Yenilik Girdisi Çıktıya Dönüşüyor mu? Türkiye’de İlaç Ar-Ge Harcamaları ile Toplam Patentler ve Sağlık Patentleri Bağlantısı Üzerine Ampirik Bulgular
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 1 - 26, 12.03.2026
Alper Akpınar
,
Mahir Tosunoğlu
,
Mert Abay
,
Sedef Akgüngör
,
Bülent Kılıç
Öz
Türkiye'de yüksek katma değerli ürünlerin üretimi ve geliştirilmesi için kritik öneme sahip olan ilaç ve eczacılık sektörü, Ar-Ge yatırımları ile yeni ürünlerin piyasaya sunulmasına öncülük ederek ve sürdürülebilir büyümeyi sağlayarak uluslararası rekabet gücünü artırmayı hedeflemektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’de 1980-2020 dönemi için ilaç ve eczacılık sektöründeki Ar-Ge yatırımlarının patent üretim kapasitesi üzerindeki etkisi ARDL (Gecikmesi Dağıtılmış Otoregresif) yöntemiyle incelenmiştir. Bulgular, değişkenler arasında uzun dönem ilişkisi tespit edilmiş olup, uzun dönem tahminleri, ilaç Ar-Ge harcamalarının hem toplam patent başvurularını hem de sağlık ile ilgili patent başvurularını pozitif yönde etkilediğini göstermiştir. Ayrıca, Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde bulunan personel sayısı, toplam ve sağlık ile ilgili patent başvurularını önemli ölçüde etkilemektedir. Sağlık sektöründeki inovasyon potansiyelinin sağlık Ar-Ge yatırımları ve Ar-Ge faaliyetlerinde bulunan personel sayısı ile yakından ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.
Kaynakça
-
Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (1988). Innovation in large and small firms: An empirical analysis. American Economic Review, 78(4), 678–690.
-
Akarsu, Y. (2020). Patent Başvurularının Türkiye’nin İhracatına Etkisi. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(2), 110–124.
-
Akpınar, A., & Çelik, N. (2025). OECD Ülkelerinde Cari Açık Sorunu ve Çözüm Önerileri: DFE-ARDL Panel Model Bulguları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 46-66.
-
Belitski, M., Delgado‐Márquez, B. L., & Pedauga, L. E. (2024). Your innovation or mine? The effects of partner diversity on product and process innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 41(1), 112-137.
-
Bloom, N., Jones, C. I., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are ideas getting harder to find?. American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104-1144.
-
Bolívar-Ramos, M. T. (2017). The relation between R&D spending and patents: The moderating effect of collaboration networks. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 46, 26-38.
-
Chang-Muñoz, E. A., Guarín-García, A. F., Charris-Sevilla, Y., Gallego-Nicholls, J. F., Santos-Rojo, C., & Ortigosa-Blanch, A. (2023). Innovation activities and their impact on product innovation results: evidence from a sectorial study. Sustainability, 15(8), 6459.
-
Chen, Z., Zhang, J., & Zi, Y. (2021). A cost-benefit analysis of R&D and patents: Firm-level evidence from China. European Economic Review, 133, 103633.
-
Cockburn, I. M., & Henderson, R. M. (2001). Scale and scope in drug development: Unpacking the advantages of size in pharmaceutical research. Journal of Health Economics, 20(6), 1033–1057.
-
Das, R. C. (2020). Interplays among R&D spending, patent and income growth: New empirical evidence from the panel of countries and groups. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 18.
-
DeJong, D. N., Nankervis, J. C., Savin, N. E., & Whiteman, C. H. (1992). The power problems of unit root test in time series with autoregressive errors. Journal of econometrics, 53(1-3), 323-343.
-
Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427–431.
-
DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W., & Grabowski, H. G. (2003). The price of innovation: New estimates of drug development costs. Journal of Health Economics, 22(2), 151–185.
-
Dolado, J. J., & Lütkepohl, H. (1996). Making Wald tests work for cointegrated VAR systems. Econometric reviews, 15(4), 369-386.
-
Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933.
-
GMKA (2015). Güney Marmara Kalkınma Ajansı. Bilgi Toplumu Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı (2015–2018). T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayınları.
-
Griliches, Z. (1990). Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 28(4), 1661–1707.
-
Hall, B. H., & Ziedonis, R. H. (2001). The patent paradox revisited: An empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry, 1979–1995. RAND Journal of Economics, 32(1), 101–128.
