Evidence from the English Football League. Regional Studies, 52(11), 1559–1569. https://doi.org/10.1080/00343404.2017.1414177.
• Gilmore, S., Wagstaff, C., & Smith, J. (2017). Sports Psychology in the English Premier League: ‘It Feels Precarious and is Precarious.’ Work, Employment and Society, 32(2), 426–435. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017017713933.
• Herbert, I. (2016). England to employ full-time sports psychologists after Euro 2016 exit. 05.07.2016, https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/international/england-to-employ-full-time-psychologists-at-tournaments-after-euro-2016-elimination-a7116076.html.
• Hunter, A. (2018). Liverpool must show improvement at so-called big six, says Jürgen Klopp. 14.09.2018, https://www.theguardian.com/football/2018/sep/14/liverpool-must-show-improvement-at-so-called-big-six-says-jurgen-klopp.
• Jones, G., & Cale, A. (1997). Goal difficulty, anxiety and performance. Ergonomics, 40(3), 319-333. https://doi.org/10.1080/001401397188170.
• Jones, P., James, N., & Mellalieu, S. (2004). Possession as a performance indicator in soccer. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport, 4(1), 98-102. https://doi.org/10.1080/24748668.2004.11868295.
• Karanfil, F. (2017). An empirical analysis of European football rivalries based on on-field performances. Sport Management Review, 20(5), 468–482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smr.2016.12.003.
• Kavetsos, G. (2012). National pride: War minus the shooting. Social indicators research, 106(1), 173-185. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-011-9801-1.
• King, D. (2019). Liverpool's incredible run to the Champions League final helped contribute £575MILLION to UK economy. 21.02.2019, https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sport/football/article-6729175/Liverpools-incredible-run-Champions-League-final-helped-contribute-575MILLION-UK-economy.html.
• Kuper, S. (2005). Football against the enemy. London, UK: Orion.
• Lago-Ballesteros, J., & Lago-Peñas, C. (2010). Performance in Team Sports: Identifying the Keys to Success in Soccer. Journal of Human Kinetics, 25(1), 85-91. https://doi.org/10.2478/v10078-010-0035-0.
• Lee, J., Kim, D., & Chang, K. (2016). The Effects of local pride on derby attractiveness and team support: The case of K-League. The 28th International Sports Science Congress, 148.
• Liu, D. (2015). Evaluation on match performances of professional football players and teams under different situational conditions (Ph.D). Madrid Technical University.
• Martín, A., Sfer, A., D'Urso Villar, M., & Barraza, J. (2017). Position Affects Performance in Multiple-Object Tracking in Rugby Union Players. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1494), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01494.
• McMahon, B. (2017). Van Dijk Will Be World's most expensive defender, with Liverpool agreeing To $100M Transfer Fee. 27.12.2017, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bobbymcmahon/2017/12/27/van-dijk-now-the-worlds-expensive-defender-after-liverpool-agrees-100m-transfer-fee/#67635b77a323.
• Mills, J. P., Ing, C., Markham, T., & Guppy, F. (2018). It is not Black and White: A comparison of skin tone by playing position in the Premier League and English football. International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching, 13(3), 398-404. https://doi.org/10.1177/1747954117749747.
• Neave, N., & Wolfson, S. (2003). Testosterone, territoriality, and the “home advantage.” Physiology and Behavior, 78(2), 269–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00969-1.
• Oberhofer, H., Philippovich, T., & Winner, H. (2010). Distance matters in away games: Evidence from the German football league. Journal of Economic Psychology, 31(2), 200-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2009.11.003.
• Stavrou, N. A., Jackson, S. A., Zervas, Y., & Karteroliotis, K. (2007). Flow experience and athletes’ performance with reference to the orthogonal model of flow. The Sport Psychologist, 21(4), 438-457. https://doi.org/10.1123/tsp.21.4.438.
• Pike, B. E., Kilduff, G. J., & Galinsky, A. D. (2018). The long shadow of rivalry: Rivalry motivates performance today and tomorrow. Psychological Science, 29(5), 804–813. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797617744796.
• Premier League Player Stats - Goals. (n.d.). 01.05.2019, https://www.premierleague.com/stats/top/players/goals?se=210.
• Premier League Tables. (2019). 16.05.2019, https://www.premierleague.com/tables.
• Pugsley, K., & Rookwood, J. (2009). The ‘friendly’ derby? Examining the rivalry between supporters of Liverpool and Everton football clubs. Journal of Qualitative Research In Sports Studies, 3(1), 45-66.
• Redwood-Brown, A., O’Donoghue, P., Nevill, A., Saward, C., & Sunderland, C. (2019). Effects of playing position, pitch location, opposition ability and team ability on the technical performance of elite soccer players in different score line states. PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0211707. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0211707.
• Vealey, R. S., Low, W., Pierce, S., & Quinones-Paredes, D. (2014). Choking in Sport: ACT on It!. Journal of Sport Psychology in Action, 5(3), 156-169. https://doi.org/10.1080/21520704.2014.955226 .
• Which 'big six' Premier League boss provides the best value for money? - BBC Sport. (2018). 12.05.2018, from https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/43898708.