-
Jaffe, A. B. (1986). Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms' patents, profits, and market value. American Economic Review, 76(5), 984–1001.
-
Ke, Q. (2023). Interdisciplinary research and technological impact: Evidence from biomedicine. Scientometrics, 128(4), 2035-2077.
-
Koçakoğlu, M. A., & Bayraktar, Ö. V. (2019). AR-GE harcamaları, patent başvuruları ve yüksek teknoloji içeren ürünlerin ihracat rakamları arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik bir çalışma. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 6(2), 120-128.
-
Köse, Z., & Şentürk, M. (2017). Ar-Ge-Patent Harcamaları ve Teknolojik İlerlemenin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (Akad), 9(17), 215-221.
-
Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge harcamaları, ihracat ve büyüme arasındaki ilişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 73-82.
-
Lichtenberg, F. R., Tatar, M., & Çalışkan, Z. (2014). The effect of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity, hospitalization and medical expenditure in Turkey, 1999–2010. Health Policy, 117(3), 361-373.
-
Meo, S. A., & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 18(1).
-
National Science Foundation. (2025, July 23). Global R&D and international comparisons (Science & Engineering Indicators). Alexandria, VA: NSF.
-
OECD. (2025). Research and Development Statistics (MSTI/GBARD overview). Retrieved August 25, 2025.
-
Özçelik, E., & Taymaz, E. (2008). R&D support programs in developing countries: The Turkish experience. Research Policy, 37(2), 258-275.
-
Özdemir, T. (2010). Patents and innovation in pharmaceutical industry in Turkey: The comparison of patent system with some selected countries [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
-
Palikot, E. (2023). Competition–Innovation Nexus: Product vs. Process, Does It Matter?. Econometrics, 11(3), 21.
-
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.
-
Poege, F., Harhoff, D., Gaessler, F., & Baruffaldi, S. (2019). Science quality and the value of inventions. Science advances, 5(12), eaay7323.
-
Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
-
Rambaldi, A. N., & Doran, H. E. (1996). Testing for granger non-casuality in cointegrated systems made easy. Department of Econometrics, University of New England.
-
Shelton, R. D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). Publish or patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade‐offs in national funding strategies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 498-511.
-
Sıkı, N., & Acartürk, F. (2019). Türkiye’deki ilaç Ar-Ge merkezlerinin faaliyetlerinin patent ve yenilik açısından değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 44–63.
-
Stiller, I., van Witteloostuijn, A., & Cambré, B. (2022). Determinants of radical drug innovation: A systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 72(4), 967-1016.
-
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
-
Tosunoğlu, M., & Uçal, H. (2025). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Approaches. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (67), 177-193.
-
Tosunoğlu, M., Akpınar, A., Erdemir, N. A., Aslan, T. (2025). Fiyatların Gölgesinde Doğal Kaynaklar: Türkiye’de Enflasyonun Doğal Kaynak Politikalarına Yansımaları. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 195-213.
-
Ulusoy, G., Altuğ Fayda, S. N., & İyigün Meydanlı, İ. (2010). Ar-ge projeleri için proje sonrası analiz ve risk yönetimi süreçleri. In: Öner, Atilla, (ed.) Teknik Değişimin Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi. Pan Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
-
Ünlü, H., Temel, S., & Miller, K. (2023). Understanding the drivers of patent performance of University Science Parks in Türkiye. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48(3), 842-872.
-
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). World intellectual property indicators 2024 (WIPO Publication No. 941/2024). Geneva: WIPO.
-
Wooldridge J.M. (2015). Introductory Econometrics A Modern Approach. Boston: Cengage Learning.
-
Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of business & economic statistics, 20(1), 25-44.
Does Innovation Input Affect Innovation Output? Empirical Findings on the Linkage of Pharmaceutical R&D Expenditures to Total Patents and Health Patents in Türkiye
Yıl 2026,
Cilt: 15 Sayı: 1, 1 - 26, 12.03.2026
Alper Akpınar
,
Mahir Tosunoğlu
,
Mert Abay
,
Sedef Akgüngör
,
Bülent Kılıç
Öz
The pharmaceutical and pharmacy sector in Türkiye, which is critically important for the production and development of high value-added products, aims to increase its international competitiveness by leading the introduction of new products to the market through R&D investments and ensuring sustainable growth. This study examines the impact of R&D investments in the pharmaceutical and pharmacy sector in Türkiye on patent production capacity for the period 1980-2020 using the ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag) method. The findings reveal a long-term relationship between the variables, and long-term predictions show that pharmaceutical R&D expenditures positively affect both total patent applications and health-related patent applications. Furthermore, the number of personnel engaged in R&D activities significantly impacts both total and health-related patent applications. The study demonstrates that the innovation potential in the health sector is closely related to health R&D investments and the number of personnel involved in R&D activities.
Etik Beyan
This study has been prepared in accordance with the rules of scientific research and publication ethics.
Destekleyen Kurum
TÜBİTAK/This study was supported by TUBITAK (the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey). TUBITAK-ARDEB 1004 Research Project No: 20AG006.
Kaynakça
-
Acs, Z. J., & Audretsch, D. B. (1988). Innovation in large and small firms: An empirical analysis. American Economic Review, 78(4), 678–690.
-
Akarsu, Y. (2020). Patent Başvurularının Türkiye’nin İhracatına Etkisi. Journal of International Management Educational and Economics Perspectives, 8(2), 110–124.
-
Akpınar, A., & Çelik, N. (2025). OECD Ülkelerinde Cari Açık Sorunu ve Çözüm Önerileri: DFE-ARDL Panel Model Bulguları. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 26(1), 46-66.
-
Belitski, M., Delgado‐Márquez, B. L., & Pedauga, L. E. (2024). Your innovation or mine? The effects of partner diversity on product and process innovation. Journal of Product Innovation Management, 41(1), 112-137.
-
Bloom, N., Jones, C. I., Van Reenen, J., & Webb, M. (2020). Are ideas getting harder to find?. American Economic Review, 110(4), 1104-1144.
-
Bolívar-Ramos, M. T. (2017). The relation between R&D spending and patents: The moderating effect of collaboration networks. Journal of Engineering and Technology Management, 46, 26-38.
-
Chang-Muñoz, E. A., Guarín-García, A. F., Charris-Sevilla, Y., Gallego-Nicholls, J. F., Santos-Rojo, C., & Ortigosa-Blanch, A. (2023). Innovation activities and their impact on product innovation results: evidence from a sectorial study. Sustainability, 15(8), 6459.
-
Chen, Z., Zhang, J., & Zi, Y. (2021). A cost-benefit analysis of R&D and patents: Firm-level evidence from China. European Economic Review, 133, 103633.
-
Cockburn, I. M., & Henderson, R. M. (2001). Scale and scope in drug development: Unpacking the advantages of size in pharmaceutical research. Journal of Health Economics, 20(6), 1033–1057.
-
Das, R. C. (2020). Interplays among R&D spending, patent and income growth: New empirical evidence from the panel of countries and groups. Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship, 9(1), 18.
-
DeJong, D. N., Nankervis, J. C., Savin, N. E., & Whiteman, C. H. (1992). The power problems of unit root test in time series with autoregressive errors. Journal of econometrics, 53(1-3), 323-343.
-
Dickey, D. A., & Fuller, W. A. (1979). Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 427–431.
-
DiMasi, J. A., Hansen, R. W., & Grabowski, H. G. (2003). The price of innovation: New estimates of drug development costs. Journal of Health Economics, 22(2), 151–185.
-
Dolado, J. J., & Lütkepohl, H. (1996). Making Wald tests work for cointegrated VAR systems. Econometric reviews, 15(4), 369-386.
-
Furman, J. L., Porter, M. E., & Stern, S. (2002). The determinants of national innovative capacity. Research Policy, 31(6), 899–933.
-
GMKA (2015). Güney Marmara Kalkınma Ajansı. Bilgi Toplumu Stratejisi ve Eylem Planı (2015–2018). T.C. Kalkınma Bakanlığı Yayınları.
-
Griliches, Z. (1990). Patent statistics as economic indicators: A survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 28(4), 1661–1707.
-
Hall, B. H., & Ziedonis, R. H. (2001). The patent paradox revisited: An empirical study of patenting in the U.S. semiconductor industry, 1979–1995. RAND Journal of Economics, 32(1), 101–128.
-
Jaffe, A. B. (1986). Technological opportunity and spillovers of R&D: Evidence from firms' patents, profits, and market value. American Economic Review, 76(5), 984–1001.
-
Ke, Q. (2023). Interdisciplinary research and technological impact: Evidence from biomedicine. Scientometrics, 128(4), 2035-2077.
-
Koçakoğlu, M. A., & Bayraktar, Ö. V. (2019). AR-GE harcamaları, patent başvuruları ve yüksek teknoloji içeren ürünlerin ihracat rakamları arasındaki ilişkiye yönelik bir çalışma. İktisadi Yenilik Dergisi, 6(2), 120-128.
-
Köse, Z., & Şentürk, M. (2017). Ar-Ge-Patent Harcamaları ve Teknolojik İlerlemenin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Ampirik Bir Uygulama. Akademik Araştırmalar Ve Çalışmalar Dergisi (Akad), 9(17), 215-221.
-
Külünk, İ. (2018). Türkiye’de Arge harcamaları, ihracat ve büyüme arasındaki ilişki: 1996-2016. Uluslararası Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 4(2), 73-82.
-
Lichtenberg, F. R., Tatar, M., & Çalışkan, Z. (2014). The effect of pharmaceutical innovation on longevity, hospitalization and medical expenditure in Turkey, 1999–2010. Health Policy, 117(3), 361-373.
-
Meo, S. A., & Usmani, A. M. (2014). Impact of R&D expenditures on research publications, patents and high-tech exports among European countries. European Review for Medical & Pharmacological Sciences, 18(1).
-
National Science Foundation. (2025, July 23). Global R&D and international comparisons (Science & Engineering Indicators). Alexandria, VA: NSF.
-
OECD. (2025). Research and Development Statistics (MSTI/GBARD overview). Retrieved August 25, 2025.
-
Özçelik, E., & Taymaz, E. (2008). R&D support programs in developing countries: The Turkish experience. Research Policy, 37(2), 258-275.
-
Özdemir, T. (2010). Patents and innovation in pharmaceutical industry in Turkey: The comparison of patent system with some selected countries [Master’s thesis, Middle East Technical University]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
-
Palikot, E. (2023). Competition–Innovation Nexus: Product vs. Process, Does It Matter?. Econometrics, 11(3), 21.
-
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(3), 289–326.
-
Poege, F., Harhoff, D., Gaessler, F., & Baruffaldi, S. (2019). Science quality and the value of inventions. Science advances, 5(12), eaay7323.
-
Phillips, P. C. B., & Perron, P. (1988). Testing for a unit root in time series regression. Biometrika, 75(2), 335–346.
-
Rambaldi, A. N., & Doran, H. E. (1996). Testing for granger non-casuality in cointegrated systems made easy. Department of Econometrics, University of New England.
-
Shelton, R. D., & Leydesdorff, L. (2012). Publish or patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade‐offs in national funding strategies. Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, 63(3), 498-511.
-
Sıkı, N., & Acartürk, F. (2019). Türkiye’deki ilaç Ar-Ge merkezlerinin faaliyetlerinin patent ve yenilik açısından değerlendirilmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eczacılık Fakültesi Dergisi, 43(1), 44–63.
-
Stiller, I., van Witteloostuijn, A., & Cambré, B. (2022). Determinants of radical drug innovation: A systematic literature review. Management Review Quarterly, 72(4), 967-1016.
-
Toda, H. Y., & Yamamoto, T. (1995). Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes. Journal of Econometrics, 66(1-2), 225-250.
-
Tosunoğlu, M., & Uçal, H. (2025). The Relationship Between Energy Consumption and Economic Growth: Cointegration and Causality Approaches. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, (67), 177-193.
-
Tosunoğlu, M., Akpınar, A., Erdemir, N. A., Aslan, T. (2025). Fiyatların Gölgesinde Doğal Kaynaklar: Türkiye’de Enflasyonun Doğal Kaynak Politikalarına Yansımaları. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(3), 195-213.
-
Ulusoy, G., Altuğ Fayda, S. N., & İyigün Meydanlı, İ. (2010). Ar-ge projeleri için proje sonrası analiz ve risk yönetimi süreçleri. In: Öner, Atilla, (ed.) Teknik Değişimin Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi. Pan Yayıncılık, İstanbul.
-
Ünlü, H., Temel, S., & Miller, K. (2023). Understanding the drivers of patent performance of University Science Parks in Türkiye. The Journal of Technology Transfer, 48(3), 842-872.
-
World Intellectual Property Organization. (2024). World intellectual property indicators 2024 (WIPO Publication No. 941/2024). Geneva: WIPO.
-
Wooldridge J.M. (2015). Introductory Econometrics A Modern Approach. Boston: Cengage Learning.
-
Zivot, E., & Andrews, D. W. K. (2002). Further evidence on the great crash, the oil price shock, and the unit-root hypothesis. Journal of business & economic statistics, 20(1), 25-44.